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Enlightenment: The Enlightenment era from the late 17th to the 18th century detailed a period of philosophical advancement. Philosophers such as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Locke promoted new ideas including religious tolerance and freedom of rights. Their ideas shaped the rise of education/open-minded thinking in the middle class. This newfound "Enlightenment" thinking brought about ideas of individual rights and revolutionary intentions.

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(This picture is related to the theme of Natural Rights as the bird is flying freely, symbolizing the freedom of natural rights. The Bill of Rights in the background symbolizes how we the people deserve these rights to freedom.)

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Natural Rights: Natural rights were a concept thought up by John Locke, who believed all (white men) are born with god-given rights to life, liberty, and property. This idea was influential in the Enlightenment era and still shapes modern goals about human rights.

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Federalism: System where government power is divided between national and state. Federalism was established in 1787 in the constitution to compromise those who wanted a stronger central gov. and those who wanted more individual state power. Federalism was important back in the day to unite the colonies into one nation, and continues to balance America's power system to this day.

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Declaration of Independence: America's "birth certificate", composed of the leaders in the revolution including Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Benjamin Franklin, and many others who were the face of change for freedom. The Declaration of Independence served as a promise to the people that America would be a place where they would be free from the oppression of Britain.

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Free Exercise Clause: A principle in the First Amendment, stating that the government can't interfere with a person's religion/right to practice it. This concept was influenced by the Enlightenment Era, which led to the creation of a free nation. This was a fundamental concept in the Bill of Rights, and it influenced many to join America because they had been religiously oppressed for so long.

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Quakers: Branch of Christianity followers, who "seek to experience God directly". They were persecuted in England and most were jailed. With the rise of the Enlightenment, open-mindedness about religion gave them opportunities to grow and expand their religion. There are still Quakers today, and most are found in Africa.

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Poll Taxes: A fee the people have to pay to vote. This concept was used to keep poorer people from voting, and often African Americans because they were set to levels many couldn't afford. These taxes were abolished in the 24th amendment so that votes were free to all despite financial difficulties for some.

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Mormons: A religious group founded in the 19th century. Mormons were persecuted for their religious beliefs, causing them to venture westward. The First Amendment protects their right to freedom of religion, and most migrated westward to Utah in the mid 1800s. Mormons are still a significant religious group in modern times.

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First Amendment: A part of the constitution, rafitied in 1791 in the Bill of Rights. It serves to protect the right to freedom of speech, religion, the ability to peacefully assemble, and ability to express yourself. This concept protects individual rights of citizens and was revolutionary to one of the key causes why America disbanded from Britain.

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Separation of Powers: The powers of the government being split into three different branches, legislative, executive, and judicial. This concept is in place to prevent tyranny and power imbalance. This idea is a fundamental concept in the Constitution adopted in 1789, with a system of checks and balances in order to guard individual rights.

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Monroe Doctrine: President James Monroe created the policy of the Monroe Doctrine in 1832 that America should no longer be open to colonization by European powers. This Doctrine was put in place to protect new nations from European interference, and it became an important principal in the US foreign policy and improved Latin American relations.

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<img src="https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/7126hzOe7-L._AC_UF894,1000_QL80_.jpg" alt="Cartoon Monroe Doctrine C1900 An Early 20Th Century American Cartoon On The  Monroe Doctrine Proclaimed By President James Monroe In His Message To ...">

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Nullification Theory: Theory that individual states have the right to declare federal laws unconstitutional. But this theory clashes with federal government's supremacy under the constitution, which led to controversy until a compromise that abolished the theory. This Nullification Crises still contributes to ongoing debates about balance or power between state and national powers.

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Second Great Awakening: A religious revival awakening during the 19th century , a surge of Protestantism and spiritual awakening characterizes the event. It had significant cultural impacts, and many reform movements started building to stand up against social issues such as slavery and women's rights. It left a huge impact on American social justice movements in the 19th century.

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Great Compromise: An agreement reached in the constitution during 1787, and it resolved an argument between smaller and larger states when it comes to representation. Larger states wanted representation based on population while smaller states wanted equal state representation. The compromise satisfied this issue by having the House of Representatives being based on population and the Senate being based off equal representation.

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Establishment Clause: Part of the first amendment, where the gov. is prohibited from favoring a religion. This law ensures quality of religion and protects religious freedom. This law was established in 1791 and was a big step towards religious protection.

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Judicial Review: Established in 1803 to determine whether laws passed by Congress are constitutional, and if found otherwise have the authority to nullify. This branch is/was crucial to check the power of the 3 branches of government in order to prevent tyranny, and it is still in effect now.

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Reconstruction: The period after American Civil War, from 1865-1877, where the federal government attempted the rebuilding of Southern States so the country could be reunited as well reshaping Southern economy after African Americans gained rights. This was a big leap towards change for the Southern States.

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14th Amendment: Ratified in 1868, enacted in order to address citizenship rights after the Civil War. This amendment was crucial to human rights after the recent abolition of slavery, and it aimed to protect the liberties of African Americans in the South.

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15th Amendment: Ratified in 1870, stating that US citizens regardless of race, color, or condition of servitude may vote. This act aimed towards letting African American men vote, and this was a drastic leap towards change despite the recent abolishment of slavery.

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13th Amendment: Ratified in 1865. This amendment abolished slavery and declared it a crime, and it's impact on the world changed forever. It's considered a huge leap towards equality in American History for civil rights.