# data[].attributes.body
Week 2: Reflection on Women Portrayed in the Media

This week’s lecture left me feeling frustrated with the narrow and damaging depictions of women throughout history. From housewives to witches, and gold diggers to temptresses, women’s bodies and roles have been endlessly scrutinized, especially in today’s social media age. These portrayals resonate deeply with my own observations and experiences, making me reflect on how stereotypes and unrealistic beauty standards have affected my life as a woman. Growing up, I was constantly bombarded with media portrayals that equated femininity with being thin, attractive, and passive. These images have shaped not only society’s expectations of me but also my own self-image. My personal experiences align with the lecture’s analysis of how these portrayals restrict women’s behaviours and self-expression, making it hard to challenge the unrealistic standards imposed on us. The media plays a significant role in reinforcing these gender stereotypes. The lack of diversity in representation of women limits what society deems acceptable for women to look and behave. The objectification of women’s bodies and societal pressure to fit into narrow roles, devalues women. This realization has helped me understand how media has impacted my own life and the lives of other women.

I want to be more mindful of how these stereotypes influence me and actively challenge them. I’ll aim to embrace a more diverse understanding of femininity, recognizing the importance of diverse representations in media for young women. By advocating for broader and more inclusive portrayals, I hope to break free from the limiting standards society imposes and help foster healthier, more empowering narratives for all women.

Here are some further readings and sources.

https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollchap/book/9781035306893/book-part-9781035306893-34.xml

https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ITP-03-2022-0215/full/html

http://research.asianarticleeprint.com/id/eprint/1434/1/Msofu2262024ARJASS117757.pdf

https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/esbd/issue/82638/1246641

# data[].attributes.body
Week 3 – The Social Construction of Masculinity and Men’s Health

This week on men’s health added critical perspective onto women’s health and shows the correlation as to how this binary system affects on another. I’ve learnt that there is this apparent gendering that happens during utero and the cultural expectation that is placed upon newborns and during their upbringing. These gender roles and stereotypes are ingrained into our society, but I’ve discovered that this looks very different in other cultures. In Australia, we attempt to achieve equality and equity but are challenged with the historically entrenched rooted systems that enforces the idea of what men and women are and should be. We also had a look at toxic masculinity and the topic of violence and anger, and how this harmful to not only towards women but men as well.

This week’s topic is aligned to our podcast topic on toxic masculinity which enables me to share onto what I have researched and discovered. I’ve recently started briefly reading ‘Toxic Masculinity in the Ancient World’ by Melanie Racette-Campbell and Aven McMaster, and how the authors explain the concept of masculinity in ancient Greek and Roman culture and how it has shaped and continues to influence modern ideas of gender and masculinity. This book looks at events in an intersectional lens and one thing that made me interested was the term toxicity is linked to ‘hegemonic masculinity’ is taken by men who lack other forms of hegemonic power due to their class, race, ethnicity, religion and some life experiences such as addiction, imprisonment or homelessness. This relates to how it’s important to not only to have equality and equity among men and women, but looks at other forms of determinants of health such as social class, financial health and ethnicity etc.

https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/qut/detail.action?docID=31174643

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Men's Rights vs Feminism: Is Toxic Masculinity Real? | Middle Ground

# data[].attributes.body
Week 4 - The 'Right' Time to Have a Child: Changes in Fertility Timing and Health Outcomes for Women

In this week, we discussed issues and hardship in regard to motherhood, access to healthcare, and social stigma that many women experience. This week covered a lot of areas to which I confess I have not much knowledge in considering that I’m a male and have no personal experiences when it comes to this topic. Learning more about what women go through made me realise that there needs to be more compassion, empathy and support towards these brave women on their choices. I’m very appalled that reproductive rights are still an ongoing issue that we must fight for. I strongly believe that no government and no one can tell us what to do to our bodies. I’m very fortunate that living in Australia, women have the rights to access the necessary health care they need whereas many women do not have those privileges or rights in other countries.

Looking at the current political view on abortion in U.S. healthcare, it’s an ongoing issue that highlights pro-life and pro-choice morality and logic. Historically, religion such as Christianity opposed the option to abort fetus in utero claiming it as murder but with the change of time, exceptions were made to the special consideration of the health of the pregnant individual, the health of the fetus or criminal cases. These ‘exceptions’ are complex to the subjected individuals with no many agreeing as to what is right or wrong. In a critical take, the issue of abortion ban and restriction to contraceptives and healthcare is fundamentally control and power over those who cannot have a say with what they can do with their bodies, which in this term would be men in power controlling women’s rights. Many of the main arguments made by pro-life are based on religious standpoint and only benefits men and detrimental to women’s health, and thus reinforcing this view that women are weak and submissive to their counterpart.

https://youtu.be/WV29R1M25n8?si=5iveAI4XkYlzAkuL

https://youtu.be/68aej2qmCtw?si=9zw96lHwwWCokmp1

# data[].attributes.body
Week 5 – Changing Gender Roles in Families: Paid work, House Work, and Child-Raising

After reviewing this week’s topic and discussion, I reflected on my upbringing coming from a low-income immigrant household and how money has been a factor that shaped my life. Growing up, both my parents worked low-income jobs but that has paid for a roof over our heads for me and my older siblings. Both my father and mother worked considerable number of hours, but I never understood the extra mile my mother worked in taking care of me and my siblings. My siblings and I were taught to be hyper-independent and fiscally responsible, pressured to apply for jobs while we were young. Not long, my parents divorced, and we were raised by our mother who was working as a single parent and had another baby along the way.  Whereas my father struggled to live on his own and having no one (wife) to take care of him and his health, and barely kept our emotional familial connection.

Discussing about inequity in pay and representation in the workforce didn’t really align to where I work. Though I had to consider I work in mainly hospitality over the years, most of my managers and peers were women. I even find women to be more competent, respectful and more successful than my male peers coming from an unbiased perspective. I’m fortunate to work alongside both women, men and non-gender conforming people who share the same values and goals even though we come from different backgrounds. In writing this reflection, I want to acknowledge and appreciate the hard work and effort my mom raised me and to all women working everywhere and for bettering the future for all.

# data[].attributes.body
Week 6 – Violence Against Women

We started off this week with some emotionally deep and traumatic content to many victims of domestic violence. I just want to begin that this is not a territory that I’m familiar with or have experienced. It’s almost in a way that it’s so strictly taboo for me think or discuss about, even though there are plenty of statistics out there and it’s a very ongoing issue. So, I bought this topic onto my social circle of women to gather their thoughts and feelings.

In our discussion, we all acknowledged that none of us had any experiences of encountering domestic violence considering each of us came from either non-traditional families or are fortunate to have socially progressive parents and healthy upbringing. Fear was a very heavy topic we swallowed as fear tactics and manipulation are methods that perpetuators use especially men against women. My peers discussed this universal collection of having to be in constant fear being out in about in public spaces and not specifically being in a relationship. I didn’t realise that my friends and many more women were consciously thinking about harm a man can do them, and it saddened me to hear that they also had the thought of what harm I can do. Reflecting from this, I think it’s important to discuss content of DV with women as you can never know the oppressors better than the oppressed themselves and that this feeling of being in constant fear not only resides in personal relationships.

# data[].attributes.body
Week 7 – Queer Theory and Practice

I’ve been longing to for this week’s topic on queer theory as it is a very personal and of value to my identity and my life. I want to share my experiences and story as a reflection to this week’s topic. I grew up in an east Asian immigrant household and was raised in a traditional and religious upbringing, and it was not too long ago that I discovered my sexual identity and caused a struggle and disfunction between me and my family. It has been a traumatic and long healing journey for me and have given me enlightenment and

ability to self-actualise in who I am and my place in the world.

My experience has inspired me to take on public health as a life purpose to help other people in improving health and wellbeing for many young queer people. In an intersectional take, many queer people experience different barriers to gain access to healthcare or even recognition and respect as a human being. Even now, I’m still learning more about myself and continue to self-educate in human right issues in relation to queerness and advocate for equal rights for all.

Please find the media I have shared that I have found to be emotionally impactful.

Prayers for Bobby is a very emotional movie based on a true story and it combats religious views and stigma for gay men having to suffer spiritual abuse and physical violence.

https://youtu.be/HXyGQxxIwvw?si=OU6mMzNyofs3-KKU

I'm donating each of my pay in contribution to beyond blue. If struggling or seek support, visit:

LGBTIQ+ Mental Health - Beyond Blue - Beyond Blue

# data[].attributes.body
Week 2 - The Social Construction of Womanhood: Popular Culture, Advertising, Religion, and the Media

In this week of class, we discussed women’s health in the context of gendered portrayal of women in popular culture, advertising and social media. I learned that western concept of an ideal woman is entrenched in religion particularly in the portrayal of Eve, a ‘feminine’ figure whose role and purpose was man’s helper. Eve represented traits that were deemed negative, and they were not to be trusted and were weaker than their counterparts. Marriage as such back then focused on women being seen as property or something to be “obtained” by men. With the rise of western consumerism and capitalism, it reinforces gender stereotypes by placing value on traditional ideologies and roles. Poor representation and unhealthy gendering in society only further harms women’s health in many ways.

This year’s Olympics has caused an uproar in how society treats women and transwomen in sports, gathering an unfavourable attention from western media and furthering Trumps’ political agenda. Algerian boxer, Imane Khelif, has faced intersectional discrimination with her name being disrespected by lies and gossip spreading online. This shows a need for trans rights representation and to recognise that there is this toxic frame in which women need to uphold a certain look or have feminine characteristics in order to be a “woman”.

While I acknowledge that I am not nor identify as a woman, being a queer male in this modern age alongside what I have reflected from this week has given me the understanding of why feminism is important as harm towards women is detrimental to everyone’s health and wellbeing. I associate myself with a lot of women from all walks of life and it has established an empathetical sense of what they go through even knowing I would not experience the extremities.

https://www.nine.com.au/sport/olympics/paris-2024-boxing-who-is-imane-khelif-algerian-facing-gender-outcry-modest-success-before-olympics-20240803-p5jz2b.html

# data[].attributes.body
Week 8 – Men and Violence: Victims and Perpetrators

In addition to the topic of domestic violence against women, we looked at violence revolving men against men, women and themselves. I would refer to previous discussion on fear and anger in men which the book ‘Masculinity in the Ancient World’ best explains theories on the glorification of violence, anger and masculinity. This historical nuance is perpetuated through the means of social norms in dominant western culture which places men to fit into the ideal perception of what it means to be a man and to be masculine.

However, it is much more complex when taking subjective individual experiences into consideration. Having to hear stories, news, podcasts and discussions online on the topic of violence committed by men can be quite upsetting and appalling as often it’s quite easy to place men in this category that they are angry and needing to gain something. I believe that it’s not easy for men, for everyone in this world, to find themselves and to seek help and support and compassion. Suppression of emotions is one of the biggest things I was taught as a young boy, but I realised it was not healthy and in fact detrimental to my wellbeing. We still have a long way to go to deconstruct this view of what it means to be a man and I believe we need to support each other as society.

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection Week 2 - Womanhood

The lecture for week two covered the depiction of women (specifically of the ‘first woman’ Eve) in the bible. It displayed that women were created to be subservient to men. That even the origin of the title of woman was simply a derivative of man. Their purpose is to hail him and obey him. But this contradicted the simultaneous belief that women are disloyal, untrustworthy and deceitful. I find it contrived how contradictory the origins of beliefs about women are. Perhaps it wished to explore the dichotomy of human existence and yet it only does so to men. It is blatantly misogynistic and sexist and yet is hailed as truth by multitudes of people.

With this, certain elements related to the depiction of women whilst initially framed as a positive are simultaneously depicted as a negative. Their subservience is also seen as weak-willed; their willingness to obey is dehumanised; and their origins as part of man somehow equates to them being lesser than. By no means do I intend for this reflection to reflect hate onto religious individuals, I simply critique the bible’s portrayal of women. In contrast, a feminist perspective perceives the nuances of gender and free will (Ferguson, 2017). There is no correct way for women to behave and they are acknowledged as more than servants to men. Without the presence of more open-minded views on gender and women’s ‘roles’ in society, negative outcomes for women continue to occur and gender equity isn’t achievable.

Ferguson, K. E. (2017). Feminist Theory Today. Annual Review of Political Science, 20(1), 269–286. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-052715-111648

# data[].attributes.body
During the tutorial, we listened to Tony Porter share a story about how he would tell his five-year-old son to ‘act like a man’ whenever he would cry. Porter also described the “Man Box”, a concept I had not heard of before, which encompasses a set of societal beliefs placing pressure on men to act a particular way. Upon further reading, I discovered 26% of Australian men aged 18-30 personally agree with the Man Box rules (The Men’s Project & Flood, 2024). This emphasises to me the need for society to change the way we raise boys, as I believe telling them to ‘act like a man’ is teaching them women are inferior and weak.

I was talking to my partner about this, and he felt the best way for young boys to avoid conforming to the Man Box, was to learn from male role models how to embrace their emotions and treat women with respect. Psychologist Steve Biddulph highlights that observing male role models express and willingly communicate their emotions would allow young boys to adopt a ‘healthy manhood’ (ABC News, 2018). In my previous role as an Early Childhood Educator, I observed changes in the young boys when a compassionate and fun male educator joined our team. He encouraged the boys to express themselves and I saw a side to them I had not yet been privy to. This shows me that change is possible and that hopefully in the future we are closer to achieving gender equity. Based on these conversations and experiences, whilst I still believe we all have a role to play, I feel the biggest change needs to come from men.

Here is also an interesting article I found on how gender norms are already embedded in young children: https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/life-and-relationships/we-need-a-massive-rethink-on-the-way-we-raise-our-boys-20180529-p4zi6s.html

References

ABC News. (2018). Why psychologist Steve Biddulph wants to change the way we raise boys. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-11/toxic-masculinity-and-steve-biddulph-tips-for-raising-boys/9745760?sf189278310=1

The Men’s Project, & Flood, M. (2024). The Man Box 2024: Re-examining what it means to be a man in Australia. Melbourne: Jesuit Social Services. https://cdn.jss.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/05144735/The-Man-Box-2024-7.1-LR.pdf

# data[].attributes.headline
Social Construction of Masculinity and Men's Health

# data[].attributes.subject
Social Construction of Masculinity and Men's Health

# data[].attributes.body
Society often values men for what they can do rather than who they are. Men are judged by their ability to provide, succeed at work, or show strength. This makes it seem like a man’s worth is based on his usefulness, not his feelings or well-being. These pressures can make men hide their emotions and avoid asking for help, leading to long-term mental health issues like anxiety and depression. For example, if you hit your knee on the corner of a table in front of others, you might feel like you must hide your pain, even if it really hurts. Otherwise, people might say, “Are you a girl?”. This is one of men’s biggest fears.

These expectations often create a culture where men feel they must be tough and self-reliant, where vulnerability is discouraged. As a result, they remain inexpressive in the face of pain and stress, neglecting their personal health. This leads to higher levels of stress and worsens both physical and mental health problems.

Therefore, it is as difficult to be a man as it is to be a woman. And who made it this way? We did, our culture and beliefs did that.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
It's HARD to be a MAN - Andrew Tate AMAZING SPEECH (MUST WATCH)

# data[].attributes.body
Week 4

The ‘right time’ to have a child feels open-ended to me. Some may think it’s appropriate to have a child at a younger age, while others think differently. Most importantly, it’s about our readiness to be a parent. If you’re not ready to be a parent, then it’s not the right time to have a child. Don’t get pregnant to avoid the need for an abortion and men are equally responsible.

This week, I was surprised to learn that abortion is increasingly viewed as a healthcare issue. It really shook me to the core, and I had a sleepless night after that tutorial. When we talk about gender equity, we’re advocating for justice. We have women seeking justice for females, men seeking justice for males. LGBTIQA+ and non-binary people have taken it upon themselves to raise their voices for justice. But for an unborn child, voiceless and innocent, they have to bear the brunt of their parents’ mistake, at the cost of their life. It’s merely viewed as a healthcare practice. Is this not an injustice to them? Well, it should be viewed from different angle because pregnancies can be dangerous at times like in intra uterine foetal death, hyperemesis gravidarum, eclampsia and pre- eclampsia, ectopic pregnancy and pregnancy with deformity.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Abortion access is a medical issue. Why isn’t it being treated like one?

# data[].attributes.body
Week 2 – All Bodies Belong in Sport

This lecture discussed the standard of perfection, particularly with beauty, imposed on women and the media's role in reinforcing this ideal. This creates an obsession with beauty where women feel defined by their appearance rather than expertise and intellect. This expectation of beauty extends to fields like sports. As an athlete, I've experienced the pressure to appear attractive even while competing. For example, ensuring I've eaten enough to perform but not too much so I look bloated. I feel frustrated that I care when all that matters is my athletic performance.

Feminist literature highlights how women have been conditioned to believe that attractiveness is important to our role as women (Liebelt, 2022). Those who don't meet these standards experience guilt, shame and low self-esteem. In sports, this leads to disengagement as 68% of girls who drop out express fear of judgement of not fitting the traditional feminine ideals (Hilborne, 2022). Those who do continue face a higher risk of developing eating disorders, exacerbated by misinformation from coaches. Recognising this pressure has made me more aware of its pervasiveness and the need to acknowledge that each sport has different physical requirements and therefore different body types.

Feminist theories emphasise critical engagement with the media’s portrayal of women. This is supported by media like All Bodies Nutrition who emphasise all bodies are capable of performing in sport and that food is fuel that is essential for success. Additionally, we can engage in conversations with peers that challenge these limiting attitudes and norms.

Resources

Hilborne, S. (2022, March 7). More than 1 million teenage girls fall “out of love” with sport. Women in Sport. https://womeninsport.org/news/more-than-1-million-teenage-girls-fall-out-of-love-with-sport/

Liebelt, C. (2022). Beauty: What Makes Us Dream, What Haunts Us. Feminist Anthropology, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/fea2.12076

Links to All Bodies Nutrition

https://open.spotify.com/episode/3DxPnoQoszDQao6DN2eMJQ?si=e6dfebe6900f42b5

All Bodies - Sports Dietitians (@all_bodies_nutrition) • Instagram photos and videos

# data[].attributes.body
Week 2-

Wow, this week's lecture really opened my eyes to how much media and society shape how we see women. Social media has made everything so much worse. Like, we're constantly bombarded with these perfect images, and it's all about being skinny, young, and usually white. It's no wonder so many of us end up with eating disorders or other body image issues. I've definitely felt the pressure to look a certain way, and I've seen my friends go through some really tough times trying to meet these impossible standards. What really got me thinking was how deep these ideas go. They're not just on the surface – they're tangled up in our culture, religion, and even the economy. It's like we can't escape it. And then there's all this expectation for women to be perfect moms and caregivers on top of everything else. It's exhausting just thinking about it!I read a bit of "The Beauty Myth" by Naomi Wolf after class, and it really hit home how these beauty standards are used to keep women down. It's like we're so busy worrying about how we look that we don't have time to fight for real equality

What's particularly concerning is how these ideals are deeply rooted in cultural, religious, and economic factors, making them challenging to overcome. The traditional roles assigned to women as caregivers and mothers have further complicated their relationship with their bodies and self-worth. This narrow definition of a woman's value can lead to severe mental health issues, including anxiety, depression, and eating disorders.

I watched this great YouTube video called "The Danger of a Single Story" by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, and it made me realize how important it is to have diverse stories and representations

It's crucial to challenge these harmful norms and promote a more inclusive, health-focused approach to beauty and self-worth. We need to create spaces where diverse body types and identities are celebrated, not just tolerated. By advocating for broader and more inclusive portrayals in media, we can advocate for the voices of women not heard. Personally, I aim to be more mindful of how these stereotypes influence me and actively challenge them, embracing a more diverse understanding of femininity.

https://www.muriellemarie.com/blog/the-beauty-myth-how-images-of-beauty-are-used-against-women-by-naomi-wolf

https://youtu.be/D9Ihs241zeg?si=d3AM2tNVnfgx1bRX

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Body Positivity or Body Obsession? Learning to See More & Be More | Lindsay Kite | TEDxSaltLakeCity

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
A young Motuan Woman of Papua New Guinea on a stamp 

# data[].attributes.body
WEEK TWO – WHAT IT TAKES TO BE A WOMAN IN DIFFERENT CULTURES AND SOCIETIES

This week's lecture topic delved into all things that it takes to be a woman? Throughout the lecture we dove into cultural and societal pressures that women face all over the world.
This really got me thinking about my own experience as a woman. Let alone being a woman of colour (Black Woman) in Australia, where my family migrated to in the early 2000’s. It really got me thinking about my mother, weirdly enough. What it was like for her as a mixed-race child growing up in the mid-fifties in Port Moresby. My Mother is half Caucasian Australian and Half Motuan (Ethnic group in Papua New Guinea). With being mixed race in the mid-fifties being really uncommon. I spoke to my mother about what that was like for her after going through this week’s lecture topics/readings.

Ann (my mother) explained to me to that “growing up in predominately black and brown society and not looking like her nearest and dearest (her family/friends) was really hard” she reflects. She went into detail that she constantly felt like she was “too white” for her Motuan family, then being “too black” for her Australian family.  I summarised that it was because of my mother’s “otherness” made it really hard for to work out what it meant to her to become a young woman. I can only assume this was because her grandparents who raised her shielded from the traditional pressures of being a woman, because they respected that her father was from a different culture. That being said It left her to create her own culture where she picked different aspects from her parent’s culture, which allowed her to develop into the woman she is today.

# data[].attributes.headline
Social Construction of Women and their Health Impact.

# data[].attributes.subject
Social Construction of Women and their Health Impact.

# data[].attributes.body
Week 2

After the week two lecture, I realized that society’s norms, values and expectations shape the roles, behaviours and identities of women. But I fell into deep contemplation about why there are such societal gender norms and stereotypes. Where does this expectation come from? And it is found to be created and maintained through religion, cultural, political, and economic processes.

Historically, women’s identities and beauty have been closely tied to their roles as mothers and caregivers, with society often placing them in the confines of motherhood, domesticity, and caregiving. These roles have not only shaped how women are expected to behave but have also determines how they should look. The pressure to meet these ideals can be overwhelming, causing many women to struggle with body dissatisfaction as they attempt to live up to unrealistic standards that prioritize appearance over their health and well-being. This societal expectation often leaves women feeling inadequate, as their worth is unfairly linked to how well they fit these narrow definitions.

These unreasonable obligations and unrealistic definitions of beauty can significantly impact women's mental health, leading to issues such as anxiety, depression, and eating disorders. The constant pressure to conform to these standards can create a sense of inadequacy and self-doubt, undermining their overall well-being.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Mental Health & Women | Shania Clark | TEDxYellowknifeWomen

# data[].attributes.body
Week 2: Women’s Role in Society and the Patriarchy

In this week’s lecture, the 2009 Woman’s Day article typifying women into distinct roles within her marriage stood out to me. I believe these kinds of articles tie a woman’s inherent worth to her marriage. Therefore, does society see a woman’s role is to dedicate everything to her family?

This reminded me of American footballer Harrison Butker’s commencement speech to his fellow graduates, where he proclaims the graduating women were probably more excited about becoming wives and mothers. Personally, I want to be a wife and mother however, I significantly value my educational achievements. Reading the article, I felt disappointed for the graduating women who were forced to listen to a man in power tell them their worth was tied to their husband and children.

Research indicates patriarchal norms and sexism are entrenched within universities (Bartos & Ives, 2019) and sport (McGinty-Minister et al., 2024), and I believe the minimal professional consequences Butker received highlights the patriarchal system embedded within our institutions. Furthermore, Butker has since defended his speech by citing his Catholic faith, and I believe this supports findings that suggest religion is associated with stronger patriarchal attitudes (Perales & Bouma, 2018). I also believe this aligns with what was discussed in the lecture about the origins of womanhood in the Christian Bible, where I learnt that Eve was created to serve as Adam’s helper. However, I must acknowledge that I am not religious and do not have knowledge of the current teachings in the Christian or Catholic Churches, and I recognise that not everyone of Christian or Catholic faith have patriarchal attitudes.

This week’s content has encouraged me to reflect on how social constructions of a woman’s role are perpetuated by patriarchal beliefs embedded within our systems. The patriarchy may believe a woman’s purpose is to provide for her family in the home however, I believe a woman’s worth is determined by her and that she decides her own societal role. To promote gender equity, we need to challenge patriarchal ideals that assume a woman needs to relinquish her identity to dedicate everything to her marriage and family.

News Articles

ABC News. (2024). Kansas City Chiefs kicker Harrison Butker uses commencement speech to deride LGBTQ+ and question women’s place in the workplace. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-05-16/chief-kicker-harrison-butker-commencement-speech/103854886

Jio, S. (2009). What kind of wife are you? Find out your type – Plus ways to improve your marriage. Woman’s Day. https://www.womansday.com/relationships/dating-marriage/advice/a79/what-kind-of-wife-are-you/

Musa, A. (2024). Kansas City Chiefs kicker Harrison Butker defends sexist, anti-LGBTQ+ commencement speech. CNN. https://www.advocate.com/sports/harrison-butker-sexist-commencement-speech

Academic References

Bartos, A. E., & Ives, S. (2019). ‘Learning the rules of the game’: Emotional labor and the gendered academic subject in the United States. Gender, Place & Culture, 26(6), 778-794. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2018.1553860

McGlinsty-Minister, K. L., Swettenhem, L., Champ, F. M., & Whitehead, A. E. (2024). ‘Smile more’: Women’s experiences of sexism while working in sport from a socio-ecological perspective. Sport in Society. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2024.2321357

Perales, F., & Bouma, G. (2018). Religion, religiosity and patriarchal gender beliefs: Understanding the Australian experience. Journal of Sociology, 55(2), 323-341. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783318791755

# data[].attributes.body
Week 2: Women in Popular Culture, Advertising, and Social Media

This week’s lecture focused on the way women are constructed in media and society. This got me thinking about how social media influences how women are constructed. which then led me to a study that researchers from UC Santa Cruz conducted highlighted how social media has played a key role in fostering gender and sexual diversity. According to the study this has been done by encouraging self-expression and breaking down traditional norms. This change has led to new cultural narratives, such as fluidity in gender and sexuality, but has also triggered a lot of conservative backlash. The study urges psychologists to embrace these emerging identities with affirmation while recognizing the fluidity of social change. Additionally, it stresses the need for updated community and educational spaces to keep pace with these shifts. This study perfectly highlights how the expectations have shifted and continue to shift as well as how these changes have had broader impacts on traditions and the response from the conservative sectors of society. I feel like this perfectly reflects the direction society is heading regarding norms and expectations.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Researchers explain social media’s role in rapidly shifting social norms on gender and sexuality

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A new paper by UC Santa Cruz psychologists describes how social media has supported an explosion of diversity in gender and sexuality in America by empowering authentic self-expression. However, these technologies have also equally enabled a cultural backlash.

# data[].attributes.body
Week 3: The social construction of masculinity and men’s health

After the discussions we had in the tutorial this week, I looked a little more into media representation of male mental health which led me to this article that discusses the rise of "Sad Boy TikTok,”. Sad Boy TikTok is a genre on social media where men of all ages share content expressing emotional struggles, as well as their struggles with loneliness and depression. While traditionally men have been reluctant to express vulnerability like this, this content is resonating with millions of men and creating a form of alternative therapy for men. While Mental health advocates argue it helps break down the stigma around male mental health, some have concerns about the impact these online negative feedback loops can create. Some Experts stress the need for healthier discussions around these topics and increased support. I’m seeing more and more of this type of media content online and think it is something to keep my eye on.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Sad Boy TikTok is grappling with male mental health: ‘Not sad, not happy, just empty’

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Content aimed at sad men is getting millions of views on social media. Is this a new form of therapy? asks Richard Hall

# data[].attributes.body
Week 6: Woman and Domestic Violence

this week's lecture about DV got me thinking about the Psychological effects of DV. which led me to this article that discusses new data from Victoria, which reveals a strong link between family violence and suicide. This shows that a significant proportion of individuals who died due to suicide between 2009 and 2016 had experienced or perpetrated domestic/family violence. The study emphasizes how common it is for men who died by suicide to have previously been involved in family violence, either as perpetrators or victims. A significant number of these cases involved intimate partner violence. The research highlights the need for better interventions and support for individuals dealing with family violence, as it is often a contributing factor to suicide. The data can be used to guide future policy decisions to address not only family violence but also mental health when it comes to suicide prevention efforts. I found this study to be a surprising insight into the impact that DFV has on people outside of the obvious dangers.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
New data reveals rates of family violence among those who died by suicide

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
New data from Victoria shows that in a quarter of deaths by suicide between 2009 and 2016, the person had experienced family violence before they died.

# data[].attributes.body
Week 4: The ‘Right’ Time to Have a Child: Changes in Reproductive Trends and Outcomes for Women

This week's topic of abortion care got me thinking about how the topic of abortion is a big deal right now with the Queensland state election coming up soon. this year abortion rights have become a major issue for this year’s election. This is because the Liberal National Party (LNP), led by David Crisafulli, faces criticism from unions and activists, fearing that a potential LNP government could potentially roll back abortion rights. While Crisafulli has claimed to rule out reviewing abortion laws during the first term, the concerns remain due to the conservative stance of many LNP members. Activists are pushing for a clear commitment from the LNP to maintaining current abortion laws and access to reproductive healthcare services in Queensland. While The Guardian isn’t necessarily a news source I trust as a consumer it lays out the concerns surrounding LNP and the potential changes to Abortion care which we all know is a necessary and often time critical facet of the healthcare system.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Will abortion rights be wound back in Queensland if the LNP wins the election?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Liberal National party were broadly against legalising abortion when it was passed Labor in 2018, but leader David Crisafulli has vowed to maintain the status quo

# data[].attributes.body
Week 5: Gender, Work, and Equality: Who gets paid, and who bears the cost of public and domestic work

This week's lecture about gender equality and work got me thinking about the gender pay gap and how I had heard that it was at an all-time low. it led me to this article takes an in-depth look into Australia's gender pay gap, which has reached a record low of 11.5% in 2024. This improvement has been attributed to growth in women’s earnings and reforms implemented by the government. However, despite the progress that has been made, there are still disparities that persist across industries and sectors. This indicates that there is still much more work to be done to achieve full and genuine gender pay equality. While it is reassuring to see the changes being made are making a difference in closing the wage gap this article shows that while there are drops in lots of industries, there are some industries that have demonstrated increases in the wage gap between men and women. Additionally, there are also some industries where there have been no changes in the pay gap. The industries where there have been no changes or increases are the fields where it is much harder for women to break into.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Australia’s gender pay gap has hit a record low – but we still have work to do

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Now at 11.5%, the gap in weekly full-time earnings has just seen its steepest annual fall in almost a decade. But national averages don’t tell the whole story.

# data[].attributes.body
Week 7: Queering PHSW practice

This week's discussion on Queer theories got me thinking bout the lack of representation we have in our census and the on going lack of willingness to fix the issues. This article discusses the frustration and disappointment felt within Australia's LGBTIQ+ community over omissions in the national census. Particularly when it comes to the lack of questions related to sexual orientation and gender identity in the upcoming census. Despite promises that future censuses would better capture the diversity of Australia's population. The LGBTQ+ community continue to feel excluded because critical questions relating to their identities were left out of the 2021 census. This exclusion has wide reached implications, as the absence of detailed data on LGBTIQ+ individuals can affect policymaking and the allocation of resources. Particularly policies and resources aimed at supporting these communities. The article likely emphasizes the community's call for recognition and proper representation. Continuing to urge future censuses to include questions that address their unique experiences and identities.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
‘We still feel excluded’: LGBTIQ+ community ‘devastated’ over proposed Census omissions

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In 2023, the Australian Bureau of Statistics vowed that the LGBTIQ+ community would be better represented in the next Census. Now, it has been revealed questions will remain unchanged.

# data[].attributes.body
Week 8: Men and Violence: Perpetrators and Victims

this week's topic of men's violence led me to look more into the issue and this brought me to the following article.

The article discusses the role of Men’s Behavioural Change Programs (MBCPs) as a key strategy when it comes to reducing domestic violence. This approach focuses on changing the behaviours of men who are perpetrators. These programs aim to hold men accountable, challenge their violent or controlling behaviours, and provide them with tools to develop healthier relationships. The study mentioned in the article identifies areas for improvement in such programs. The suggested improvement includes better engagement with men, addressing gaps in service delivery, and ensuring that the programs are culturally appropriate and effective across diverse groups. The authors emphasize the need for continuous evaluation and improvement of MBCPs to enhance their effectiveness in preventing domestic violence and ensuring the safety of victims. While I don’t personally put too much faith in these types of programs. I do see the usefulness of programs like this, as people often need assistance to make changes like this to major behavioural and belief issues.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Men's violence against women in Australia is recognised as a national crisis. We urgently need to better understand what can be done to prevent it and intervene effectively.

There is a need to hold perpetrators to account for their abusive behaviour. This is set out in the National Plan to end Violence against Women and Children. Men's behaviour change programs are a key component of the broader strategy to hold men accountable for their actions and prevent future abuse.

While there has been an increase in funding for these programs in recent years, there is still limited understanding of whether perpetrators engage in these programs and why. Our research, released today, provides new evidence on what is needed to improve the efficacy of behaviour change programs with the goal of improving women and children's safety.

Our study

For this study, we interviewed and surveyed men who had participated in a behaviour change program to understand what their experiences were like. We also interviewed family members of participants and practitioners who deliver the programs. While data collection was conducted in Victoria, our findings are relevant to all Australian states and territories.

We found engagement is influenced by many factors, including how ready individuals were to change their behaviours and attitudes, how motivated they were, what referral pathways they had come through, and what external support systems they had in place.

In our interviews, many victim-survivors were sceptical about "engagement" and what it means. Family members often pointed out the need to distinguish between attendance, engagement and completion. They noted each of these concepts refer to different things, and that one does not imply the other. Program completion, for example, should not be construed as success.

Most family members questioned whether participants ever genuinely engage with a program.

Housing impacts engagement

Our study sought to better understand what factors impact a person's level of engagement in a behaviour change program.

We found that housing instability is a key risk factor for disengagement. Housing stability is crucial for program eligibility and for supporting attendance, engagement and program completion. Practitioners reflected that where men do not have stable accommodation they are more likely to skip group sessions and exit the program early. It is then highly challenging to monitor and manage their ongoing risk where no fixed address is provided.

There was clear recognition among practitioners that there are limited housing supports available for people who use violence, placing a burden on men's services to identify accommodation options for program participants.

Court referrals and issues with motivation

Our study identified significant challenges to engaging men who are required (mandated) by the court to attend a behaviour change program. This is a main referral pathway. We need to understand how it can be more effectively used.

Practitioners reflected that court-mandated participants often have low attendance and engagement with program content. This was confirmed by the family members we interviewed who spoke about how participants who were mandated to go to a program often didn't want to take responsibility for their actions. These participants were often seen as motivated primarily by self-serving outcomes, such as gaining access to children, complying with court orders or avoiding further criminal justice intervention.

There was a perception these men were not genuinely motivated to change their behaviours. Family members and practitioners viewed this as problematic. The court order might initiate attendance but did not guarantee longer-term engagement.

This finding is perhaps unsurprising given these men had not opted to attend voluntarily. It highlights that there is no one-size-fits-all approach and we need to understand what interventions are effective for whom and what else may be needed.

Follow-up support needed

Our study showed while programs are a core intervention, they should not be considered the be-all and end-all.

One in four of the men we surveyed told us they were seeking additional support after completing a behaviour change program. One in six were planning to do another program but were not yet enrolled. And one in 20 were already enrolled or on a waiting list for another program.

People who use violence currently do not have consistent access to post-program support. This impacts the system's ability to keep perpetrators in view and support longer-term behaviour and attitudinal change. Family members told us support after the program is particularly important when children are involved as it can provide additional oversight.

Many practitioners recognised the value of post-program support but noted they lacked the resources to provide this service. There needs to be better resourcing to help provide this.

What now?

Our research shows the current approach to working with perpetrators is missing opportunities to more effectively engage men in behaviour change, keep their risk visible and hold them to account. These missed opportunities represent important moments where victim-survivor safety could be improved.

State governments need to consider expanding housing options for people who have been removed from their primary residence, potentially as part of an intervention order. This should be seen as part of the wider strategy for people who use violence. Importantly, this should not come at the cost of providing adequate accommodation services for victim-survivors.

We need to better understand how court-mandated participants can effectively engage with behaviour change programs or if alternative interventions are necessary to better meet their needs and hold them accountable.

We recommend that as part of holding program participants to account, program providers should submit a completion report to the court when a participant exits a program. These completion reports should be used by the courts to inform future judicial decisions involving the person using violence.

Improving current practices requires sustained funding models and a more comprehensive approach to engaging people who use violence in behaviour change. These programs are important, but they are only one part of a much needed suite of interventions to address domestic and family violence.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Men's behaviour change programs are key to addressing domestic violence. Our new study shows how we can improve them

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Programs to help men to stop using violence are crucial, but are men meaningfully engaging with them? Our new study found opportunities to increase engagement, and in doing so, better protect women.

# data[].attributes.body
Week 9: Women and Poverty

this week's topic of women and poverty got me thinking about the ongoing issue of period poverty and its deep and ongoing impacts. This article discusses a survey that found one in five Australians have had to use improvised period products due to financial barriers. This points to "period poverty," a significant issue where people cannot afford menstrual products like tampons and pads. As a result, many people have to resort to using unsuitable alternatives such as suing toilet paper in place of a pad or using a single pad for longer than it should be. This can impact a person’s health, dignity, and participation in everyday life, such as work or school. The report emphasizes the need for policies or measures to make period products more accessible and affordable. Particularly by calling for government interventions or public campaigns to address period poverty in Australia. The findings additionally highlight how economic inequalities disproportionately affect menstruating individuals, leading to discussions around menstrual equity. We are beginning to see more and more conversations around this topic popping up in space that talk about wealth inequality but there has still been very little change.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Period poverty in Australia is forcing people to make their own menstrual products

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Report finds period poverty is spread across income brackets but affects more Indigenous people and people with disability

# data[].attributes.headline
Week 2: The Social Construction of Womanhood in Popular Culture, Advertising, Religion and the Media

# data[].attributes.subject
Week 2: The Social Construction of Womanhood in Popular Culture, Advertising, Religion and the Media

# data[].attributes.body
Social media platforms have many benefits, such as long-distance communication, keeping people involved in your life, and filling the boredom in daily life. However, this week, we investigated the ugly side—or, in fact, the pretty.

To understand the extent of the media's impact on women's health, we must first ask ourselves how women are portrayed in the media. When I think of women in the media, I think of weather girls, reality TV show hosts, Instagram models, and influencers. I consider the physical and mental qualities I associate with the profession. My first thoughts are their bubbly, non-cholent, always laughing at jokes, airheads, thin, conventionally attractive, perfect teeth, manicured, polite, fake eyelashes, and fake tan. While I acknowledge that this is a surface-level assumption, I ask myself why I have this idea: why do I associate these job types with such? The conclusion I came to was that the sexualisation of women is so normalised, as well as stereotypical ideas founded in discourse. At first, I thought it wasn't that bad, so I looked up some advertisements; here are a few I found.

Fragrance of Femininity:&nbsp;Hyper-sexualization of Young Girls in Advertisements · Fall 2022, Section B (pubpub.org)

https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fpilerats.com%2Fwritten%2Flight-easy%2Flynx-says-no-to-girls-as-sex-objects-in-their-ads-along-with-400-other-brands%2F&psig=AOvVaw3lsr80jqxOt2wFfCVU5Nn1&ust=1727880324078000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBQQjRxqFwoTCIjAq_i17YgDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instagram.com%2Fkendallsmithtv%2Fp%2FCNQeK3OA7Y3%2F&psig=AOvVaw0kY0UMRrPv2BS9m70FVf7F&ust=1727880376646000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBQQjRxqFwoTCMj_sJK27YgDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fstudent%2Fnews%2Fklara-cosmetics-petition-petition-against-australian-cosmetics-company-who-indirectly-supports-sexual-assault-towards-women-gathers-pace-10304682.html&psig=AOvVaw0YHINLOtt2lZwr9rO6GHBb&ust=1727880409465000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBQQjRxqFwoTCKCwhqG27YgDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

I was shocked at the subliminal and conscious messages sent to viewers and the plethora of advertisements I could have selected. Girls and women of various ages are subjected to these ideas, making me wonder how they impact health.

A study by Women's Health Victoria 2018 states, “Girls and women who are regularly exposed to sexually objectifying media content are more likely to internalise unrealistic appearance-related ideals. This contributes to disordered eating, reduced satisfaction in sexual relationships and reduced participation in physical activity and exercise” The study also states, “When men are exposed to images that objectify women, they are more tolerant of sexual harassment and interpersonal violence. Men are depicted as intelligent, smart and powerful (McKenzie M, Bugden M, Webster A, Barr M, 2018).

The study's conclusions are clear: the construction of female identity in media is harmful. There is a disconnect in how both genders are represented. Some of this stems from traditional roles where women are submissive, caretakers and well-maintained. It shows young women and older that value is derived from appearance, further perpetuating a cycle of bullying and alienating other women who do not fit inside the stereotypical beauty standards and that successful women in media fit inside this box.

It is eye-opening, and I am sure that every time I see an ad or media piece, I will think back to this unit and what the media promotes for women. Practitioners must be aware of the impacts and use a feminist lens to understand how this may affect social roles and the construction of individuals' behaviours.

McKenzie M, Bugden M, Webster A, Barr M (2018) Advertising (in)equality: the impacts of sexist advertising on women’s health and wellbeing. Women's Health Victoria. Melbourne. - (Women's Health Issues Paper; 14)

# data[].attributes.body
Something that caught my attention from this week's lecture is the idea of making places of work a more family friendly space so mothers in particular don't have to choose between sacrificing their income (particularly their super) and looking after their child/children. This reminded me of a program initiated by UNICEF Australia and Parents At Work in 2021 as a means of transforming policy to create more safe and inclusive workplace culture. Such policies include up to 18weeks of paid parental leave (plus super), paid leave to for loss of a pregnancy as well as flexible and paid leave for grandparents which consists of up to 5 day paid leave and 12 months unpaid leave (UNICEF Australia, n.d.). This system allows the welling of the mother to flourish, as well as the wellbeing of the child and entire family, furthermore its a great economic investment with more women participating in the workforce.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Family Friendly Workplace | UNICEF Australia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
UNICEF Australia is working to make a difference to the lives of Australian children and young people. Learn how we are making an impact.

# data[].attributes.body
This week's lecture was a real eye opener into the experience of domestic violence in particular. The content reminded me of tv series on SBS Demand called Safe Home, which centers around Phoebe who left her job at a corporate law firm to work in a community legal Centre to help women escape Domestic violence. It highlights that domestically violent relationships isn't just physical but it is also subtle in the way that is emotionally and financially coercive and that the scary thing is that you wouldn't know that you are in the same room as perpetrator of domestic violence because in public they look and behave like everyone else. Another thing that this series raises is the language used around domestic violence, they refer to it as family violence because it isn't just domestic and it goes back to the idea that a domestic issue should remain private between the partners behind close doors and that police were less likely to respond when they hear that their partner is beating them within a inch of their life compared to if they told them that it was complete stranger, it's like the seriousness of the matter changes once the police hear it's between a couple.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
SAFE HOME  | TRAILER | WATCH ON SBS AND SBS ON DEMAND

# data[].attributes.body
W2 The Social Construction of Womanhood: Popular Culture, Advertising, Religion, and the Media

This week's lecture prompted me to consider my parents, who had three daughters who they tried to raise without the limitations on who we could be because of our gender. But as my world grew I discovered that some people truly did see women as weaker/dumber/crazy so even with their best intentions I felt the pressures of society to reject any 'girly' attributes and focused on being 'not like other girls' as early as primary school. My parents, of course, we're not perfect though, my mum would ask me if I had a 'boy look' when I couldn't find something and tell me the boys were being mean because they liked me. My dad didn't think there were any more barriers for women in business because he knew some female CEO's. Both of them lacked a lens of complexity, of how little comments and the portrayal of women advertising, movies, and TV affects dominate discourse on women as has real life consequences on micro (e.g. sexual harassment), mezzo (e.g. women not pursuing male dominated fields) and macro (e.g. inadequate domestic violence and maternity leave policies) levels. This is evident with studies like the 2023 Plan International survey which found 17% of people believe gender equality is no longer an issue in Australia and that change for equality for women had gone too far. Almost one in 4 people believe that much of what is called domestic violence is a normal reaction to day-to-day stress and frustration

(Australian Government, 2024). This makes me consider how true change can only happen with a societal shift of attitudes, but how can that be possible? I think the answer is complex but everyone would agree that education is foundational.

Resources

Australian Government. (2024). Working for Women Strategy. Foundation: Gender Attitudes and Stereotypes . https://genderequality.gov.au/working-for-women/foundation-gender-attitudes-and-stereotypes

W3 The Social Construction of Masculinity and Men's Health

This most memorable part of this lecture was exploring how women's health/wellbeing / safety during pregnancy and men's health outcomes are interconnected. The journal article by Manandhar et al., (2018) reflects on this, stating more focus is needed on how masculinity as a collective pattern of behaviour affects the health of both men and women. This could also be described as 'the Man Box' as introduced in the tutorial. I've seen this of course with the boys I grew up with, being pressured to stay inside the man box and who are now perpetuating it. To move forward, positive alternatives must be must be visible for young men. Parents and family, friends and educators are all people influential to a child's development, positive male role-models in these areas could dismantle some of the cultural norms and lead to better outcomes for men (Flood et al., 2018). Which, of course, leads to better outcomes for women as part of the norms is devaluing and objectifying women. Better outcomes for women again lead to better outcomes for men as we learnt that good wellbeing and safety during pregnancy leads to better outcomes for men's health. To me, this really highlights how an intersectional approach is the only one that will effectively address gender inequity.

Resources

Flood, M., Irvine, H., & Livingstone, M. (2018). The Man Box: A study on being a young man in Australia. Jesuit Social Services. https://jss.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/The-Man-Box-A-study-on-being-a-young-man-in-Australia.pdf

Manandhar, M., Hawkes, S., Buse, K., Nosrati, E., & Magar, V. (2018). Gender, health and the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 96(9), 644–653. https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.18.211607

W4: Tradwives and women's rights

This week as we explored the history of contraception, pregnancy and abortion in the context of women's wellbeing I considered the tradwife trend I've seen on instagram and tiktok. This trend is women romanticising traditional gender roles that tie a woman's value to her role in the home. I've seen other women both online and in real-life romanticise this life and defend the women promoting it. Although on the surface it may seem to be innocuous, it's subtly undermining years of progression for women's rights to have choices to pursue an education, a career and not have kids. It does this by reinforcing caregiving stereotypes and romanticising being dependent on your husband, leaving you with no security if he chose to leave. This is evident with some of the most popular creators like Nara Smith and Hannah from Ballerina Farms being Mormon, and although they are being promoted as modern and progressive because they wear 'provocative' clothing and are seemingly happy with life. However, with a critical lens we can see they are actually promoting conservative Mormon values of submission to their husbands and a woman's place being in the home, prioritising marriage and motherhood. The article trilogy by the Michigan Daily explores this deeper, discusses how men or the 'Manosphere' are really the people behind this trend, definitely worth a read.

Resources

https://www.michigandaily.com/arts/digital-culture/the-tradwife-trilogy-part-3-the-real-women-behind-the-tradwife-movement/

W5 Gender and Work: Income and Occupational Inequality for Women

This week again relates to the tradwife trend we've been seeing everywhere. It feels like we've so quickly lost touch with touch with the reality of our mothers and grandmother's life experiences. Both of my grandmothers have always been 'homemakers', university or a real career was never a option for them like it is for us and although there is absolutely nothing wrong with looking after the household, the tradwife trend is reinforcing stereotypes about women belonging in a home. This makes it harder for women who are also working because most if not all of the labour (and childcare) is unconsciously put on them around their 9-5 (Borgen & Dafna Gelbgiser, 2023). And then women with children who are working parents face discrimination in the workplace as research has found. Not only is it harder to get a job for women with children compared to men but we were also less likely to get a promotion or salary increase (Correll et al., 2007).

Resources

Borgen, N. T., & Dafna Gelbgiser. (2023). The gendered division of cognitive household labor, mental load, and family–work conflict in European countries. European Societies, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2023.2271963

Correll, Shelley J., Benard, S., & Paik, I. (2007). Getting a job: Is there a motherhood penalty? American Journal of Sociology, 112(5), 1297–1339.

W6 ‘Walking into Doors’: The Impact of Domestic Violence on Women Locally and Globally

This week's content made me reflect on people in my life who have lived experience of DFV and how much it has impacted them. In small ways like they unconsciously always have their hair up so it can't be grabbed and it bigger ways that are harder to talk about. It also made me think of people who are so removed from this reality they struggle to understand it and say things like 'why don't they leave?' or don't think it could have been that bad if there's not bruises. This perspective to so damaging and harmful for people who have been through it but it's also understandable. I can see how it can be so confusing if you have no experience with it why a someone would stay in a bad relationship. This is where an understanding of coercive control and what it looks like is so important. Susan Lagdon in the Tedx Talk linked below talks through this with  her own research and experiences in a way I think is really easy for people to understand.

Resources

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1CGVsWxfI2Q

# data[].attributes.body
the idea of when the right time to have a child is complex because there are so many factors at play. For instance, society says that the right time to have a child is when you've been in a long term relationship and are financially stable, however women's biology says the best time time to get pregnant is when you're in your early to mid 20's because there is a 25%-30% chance of falling pregnant every month however with age this chance decreases (Better Health Channel, 2012). But the thing is I don't think there is ever a so called right time because no matter what stage of life you are in there will be always be challenges. Whether its having a child as a teenager and not having the income to support your child whilst facing backlash from society and maybe even losing support from friends and family to having a child in your 50's but because of your age you're at a higher risk of facing complications during delivery. Furthermore if a woman decides to to terminate the baby because she had gotten pregnant against her will she will still face criticism from society due to the controversy surrounding abortion. Therefore whether a woman decides to start a family or not she will constantly be faced with criticism which men very rarely get to experience and if they do it is never to the same extent as women.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Women still face unfair pressure about having children – here’s what to expect if you don’t have kids when you’re young

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The pressure to parent looks different for women and men.

# data[].attributes.body
A key feature from this week's lecture that really stook out to me was what it really means to be queer, it is one thing to identify as gay, lesbian, non-binary, intersexual but its another thing entirely be queer, its a way of life and to act queer is about action, often this is about fighting for your right just to be who you are. Therefore, as a society we need to recognize that our queer community is facing tremendous health inequalities as a result of the constant discrimination and assault they receive. This ABC news article highlights just how big the gap in health outcomes is between the queer community and cisgendered Australians, for instance it shows that double the amount of non-binary individuals (85.2%) have experienced a mental disorder compared to cis gendered men (42.1%) and women (43.4%)(Morris-Grant, 2024). As future public health professionals I feel like its important to understand why these numbers are so high and to change the current way of practice to allow all feel like they can safe access the health services they need so there is no health inequalities experienced between members of the public or at least those health inequalities are minimized.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
‘Discrimination, assault and harassment’: New data paints a ‘sobering’ picture of mental health for LGBTQ+ Australians

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
LGBTQ+ Australians are experiencing mental illness and self harm at rates sometimes “more than double” their heterosexual counterparts, new data released by the Australian Bureau of Statistics reveals.

# data[].attributes.body
This week lecture focuses on men being both the victim and perpetrator of violence. The thing that really caught my attention was the high percentage of abuse conducted in the home with fathers or father figures and the mothers or mother figures with mothers being more likely to be held responsible for neglect and about 55.6% of abuse cases prior to the age of 15 was at the hand of the father. This reminded of a 1980's-1990's case of the Mendez brothers who were sentenced to life without parole for the murder of the their parents. The brothers claim that the reason they murdered their parents was due to the years of physical, emotional and sexual abuse that they experienced and most likely was still happening up until the deaths. The lecture also talks about how in the cases of bullying there that a high percentage of bullying perps who have also been bullied themselves (45%) and therefore I wonder if this association can also be applied to more dire acts of violence and if this is applicable to the case of the Mendez brothers.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Inside the story of the notorious Menendez brothers case

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Lyle and Erik Menendez were sentenced to life in prison for killing their parents. Now, more than three decades later, they are hoping new evidence could reopen the case.

# data[].attributes.body
Women are likely then men to be living in extreme poverty, currently there are more than 10% of the world's women trapped in a cycle of extreme poverty who earn less than $2.15UD ($3.13AUD) a day (Lang, 2021). This is because women are more likely to be in casual jobs that pay less men, however something that doesn't help this issue is the fast fashion industry and the use of sweatshops. Multimillion dollars companies out source their production to places where they charge under the minimum wage, work crazy long hours in inhumane work conditions. The article above highlights what these conditions were really like and how it affected not only them but their families. One woman was paid $3/ hour to work all day and clean the factory floors however if she asked for a raise the factory gave her an ultimatum either continue working their for what she is already receiving or she can leave, so she left and because of her age (53) is struggled to find work that would take her on and she has been relying on her children since. The year she was let go the company made $2.2 billion, she commented on this saying "they took that profit from us, they already have it but we don't have anything" (Dugan, 2022). Other conditions such as overcrowding, work place injury without leave or compensation are some further examples of these horrible conditions and one of the major events exposed the reality of sweatshop workers was the collapse of Rana Plaza in Bangladesh in 2013 where an eight story building, home to shops, a bank and a sweatshop factory collapsed killing 1,134 people and injuring 2600 people all because cracks in the building structure began to emerge. Whilst the shops and bank immediately closed up the factory however ignored the advice and allowed their workers to continue work (Clean Clothes Campaign, 2019). Whilst we all like cheap clothing it makes you wonder why are these clothes sold so cheaply and the literal blood, sweat and tears that went into making the clothes you wear which will only end up in the waste once you loose interest in it.

References

Clean Clothes Campaign. (2019). Rana Plaza. Clean Clothes Campaign. https://cleanclothes.org/campaigns/past/rana-plaza

Dugan, E. (2022, December 18). Workers tell of sweatshop conditions at Thai factory used by Tesco. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/18/workers-tell-of-sweatshop-conditions-at-thai-factory-used-by-tesco

Lang, H. (2021, September 16). How Fast Fashion Factories Trap Women and Girls in Poverty (And How We Can Help). Good on You. https://goodonyou.eco/fast-fashion-factories-trap-women/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
n a factory at the Myanmar border in Thailand, hundreds of Burmese workers made F&F jeans for Tesco. They describe sweatshop conditions, with 99-hour weeks, one day off a month and illegally low pay.

Now Tesco is facing a landmark British lawsuit for alleged negligence, having used the VK Garment (VKG) factory in Mae Sot as a supplier to its Thai business from 2017 until the supermarket sold its operations in Asia in December 2020. The case is being brought by 130 former garment workers at the factory.

Tesco said protecting the rights of everyone in its supply chain was absolutely essential and that had it known of the serious allegations it would have stopped using VKG immediately.

The Guardian spoke to 21 former workers from the factory at their homes in Mae Sot. Here are some of their stories.

Win Win Mya, 53, says she was paid about £3 - less than half the Thai minimum wage - to sweep the factory floor all day. She asked for a pay rise in 2019 but says she was refused. "They said if you want more money you can find other work but we don't have any other options."

She was one of 136 workers who lost their jobs in August 2020 after asking to be paid the minimum wage. They say they were given an ultimatum by the factory: apply as new workers and accept things as they were, or leave. When they refused, they were dismissed.

She said being over 50 made it impossible to find another job and she has been unemployed and relying on her children since.

She was among the lowest paid in the factory. Commenting on Tesco's £2.2bn profits made in the year she lost her job, she said: "They took that profit from us. They already have it but we don't have anything."

Win Soe, 48, is missing the tip of his index finger on his right hand. He says it got jammed in the button machine while making F&F denim jackets in about 2018.

"The machine I used was outdated," he said. "Sometimes it jammed and I had to push with my leg to make it work." He said the machine had no safety switch and gestures to show how he put his hand on the buttoning plate while reaching down to try to unjam it.

He said the work was hard and he felt humiliated by being shouted at by supervisors. "They did not respect us and they shouted at us most of the time. We were not happy but I didn't have any option other than carrying on with my work. I have a family and I had to consider their wellbeing too."

Thant Sin Aung, 23, says he was 15 when he started working for the factory under different ownership eight years ago. He said the factory arranged for a fake border passport with a fake name and his image and an older date of birth to get around child labour laws.

He says while making F&F clothes he often forgot to eat to try to meet targets and earn more, and became sick, once having to take most of a month off with illness and no pay.

After he and others were dismissed in August 2020, he says he approached a nearby factory, only to discover they had a sheet with his name and photograph. "They showed me the photo and said, 'is this you?' and I had to agree it was me." He was out of work for more than seven months and was so hungry he ate wild watercress growing on a playground.

When San San Aye left her three sons with her sister in Yangon, she hoped to make enough money in Thailand to give them a better life.

She settled in the border town of Mae Sot and started working at VKG in 2017, marking and cutting out the denim to make F&F jeans. She said her pay was typically £4 a day, though could be as little as £2, a fraction of the £7 a day Thai minimum wage.

"I kept hoping that next month the money would be enough but it never was," she said.

Her job meant starting at about 8am and finishing at 10 or 11 at night almost every day, she said, unless a big order came, then she worked until the next morning. "I wanted to sleep so much but if I didn't finish, I couldn't go home."

She said she was paid according to what she could make and not paid overtime, leaving her with just enough to cover food and accommodation. Sending money home meant skipping meals.

Her middle son, Kaung Htet Kyaw, did well at school in Yangon and wanted to be a doctor. She hoped that funding his education could change the family's future. But just six months before he was due to take his final exams it became untenable. Tuition fees cost about £20 a month and then there were books, transport and food. His parents asked him to join them in Thailand.

He was 18 and found himself working at the factory with his mother, gathering up scraps of material as a sewing line helper for about £2 a day. Now 23, he works in another low wage factory, his ambition of becoming a doctor more remote than ever.

Like many families, they described being stuck in a cycle of debt. Kaung Htet Kyaw said: "Sometimes the debt collector came asking for money but we couldn't pay. I'm angry they didn't give wages on time."

His mother said: "Life here is more difficult than living in Myanmar. I came here with hopes but those dreams did not happen."

It was summer 2020 when Hla Hla Tey decided to do something about the factory where she had been working for more than two years. She was a quality control supervisor at VKG and said she worked overnight several days a week, leaving her to cycle home on the highway in the early morning, barely able to stay awake.

She said her pay declined over time and that when she asked a manager to be paid the minimum wage, he called her a dog, saying: "If you don't want to work at the factory any more you can get out."

When auditors came in July she said she was in a group who spoke to them. "I felt really angry and could not tolerate it any more," she said. Many other workers "were also angry" she said, but most would "not dare to tell the truth because they were afraid to lose their jobs".

She said the auditors asked how many days the factory was closed in a month and she was quick to set them straight. "I asked the counter-question: 'What do you mean, day off or holiday?'" she said. "This factory never closes on festival holidays. We have one day off a month when they pay our wages."

She said the auditor then asked whether she was paid the minimum wage and whether it was paid into her bank account. "I explained that even though they opened a bank account with my name, I can't use it. In my bag I had a payslip, I said, 'this is how I receive my wages'." She said the payslip showed £74 for a month's work, instead of the £280 suggested by the factory's records.

She was one of more than a dozen workers who told the Guardian that the factory had taken control of their bank accounts, changed their passwords and paid them in cash, leaving a paper trail suggesting minimum wage pay.

She said despite the long days and low pay, bosses were quick to criticise. "If there was a quality problem they would shout at us and say 'you must be blind, do you not have eyes?'."

She said that despite having social security deductions from her wages she had to pay for her healthcare after having breast cancer.

At 54, Hla Hla Tay was the oldest to lose her job in 2020 and has struggled to find work since, saying factories rarely employ over-50s. Unemployed and unable to pay rent, she is living in a Buddhist monastery and relying on handouts from the relations in Myanmar she moved away to support.

She is worried about her future but also clear-eyed about her life at VKG. "That period was a time I was in hell," she said.

Aung Tun, 34, holds out his forearm to show a long deep scar. He worked for VKG from May 2019, first folding clothes and then logging items going in and out of the factory and loading up F&F orders on to trucks.

In January 2020, he said he was clearing the factory floor before an audit when the injury happened. He said he was hurrying to load a heavy interlocker sewing machine - a machine with a sharp knife that cuts fabric as it sews - on to a truck, when it fell and sliced into his arm.

"It was bleeding a lot. I had to concentrate not to pass out," he said. "The machine was really heavy, it needed four or five people to carry it but only three of us did."

Aung Tun said the wound needed 13 stitches, but that a manager at the factory told him to lie to the hospital. "The factory didn't take any responsibility ... they said when you go to the clinic, say it's a bicycle accident, don't talk about a workplace accident."

Aung Tun said he was typically paid less than £5 a day and that the factory often delayed renewing his work permit "which made it difficult to leave" and also meant his records looked irregular when he tried to find work later.

"I felt extremely tired from overworking and the pay was very low," he said. "We only took a rest at lunchtime, the rest of the time we were working, working, working."

Si Thu Aung, 32, kept meticulous records of pay and production of the more than 20 sewers he supervised. He said they produced 10-15,000 pairs of F&F jeans a month and were paid only according to what they could make.

Sitting outside the room he shares with his wife and daughter, he still has piles of paperwork that appear to document the meagre pay his sewers received but he said officials told him it was fake because it did not have factory branding.

Once workers told auditors that the factory had lied about their pay, Si Thu Aung said he and other line leaders were summoned to an urgent meeting. "A manager said, 'you need to control your workers' and we spoke back to them and said the factory needs to pay them [properly]," he said.

After standing up for the sewers on his line, he was told to apply as a new worker and when he refused, he was dismissed.

Later, when he tried to find a new job at nearby factories he kept being knocked back and believes he was blacklisted. Two factories told him they were not open when he heard they were. "I know it was because I had worked for VK," he said. "They understood that we were people who made problems for our employer."

For five months he was unemployed and has not been able to find a well-paid job since. Now he looks after his five-year-old daughter, Thoon Yati, while his wife works.

Ye Zaw Zo, 31, was an ironing worker on the sewing line and said he typically made about £3 a day. He was paid according to how much he could iron but when he got faster he says they lowered his rate from 1p for every dozen garments ironed, to almost half that.

Like many of the workers, he said the factory had control of his bank card to make it appear he was paid the minimum wage.

One day he said the factory tried to withdraw money from his account but typed in his password incorrectly. He said they sent him to the bank to reset the password and withdraw £340 - a generous monthly wage above the Thai minimum.

"I said I would need the transport cost to go by motorbike," he said. But when he returned to the factory with the cash, he said he was asked to hand it all over at the entrance and to sign a document saying he had been paid that amount.

Instead, he said he was only given back his actual monthly wage of £87. "I told them I needed to get back the cost of the transport," he said, "but I had to use my own money."

As a line leader in charge of more than 20 sewers, Phyo Phyo Mar's evidence about pay and conditions was crucial to a hearing in the Thai labour courts this summer.

She said a worker loyal to the factory went to speak to her parents in August, the day before she was due to give evidence in the Thai labour court, to try to persuade them to tell her to drop the case.

She has a carrier bag full of documents that look inconvenient for the factory, including pay sheets and garment sheets that appear to detail the dozen pay rate for each F&F item.

Her husband worked at the factory too and also lost his job in August 2020. In the last two years they have had to spend all the savings they managed to build through moving to Thailand, including some land in Myanmar.

Phyo Phyo Mar was pregnant with her second child when they lost their jobs and hasn't been able to work since. She applied at factories but they were not interested in hiring someone pregnant. Now she and her parents have health problems and they are having to borrow money for food. "I worry all the time about our finances. We can take on debt for food but we can't keep borrowing."

Sirikul Tatiyawongpaibul, the managing director of VKG, called the allegations "hearsay" and said they should be presented in court and could not be commented on, given an ongoing case in the Thai labour courts.

She said: "The company's rules and regulations are in line with Thailand's labour law, with employment and working conditions in line with conditions laid out by the department of labour protection and welfare and customers ... The company has fought the case with facts and does not plan to shut down operations. It is necessary for the company to demand justice under Thailand's judicial process."

A Tesco spokesperson said: "The allegations highlighted in this report are incredibly serious, and had we identified issues like this at the time they took place, we would have ended our relationship with this supplier immediately. We understand the Thai labour court has awarded compensation to those involved, and we would continue to urge the supplier to reimburse employees for any wages they're owed."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
n a factory at the Myanmar border in Thailand, hundreds of Burmese workers made F&F jeans for Tesco. They describe sweatshop conditions, with 99-hour weeks, one day off a month and illegally low pay.

# data[].attributes.headline
Feminism and Disney Princes Expectation (Week 2)

# data[].attributes.subject
Feminism and Disney Princes Expectation (Week 2)

# data[].attributes.body
The real question is: "Are Disney shape how children see women representation in the world?"

# data[].attributes.headline
Harsh masculinity in Vietnamese society (Week 3)

# data[].attributes.subject
Harsh masculinity in Vietnamese society (Week 3)

# data[].attributes.headline
Decide having kids - Selfish acts or self-aware (Week 4)

# data[].attributes.subject
Decide having kids - Selfish acts or self-aware (Week 4)

# data[].attributes.headline
Domestic Abuse in Historical events/policies (Week 6)

# data[].attributes.subject
Domestic Abuse in Historical events/policies (Week 6)

# data[].attributes.headline
Self reflective in gender role challenging in Vietnam - man-dominated industry (Week 5)

# data[].attributes.subject
Self reflective in gender role challenging in Vietnam - man-dominated industry (Week 5)

# data[].attributes.body
Did the Queer community originate from the West?

# data[].attributes.headline
Week 3: Social Construction of Manhood and Health

# data[].attributes.subject
Week 3: Social Construction of Manhood and Health

# data[].attributes.body
Something that caught my attention from this week's lecture is the portrayal of masculinity in movies, where men are often represented as the strong, athletic, stoic protagonist which is evident in films such as Rocky or San Andreas (Starring Dwayne Johnston). The issue with this is that it is demonstrating that this is what it means to be a man-that weakness is showing any other feelings that is not anger and due to the popularity of pop culture it can have a strong influence on societal norms and expectations. These stereotypes have massive implications on men's health, this is evident in the unproportionately high suicide rates in men compared to women and one of many explanations for this is because of the lack of mental health services accessed by men due to the stigma around mental health and that it is seen as "unmanly" to go talk about your feelings. However, the TV show Brooklyn 99 does a great job at challenging traditional gendered stereotypes because the main protagonist Jake Peralta decides to leave his job that he loves as a detective in the NYPD to stay home and look after his son Mac because his wife Amy got promoted to the rank of chief. It would be great to see a wider range of TV shows and films challenge such stereotypes as Brooklyn 99 has done to change the societal perspective of masculinity and improve the health of men.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Jake Explains Why He’s Leaving The 99 (Peraltiago Final Kiss) | Brooklyn 99 Season 8 Episode 10

# data[].attributes.body
The Week Four lecture on Reproductive and Fertility Timing, Choice and Health was extremely enlightening and sparked my curiosity for why countries use Woman’s reproductive rights as a political tool to exert power and control. Something that resonated deeply with me was the idea that women's health is the cornerstone of global health, and that allowing women access to safe abortions can improve not only individual well-being but also broader public health outcomes, economic stability, and social equity.

What struck me as a harsh truth, though it seems obvious in hindsight, is that these abortion bans aren't truly about the well-being or benefit of women; it's so that those in power can maintain control over women's bodies, restrict their autonomy, and uphold outdated societal structures that limit women's rights and freedoms.

I recently came across an intriguing article discussing how the overturning of Roe v. Wade couldn't happen in Australia, as abortion rights are protected at the state and territory level (ABC, 2022). However, the situation in Western Australia highlights significant challenges, where current laws are having a profoundly negative impact on women. Many women in this region are forced to fly interstate to access essential reproductive care, creating unnecessary barriers and exacerbating the physical, emotional, and financial strain on those seeking these services. This stark contrast between legal protections and practical access raises important questions about the equity and effectiveness of abortion laws in ensuring that all women, regardless of location, can exercise their reproductive rights without undue hardship. The ABC article highlights how the United States decision to strip woman of control over their bodies essentially has woman resorting to unsafe options or endure unwanted pregnancy which will impact their mental and physical health. As a woman, my heart breaks for those in America facing this harsh reality, and I can't imagine being forced to make such a difficult and life-altering decision under such oppressive circumstances.

Here are some resources I found interesting! Also, the ABC article discussed above.

The overturning of Roe v Wade couldn't happen in Australia, but abortion still isn't a guaranteed right - ABC News

Access to safe abortion is a fundamental human right - eClinicalMedicine (thelancet.com)

'Pro-Life' or 'Anti-Abortion Rights'? Journalists, Abortion, and Why Word Choice Matters - Newsweek

Abortion rights in Australia and why you should care about Roe v Wade - Amnesty International Australia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A situation like Roe v Wade could never overturn abortion rights in Australia, but significant barriers to access remain and reform is needed to protect people's rights going forward, legal and reproductive rights advocates say.

"In Australia, abortion is protected at the state and territory level, we don't have a constitutional right to abortion," Human Rights Law Centre associate legal director Adrianne Walters said.

"In fact, we don't have national comprehensive human rights protections in Australia, which is something a lot of people don't realise."

Abortion has been decriminalised in all jurisdictions except Western Australia, where it is still regulated by the Criminal Code.

Last year South Australia became the final state apart from WA to move abortion from criminal law into healthcare legislation.

WA also requires two doctors to sign off on an abortion prior to 20 weeks, something Ms Walters says is unnecessary from a medical perspective.

Catch up on our coverage of the US banning abortion after the Supreme Court overturned the landmark Roe V Wade ruling

"There's a range of ways in which Western Australia's laws are having negative impacts on women," she said.

"It's also impacting on women who find themselves in really desperate situations ... a bit later on in their pregnancy where you know, they might have a really much-wanted pregnancy, but they've been told really devastating news, that the foetus has a fatal condition.

"Instead of being able to access the services, the compassionate healthcare that they need in Western Australia, they're having to fly interstate to access that care."

'Postcode lottery' for abortion rights across Australia

Each state and territory has different rules around how late in the pregnancy a person will require sign-off from one or more doctors to access an abortion.

In Victoria, which decriminalised abortion in 2008, you can have an abortion up to 24 weeks, but beyond that two doctors must sign off before it can be performed.

In contrast in Western Australia, a person seeking an abortion must get the approval of two medical professionals at any point up to 20 weeks of gestation.

Beyond 20 weeks a panel of six doctors has to agree the abortion is necessary.

Bonney Corbin, head of policy at Marie Stopes, said while Australia had made steps forward such as the adoption of the National Women's Health Strategy, which calls for universal and equitable access to abortion for all people in Australia by 2030, more needed to be done.

"We've got some really great national principles in place, but at the state and territory level, it's a bit of a postcode lottery," Ms Corbin said.

"Women and pregnant people across Australia ... have to navigate a patchwork of regulations in order to access care."

She said people could still face significant costs and stigma in Australia, while only about 9 per cent of GPs offered the surgical procedure.

She said the cost of abortion could vary wildly from bulk billing for people with a health care card to up to $8,000 for people on temporary visas.

As of Thursday South Australia implemented new regulations that legalised medical abortion via telehealth, which meant it was now available across all Australian jurisdictions.

Medical abortion is available for up to nine weeks of gestation via telehealth.

"Anyone in any place in Australia, providing they have a health and hospital system that they could drive to if they need to, can call a number and order the medical abortion tablets on the phone, which will then get delivered to them," Ms Corbin said.

But she said Australia still fell short in offering universal access to abortion.

Ms Corbin has called for investment in the national strategy, sexual health education to be bolstered, free or low-cost abortion to be offered, consistency in gestational limits across states and territories and the decriminalisation of the procedure in WA.

Roe v Wade a 'step backwards'

She said the current conversation about Roe v Wade risked creating a stigma around abortion.

"We know when there's a lot of conversation and chatter about whether abortion is good or bad, or what someone's opinion on abortion is, that is felt amongst the community," she said.

"We know that one out of three, or one out of four, depending on the data you look, at women in Australia have had an abortion in their lifetimes.

"Everyone has a sister, a daughter, an aunt, a niece who's had an abortion, every one of us has an abortion within our communities and our lives regardless of whether we've had one personally or not.

"We need to reach out and support each other and support people to make choices about their own bodies and lives, and to remember that this essential medical procedure or medical service is a human right."

She said internationally countries had been progressively decriminalising abortion.

"This (the Roe v Wade decision) is definitely a step backwards for the US ... this will definitely take us back a step."

US decision 'strips women of the right to control their bodies'

Ms Walters said despite the inconsistency in Australia's laws, reform had mostly been achieved through "decades of hard work by women, by healthcare workers, by politicians and lawyers".

She said the Roe v Wade decision in the United States had stripped millions of American women of the right to control their bodies.

"It will mean in states that go on to ban abortion, women will be faced with very little choice," she said.

"So the women who can't afford to travel to states with more liberal abortion laws, they will have the choice of either being forced to carry a pregnancy to term and to give birth against their will, or they will have to resort to unsafe options and we know that women die in those circumstances.

"My heart goes out to them, but it also demonstrates the need for vigilance here in Australia.

"We need to work really hard to protect the hard-won gains."

Current abortion laws in each state and territory
Source: Human Rights Law Centre and Marie Stopes Australia Victoria NSW SA

Laws will come into force on July 7

It is a patient's decision up to 22 weeks and six days' gestation - a doctor must provide information about counselling

After 22 weeks and six days, the decision sits with two medical practitioners who must consider all medical circumstances, and an abortion can only be performed if:

it is necessary to save the pregnant person's life or another foetus; or

if the continuation of the pregnancy would involve significant risk of injury to the physical or mental health of the pregnant person; or

there is a case, or significant risk, of serious foetal anomalies

WA Queensland NT ACT
No gestational rules in legislation
Tasmania

Legal duties on practitioners who conscientiously object to abortion to refer their patients to places where they can get information from non-objecting practitioners

Where an abortion is necessary to save a woman's life, the above rules don't apply

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Getting an abortion in Australia isn't as simple as you might think

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A situation like Roe v Wade could never overturn abortion rights in Australia, but legal and reproductive rights advocates say significant barriers to access remain and reform is needed to protect people's rights going forward.

# data[].attributes.body
Week 2's lecture on Women in Culture, Advertising, and Social Media was exceptionally engaging and enlightening. It thoroughly examined how the male gaze and persistent themes in the social construction of womanhood have profoundly influenced young girls and women for decades, impacting our mental health, self-esteem and overall sense of identity. When discussing the Male Gaze, it was intriguing to note how this concept reinforces male power structures and the way women have been conditioned to be objectified while men assume the role of the observer. As women, we often become hyper-aware of ourselves and extremely vigilant from a very young age due to this dynamic—an experience that men may not fully understand.

Examining the ‘1950s housewife’ advertising, which depicted the ideal woman through domesticity, nurturing roles, and strict adherence to traditional gender norms, highlights the importance for women to break free from these limiting stereotypes and redefine our identities on our own terms. However, it’s evident that advertising and media still have a long way to go. This lecture also sparked my curiosity about the portrayal of aging in advertising for both men and women. The media perpetuates a glaring double standard: women are expected to remain ‘young, beautiful, and flawless,’ with images of heavily airbrushed models dominating the screen—where wrinkles or cellulite are almost taboo. In contrast, men are often celebrated as they age, embracing the ‘silver fox’ image.

The Australian case of Tracey Spicer and her TED Talk echoes the experiences of Megyn Kelly and the Fox News sexual harassment scandal. In July 2016, former Fox News anchor Gretchen Carlson filed a lawsuit against Roger Ailes, accusing him of sexual harassment. This lawsuit triggered a cascade of similar allegations from other women, including Kelly, who also accused Ailes of harassment. These cases underscore that even the most powerful women, regardless of their position or success, are not immune to the pervasive influence of the male gaze and male-dominated power structures.

Here are some great resources and further readings I found insightful! also more info on Megyn Kelly's case.

Megyn Kelly Sexual Harrassment: Fox Paid $50 Million in Sexual Harassment Settlements in the Last Year - TheWrap

The True Story Behind Bombshell and the Fox News Scandal | TIME

Readings on Aging - Differences between men and woman: Double Standard of Aging for Men and Women: Evidence From Across Europe, 2006–2018 | Innovation in Aging | Oxford Academic (oup.com)

Male Gaze: Miyake Sjuman: Shifting the Male Gaze: Breaking the Glass Ceiling | TED Talk

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Ever wonder how media portrayal of women affects their self-perception and societal roles? I've been there, too. The fact is, much of our visual culture still operates through a lens known as the "male gaze," popularized by feminist film theorist Laura Mulvey in the '70s.

Today's article dissects this concept, exploring its origins and far-reaching impacts on female self-esteem while examining ways to challenge it. Ready for a deep dive into the male gazes influence?

Key Takeaways

Definition of the Male Gaze

Let's dive in and break down the concept of the "Male Gaze." Coined by feminist film theorist Laura Mulvey in her seminal 1973 essay, it refers to a way of looking at women that empowers men while objectifying and diminishing women.

This perspective goes beyond simply viewing women; it stretches into male-dominated societal norms and patriarchal ideologies shaping how we perceive reality around us. Often, this gaze reduces women to passive objects of desire rather than active subjects with their own agency.

And without us being aware, it's been subtly controlling narratives for years - both on-screen and off - limiting female empowerment and self-advocacy while encouraging self-objectification.

Understanding this term is like wearing glasses that correct skewed vision; once you see through the Male Gaze, you can't unsee its influence on film history, media representation, depictions of women, and our everyday life.

Origin and History of the Male Gaze

Let's dive into the birth of this phenomenon. The term "male gaze" surfaced in 1973 from feminist film theorist Laura Mulvey's essay "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema." However, its roots trace much further back.

Just think about classical art history laden with paintings depicting passive women viewed through a heterosexual male lens. Even before painting was commonplace, storytelling often presented women as objects seen from a masculine perspective.

As technology evolved and cinema took over as a compelling form of narrative, this ingrained tendency didn't fade away but instead found a new platform to proliferate.

The silent films era heavily utilized the male gaze - females were portrayed primarily for their physical assets to appeal to the predominantly straight, white male audience. Fast forward to today; we can still spot traces of it in media ranging from advertisements and music videos to TV shows and movies.

So you see that not only has the male gaze been around for quite some time, but it's also deeply woven into our cultural fabric - sneaking up on us perhaps more often than we'd care to admit or even realize.

It shapes societal norms and expectations while reinforcing patriarchal structures consistently favoring white males' experiences at the expense of others. Hence understanding its origin becomes crucial if we aspire to create an equitable representation in our society moving forward.

The male gaze can be observed in various forms of media, including film, art, and advertising. It perpetuates the objectification and sexualization of women while marginalizing their agency and perspectives.

To understand its impact fully, explore how the male gaze influences society's perception of women and contributes to harmful gender stereotypes. Discover why it is crucial to challenge this patriarchal viewpoint and work towards creating a more inclusive media landscape that values female empowerment and self-expression.

To read more about the Male Gaze in Media: click here

Film

Diving into the world of cinema, we notice a recurring trend - the male gaze. This phenomenon dictates how women are portrayed on screen, often reducing them to objects of desire for the heterosexual male audience.

Consider big-budget action movies or even Disney princess narratives such as 'Beauty and The Beast' or 'Cinderella.' These depictions heavily influence men's perception of women, fostering unrealistic expectations and endorsing patriarchal ideologies.

Furthermore, it also molds female self-perception and impacts their mental health negatively. It's time we open our eyes to this implicit bias in storytelling that occurs via film media: promoting an unhealthy societal narrative where men dominate while women become passive recipients in the process.

Art

In the world of art, the male gaze has played a significant role in shaping how women are depicted. Throughout history, many famous works of art have portrayed women through a heterosexual male lens, often showcasing them as objects of desire rather than as individuals with agency and complexity.

Think about classical paintings where nude women were used as phallic symbols or sculptures that placed female bodies on display for the male viewer's pleasure. These depictions perpetuate patriarchal ideologies and reinforce gender power asymmetry.

It's important to recognize these implicit assumptions in art and question how they impact our perceptions of women both historically and today.

Advertising

In advertising, the male gaze is often at the forefront, shaping how women are portrayed and perceived. It's not uncommon to see women in advertisements presented as sexual objects or using their bodies to sell products.

This perpetuates harmful gender stereotypes and reinforces a patriarchal view of femininity. When we're constantly bombarded with images that objectify women, it can have a significant impact on how we perceive ourselves and others.

Studies have shown that exposure to these types of advertisements can lead to low self-esteem and body dissatisfaction and even contribute to mental health issues like depression and anxiety.

Impact of the Male Gaze

The impact of the male gaze extends beyond media and has deep implications for women's self-perception, self-esteem, and empowerment. It reinforces patriarchal ideologies that control the narrative, reducing women to passive objects of desire and limiting their agency in society.

This perpetuates gender bias, implicit assumptions about femininity, and the objectification of women, all of which have far-reaching consequences on mental health and contribute to a range of issues such as depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, self-harm tendencies, and even suicidal ideation.

On Women

As men, it's crucial for us to recognize the impact of the male gaze on women. The male gaze reduces women to objects of desire and diminishes their agency in society. It perpetuates sexist and patriarchal views that limit women's empowerment and self-advocacy.

This means that women are often portrayed as passive, dependent, and solely existing for the pleasure or validation of men. The influence of the male gaze extends beyond media and affects how women perceive themselves and other women.

Studies have shown that exposure to the objectification of women in media can negatively impact female self-esteem, body image, and mental health. Women may internalize unrealistic beauty standards promoted by the male gaze, leading to feelings of inadequacy or worthlessness.

This can contribute to depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders like anorexia or bulimia, self-harm tendencies, and even suicidal ideation.

It's important for us as men to challenge this harmful narrative by recognizing our own privileges and role in perpetuating gender inequality. We must actively support diverse representations of women in media that showcase their talents, intelligence, strength, and achievements - rather than solely focusing on their appearance or sexual appeal.

On Society

The impact of the male gaze extends far beyond individual women; it permeates society as a whole. By perpetuating unrealistic and objectifying portrayals of women, the male gaze reinforces harmful gender stereotypes and contributes to systemic inequality.

It creates a culture in which women are constantly judged based on their appearance, leading to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem. This not only affects women's mental health but also limits their opportunities for personal growth and empowerment.

Moreover, the male gaze serves to normalize toxic masculinity by reinforcing patriarchal ideologies that prioritize men's desires over women's autonomy. This includes the act of guys staring at women, which objectifies and reduces them to mere objects of desire. It is important for men to recognize the harmful effects of such behavior and actively challenge it. By fostering a culture of respect, consent, and equality, we can create a society where women are seen as multidimensional individuals rather than passive recipients of unwanted attention.

Is the Male Gaze Harmful?

The harmful impact of the male gaze extends beyond media representation, affecting the mental health and self-esteem of women, perpetuating stereotypes, and reinforcing patriarchal power dynamics.

Mental Health Impacts

The male gaze doesn't just affect women on the surface level; it also has serious mental health impacts. Constant exposure to media that objectifies and sexualizes women can contribute to depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, eating disorders, self-harm, and even suicidal thoughts.

Studies have shown that the more women are exposed to images of idealized female bodies in media, the worse they feel about themselves. This unrealistic standard perpetuated by the male gaze can leave many women feeling inadequate and constantly striving for unattainable beauty ideals.

It's important for men to recognize the harmful effects of the male gaze on women's mental well-being and actively work towards challenging these stereotypes and promoting healthy body image and self-esteem for all individuals.

Perpetuation of Stereotypes

As a man, it's important to recognize how the male gaze perpetuates harmful stereotypes about women in media. The male gaze reduces women to narrow, one-dimensional roles that reinforce societal expectations and biases.

By portraying women primarily as objects of desire and passive recipients of the male gaze, the media perpetuates harmful stereotypes about femininity and limits the representation of diverse female experiences.

This not only restricts the potential for authentic storytelling but also reinforces gender hierarchies and stifles opportunities for true equality. It's crucial for us to challenge these stereotypes and support more inclusive portrayals of women in media that reflect their complexity, agency, and diversity.

Changing the Male Gaze: Is it Possible?

Changing the male gaze is not only possible but essential for creating a more inclusive and equitable society.

Positive Examples of Change

I want to share some positive examples of change when it comes to challenging the male gaze in media. These examples show how we can break free from limiting stereotypes and empower women to take control of their own narratives:

1. The rise of female directors: More women are stepping behind the camera and telling their own stories, bringing a fresh perspective to filmmaking. Directors like Ava DuVernay, Greta Gerwig, and Patty Jenkins are creating inclusive and empowering narratives that challenge traditional gender roles.

2. Diverse representation: There is a growing demand for diverse representations of women in media. We are seeing more complex and realistic portrayals of women from different backgrounds, races, body types, and sexual orientations. This allows for a broader range of identities and experiences to be celebrated and normalized.

3. Body positivity movement: The body positivity movement is gaining momentum, encouraging women to embrace their bodies as they are rather than conforming to unrealistic beauty standards. Brands like Dove have launched campaigns promoting body acceptance and self-love, challenging the objectification of women's bodies.

4. Intersectional feminism: Women are coming together across different social identities to fight against patriarchal norms and address various forms of oppression. Intersectional feminism recognizes that race, sexuality, class, ability, and other factors intersect with gender to shape individual experiences. This inclusive approach ensures that all voices are heard.

5. Social media activism: Platforms like Instagram and Twitter have become powerful tools for feminist activism. Hashtags such as #MeToo and #TimesUp have sparked conversations about consent, harassment, and gender equality on a global scale.

6. Male allies: Men who actively support gender equality play a crucial role in challenging the male gaze. By examining their own biases and amplifying marginalized voices, they help create a more inclusive society where everyone can thrive.

7. Reimagining iconic characters: Traditional portrayals of female characters in media are being reimagined to break free from the male gaze. For example, in the rebooted "Wonder Woman" film, the title character is depicted as a strong and independent warrior rather than just a sexualized object of desire.

8. Empowering female-led storylines: More stories are being told that center around women's experiences and perspectives. TV shows like "Killing Eve," "Big Little Lies," and "Jessica Jones" feature complex female characters who navigate their lives with agency and strength.

Strategies for Change

As men, it's crucial for us to acknowledge the harmful impact of the male gaze and take action to change it. Here are some strategies we can adopt:

1. Educate ourselves: Take the time to learn about the concept of the male gaze and how it influences women in media and society. By educating ourselves, we can better understand the negative effects and work towards dismantling it.

2. Challenge our own biases: Reflect on our own perceptions of women and question any objectifying or stereotypical thoughts that arise. Recognize that women are multidimensional individuals deserving of respect and agency.

3. Support diverse representation: Seek out media that portrays women in empowering and diverse ways. Support movies, TV shows, and other forms of media that challenge traditional gender roles and present women as strong, independent characters.

4. Listen to women's voices: Amplify the voices of women by actively seeking out their perspectives in discussions about media representation. Encourage open dialogue with female friends, colleagues, and family members to gain insights into their experiences.

5. Promote body positivity: Encourage positive body image by appreciating the diversity of bodies and rejecting unrealistic beauty standards imposed by society. Celebrate all body types and challenge others when they engage in body-shaming behaviors or language.

6. Engage in feminist activism: Support organizations working towards gender equality and intersectional feminism. Get involved in campaigns addressing issues such as sexual harassment, equal pay, reproductive rights, and combating violence against women.

7. Be an ally: Stand up against sexism when you witness it happening - whether it's in everyday situations or online spaces. Challenge derogatory comments or objectifying behavior towards women by speaking out against them.

8. Empower young boys: Teach young boys about consent, healthy relationships, empathy, and respect for all genders from an early age. Foster an environment where they can grow up without perpetuating harmful gender stereotypes.

9. Support inclusive and diverse workplaces: Advocate for gender diversity in the workplace and push for policies that combat discrimination and promote equal opportunities for all employees, regardless of their gender.

10. Reflect on our own behavior: Constantly examine how our own actions and words may contribute to the perpetuation of the male gaze. Question whether our interactions with women are based on respect, equality, and consent.

The Female Gaze: A Counterpoint

The Female Gaze provides a counterpoint to the Male Gaze, highlighting the importance of women's perspectives and desires in media representation.

Definition

The male gaze refers to the way in which women are depicted and seen from a heterosexual male perspective. It is a concept that focuses on how women are objectified, sexualized, and portrayed as passive objects of desire in various forms of media, such as film, art, and advertising.

This term was popularized by feminist film theorist Laura Mulvey in 1973 when she wrote about the visual pleasure experienced by men while passively looking at women onscreen. The male gaze extends beyond just watching movies; it influences how women perceive themselves and impact their self-esteem.

It perpetuates sexist views and contributes to harmful societal norms that limit female empowerment and self-advocacy.

I've come across several examples in media that perfectly illustrate the concept of the male gaze. Here are some noteworthy ones:

In the film industry, movies like "Transformers" directed by Michael Bay, often utilize the male gaze to portray female characters as objects of desire rather than fully-developed individuals with agency.

Another film, "Spring Breakers," directed by Harmony Korine, showcases how the male gaze can hypersexualize young women, reinforcing patriarchal ideologies and perpetuating objectification.

Disney princess movies like "Beauty and the Beast," "Aladdin," Sleeping Beauty," and "Cinderella" also contribute to promoting unrealistic beauty standards for women. These films often depict passive, doe-eyed female characters who are waiting to be rescued by a prince or validate their worth through external validation.

Criticisms of the Male Gaze Theory

I understand that some men may have reservations or criticisms about the concept of the male gaze theory. It's important to note that while the theory has gained wide recognition in feminist film criticism, it is not without its critics and debates.

One common criticism is that the theory oversimplifies complex issues surrounding gender representation in media.

Some argue that reducing all portrayals of women in media to simply being objects of desire ignores the agency and complexity of female characters. They believe that women can be portrayed as sexual beings without necessarily being objectified or degraded.

Others contend that focusing solely on how men look at women overlooks other power dynamics and forms of oppression present in society.

Critics also question whether the male gaze applies universally across cultures and contexts, arguing for a more intersectional approach to understanding gender representation. There are suggestions for expanding the conversation beyond heterosexual male viewership and considering different perspectives like the female gaze or LGBTQ+ experiences.

While acknowledging these criticisms is essential to fostering a well-rounded dialogue, it's crucial to recognize how pervasive patriarchal ideologies shape our perceptions of gender roles and drive inequality within society.

Engaging with these discussions allows us as individuals to challenge societal norms and contribute towards building more inclusive media representations.

So, as we explore this topic further, I encourage you to keep an open mind and consider multiple viewpoints to develop a nuanced understanding of how media influences our perception of women.

Frequently Asked Questions About the Male Gaze

Conclusion

In conclusion, understanding the male gaze and its impact on women and media is crucial in dismantling harmful patriarchal ideologies and creating a more equitable society. By recognizing the ways in which the male gaze objectifies and diminishes women, we can work towards challenging these norms, promoting female empowerment, and fostering healthier self-perceptions for all genders.

It's time to shift our perspective and embrace a more inclusive and diverse representation in media that respects the agency and autonomy of women. Together, we can change the narrative.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Understanding The Male Gaze: Exploring Its Impact On Women And Media

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Definition of the male gaze and its origin and history and impact on women and society and whether it's harmful and criticisms of the male gaze.

# data[].attributes.body
The Week 3 lecture, 'Social Construction of Masculinity and Men’s Health,' really reinforced how men’s attitudes, behaviours, and actions towards women are perpetuated by dominant social constructions that value traditional notions of male superiority and strength. As the 'Man in the Box' article states, social constructions such as 'men must be the breadwinners,' 'they must exert violence to earn respect,' and 'not show emotions' place men in restrictive and damaging roles. These roles limit their emotional expression and perpetuate harmful behaviours, not only affecting themselves but women as well. Somehow, it feels as though, as women, we are always at the receiving end of men's violence and the harmful consequences of these entrenched social norms.

For me, this lecture really highlighted the importance of men uplifting other men and fostering an environment where they can freely express their emotions. By promoting emotional openness and challenging traditional masculine norms, men can create a more supportive and understanding community. This shift not only will benefit their mental and emotional well-being but also help to dismantle harmful stereotypes and behaviors that negatively impact both men and women. It is essential for men to lead by example, demonstrating that vulnerability is a strength and that true respect is earned through empathy and mutual support.

During the lecture, I reflected on how truly exhausting the patriarchy is. While it is intended to 'elevate' men, it ultimately leaves everyone feeling miserable. It was also intriguing to observe how the rise of the 'Trad wife' movement appears utterly unrealistic within the context of modern capitalism and economic pressures. Families simply cannot afford to live and sustain themselves on a single income, rendering the dream of a traditional housewife and domesticated lifestyle unattainable. It makes me wonder how, women and men, have adapted their mindsets over the decades. More women now seem comfortable with being single and self-sufficient, recognizing their capability to thrive independently. While societal pressures to find a husband and settle down persist, many women are increasingly rejecting these traditional expectations in favour of personal and professional fulfillment.

Here are some links and resources I found interesting!

What Does Being A Trad Wife Actually Mean? (elle.com.au)

Men and Mental Health - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (nih.gov)

School-aged sexism: 98 per cent of girls feel unfairly treated compared to boys | SBS News

Why Bottling Up Emotions Is Central to Masculinity | Psychology Today

If men don't figure out how to frame masculinity for our sons, toxic misogynists like Andrew Tate will do it for them - ABC News

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Boys Cry Too | @paigejung_ | Body positivity art, Discrimination art, Deep art

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Shop Paige Jung Society6 store featuring unique designs on various products across wall art, tech accessories, apparels, home decor and other unique lifestyle goods. Worldwide shipping available

# data[].attributes.body
Week 5’s lecture about Family, Marriage, Labour and Pay really sheds light on how patriarchal norms and gender roles deeply influence employment patterns, shaping both men and women’s career choices and their attraction to certain jobs. These societal expectations often dictate what roles are considered 'appropriate' for each gender, affecting not only the opportunities available but also the way individuals perceive their own potential and interests. I found it interesting within the lecture how we discussed that woman prioritise certain factors such as flexible working arrangements, safety and work-life balance when considering jobs due to dual responsibilities of career and family life. It’s also interesting to note how certain gender roles steer woman towards careers that are seen as more ‘nurturing’ and ‘supportive’. When reflecting on my job choices, I never realised that I completely wrote off many career paths due to my assumptions about what I was capable of as a woman. My empathetic nature has always steered me into caregiving and supportive roles. Growing up as a child of immigrants, I felt an inherent responsibility to serve others, shaped by the values of hard work, sacrifice, and community that were deeply embedded in my upbringing. This sense of duty, combined with societal expectations of women, led me to pursue roles that aligned with traditional notions of femininity. While these are valuable qualities, I now see truly how patriarchal ideals of what constitutes as an appropriate job for woman have influenced my career choices.

Please see some interesting resources I found!

Article – Women’s Family care Responsibilities, Employment and Health: Women’s Family Care Responsibilities, Employment and Health: A Tale of Two Countries | Journal of Family and Economic Issues (springer.com)

Podcast – Women Career and Family: A Conversation with Claudia Goldin: Claudia Goldin says "greedy" jobs have widened the gender pay gap : The Indicator from Planet Money : NPR

Forbes Article: Women Are Working More Than Ever, But They Still Take On Most Household Responsibilities (forbes.com)

Women more than men adjust their careers for family life | Pew Research Center

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Choosing between career and family | Cartoons vector, Vector illustration, Illustration

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Concept of choosing between career and family. Young woman trying to find a balance. Vector illustration in flat cartoon style. To work with the files of the

# data[].attributes.headline
Women deserve to be paid the same as men. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Women deserve to be paid the same as men. 

# data[].attributes.body
Week 5

Women are often judged more on their physical strength than their intellectual capabilities and are frequently seen primarily as home caretakers. Managing a household is far more complex than it appears. If women can excel in this role, they can certainly thrive in the workplace, provided they are given the same opportunities and support as men. It’s hard to believe that women still earn only about 89 cents for every dollar earned by men. Why is that? The answer isn’t as simple as physical strength, which is often used as an excuse. The reality is that men often strive to maintain their position at the top of the hierarchy. But we shouldn’t place all the blame on men, as this is a deeply ingrained cultural structure that has developed over generations.

The real question is, should we allow this to continue for generations to come? After all, men alone do not make a home. Women deserve to be paid the same as men, or perhaps even more, for managing the household after work, which is actually a shared responsibility. While many might argue otherwise, I personally do not feel good about undervaluing the person who gave birth to me.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
1.1M views · 26K reactions | JORDAN PETERSON SCHOOLS FEMINIST POLITICIAN 😤😮 #interview #debates #podcast #reelsfb #foryou #fypシ #reelsviralシ | EW Peter | EW Peter · Original audio

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
JORDAN PETERSON SCHOOLS FEMINIST POLITICIAN 😤😮 #interview #debates #podcast #reelsfb #foryou #fypシ #reelsviralシ. EW Peter · Original audio

# data[].attributes.body
Week 8's lecture on Men and Violence: Victims and Perpetrators was very eye-opening and truly explored the complex dynamics surrounding men's experiences with violence. A particular quote from the lecture that deeply resonated with me was: "Men kill other men, men kill women, and men kill themselves". This haunting statement encapsulated the pervasive cycle of violence that men are involved in, both as perpetrators and victims.

During the lecture, it was also interesting to observe how media and news outlets approached violence. When men commit violent acts, the media neutralizes their gender, opting for terms like "shooter," "psychopath," "kid," or "punk". However, when women commit acts of violence, their gender is always emphasized, becoming a central part of the narrative. As women, I believe we are often socialized to internalize much of our anger, taught to suppress or redirect it in more socially acceptable ways. In contrast, men are frequently permitted, or even expected, to express their anger through aggression or violence.

The video 'Unpacking the Man Box' really highlighted how dominant patriarchal systems, and toxic masculinity perpetuates the belief that men are somehow 'predisposed to violent tendencies' - absolving them of any true responsibility for their violence and destruction. Again, it creates a culture where male aggression is seen as inevitable rather than a product of societal conditioning. The media doesn't seem to address the root cause of these behaviours - instead they oversimplify the issue by focusing on superficial explanations like 'boys will be boys'.

A recent ABC article outlined that advocates in Sydney and Adelaide demand that violence against women should be considered a national emergency. This comes just after three women were killed in one week. Anthony Albanese has stated that male violence in Australia is an "epidemic". This underscores the importance of addressing the systemic issues that surround men and violence - gender norms, lack of emotional education toxic masculinity, and societal expectations that equate male power with dominance and aggression.

Here are some resources I found interesting!

Advocates demand violence against women be declared 'national emergency' - ABC News

A day on the frontline of Australia's domestic violence crisis - ABC News

Unpacking toxic masculinity with Dave Kramer - The Handy Guide

Toxic masculinity: Helping men understand the impact of their behaviour - ABC News

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
In short: Groups working to end domestic violence are calling for gender-based violence to be declared a national emergency.

Rallies took place in Sydney and Adelaide on Saturday with more planned across other Australian cities and regions on Sunday.

Prime Minister Anthony Albanese and Attorney-General Mark Dreyfus say male violence in Australia is an "epidemic" and they will join the rallies on Sunday.

Advocacy groups are demanding the government declare violence against women a national emergency after three women were allegedly killed by men known to them this week.

On Friday, West Australian police said they believed a 30-year-old woman, whose body was found in the bedroom of home after a fire, might have been murdered.

Earlier this week, two other women, 49-year-old Emma Bates in regional Victoria and 28-year-old Molly Ticehurst in regional New South Wales, were both allegedly killed by men police believe were known to them.

The events have fuelled anger across the nation, where 25 women have died this year due to gender-based violence, according to data interpreted from Counting Dead Women.

Eleven more women have died violently in 2024 compared to this time last year.

Rallies against gender-based violence took place in Hobart, Sydney and Adelaide, and on Sunday there will be rallies in Melbourne, Bendigo, Geelong, Coffs Harbour, Perth, Brisbane and the Sunshine Coast.

Ballarat and Newcastle hosted gatherings Friday night.

Sarah Williams, from advocacy group What Were You Wearing Australia, is one of the organisers. She said more action was urgently needed.

"Australia is definitely in a time of a national emergency with men's violence," she said.

"Just simply not being enough done and it's really devastating that it's three years on and we're probably in a worse situation than we were in 2021.

Prime Minister Anthony Albanese has confirmed he will walk in the march in Canberra on Sunday.

In a statement posted to X, Mr Albanese said a woman had been killed every four days so far this year.

"Violence against women is an epidemic," he said.

"Governments need to do better and as a society we need to do better."

He wrote that violence against women was not a problem that women should have to solve.

"We know there is so much more to do. And we will keep working."

Attorney-General Mark Dreyfus told media Saturday morning the rallies reflected the current distress in the community.

"About the number of women who are dying, who are being murdered at the hands of those who profess to love them," he said.

Mr Dreyfus discussed measures the government had put in place to address men's violence, such as a national plan and reviewing coercive control laws.

But, he said: "We've got to do even more than we have been doing."

Issue close to home for Sydneysiders

In Sydney, the issue of gender-based violence was close to home for some protesters.

"My younger sister was close friends with Lilie James, who was murdered last year, and a work colleague of hers was murdered at Bondi Junction recently," attendee Julia Robinson said.

"That's two women personally that were in our lives and we've crossed paths with in our close circle."

"It's heartbreaking, frustrating, and it's unacceptable."

Friends Mel Robin and Eliza McGillivray said they felt compelled to attend after hearing about the Bondi stabbing attack, as well as other domestic violence-related deaths in the media.

"After everything has happened in the last in the last few months, the numbers are too high and it needs to not be ignored," Ms McGillivray said.

Mel Robin said she knew people who had experienced domestic violence.

"I'm lucky enough to not have experienced that personally but I have had people in the peripherals of my life that have gone through that kind of stuff and have come through it, and it [domestic violence] is just not going anywhere at the moment," Ms Robin said.

New South Wales Premier Chris Minns and former prime minister Malcolm Turnbull were also at the Sydney march.

"We need legislative changes, we need legal changes," Mr Turnbull said.

"But above all, we need cultural change, and that's why I've always quoted the words [my wife] Lucy said, that not all disrespect against women leads to violence against women but that's where all violence against women begins."

'All women should be safe'

In Hobart, hundreds gathered at Parliament Lawns for a "stand still" rally.

Victim survivor, Luisa Mejia, addressed attendees, speaking about the importance of education.

"By education, I don't mean telling someone do not kill women, do not be violent," she said.

"By education, I mean education itself about the power dynamics of abusive relationships, about the intersectionality of this issue, how someone's race, someone's religion, someone's background, socio-economic status, how that affects them and makes them more vulnerable

"All women should be free and safe. That of course includes women of colour, women with disabilities, trans women, sex workers, elder women, migrant women, all women."

She called on governments to recognise the seriousness of the issue and act immediately.

"We know the numbers, we're just not doing anything with them."

In Adelaide, protesters spoke of the importance of men attending Saturday's rally.

Colin Codlin and his wife attended the event. He said he hoped the nationwide protests would shift attitudes about violence against women.

"It has just got worse and worse unfortunately and we need change, and hopefully rallies like this around the country can bring a voice to people that need it," he said.

Another attendee, Louis Pitt, agreed with Mr Codlin's sentiment.

"It's really important that men come out and support these rallies as well and stand up in their communities, talk to their friends, make sure to call out things as they happen," he said.

"Men are the ones perpetrating these crimes, if men aren't supporting a solution, it's only going to get worse."

Speaking at the event, Greens senator Sarah Hanson-Young called for Mr Albanese to declare violence against women an "urgent national emergency".

"This is an epidemic that requires the full resources of government at all levels across all departments," Senator Hanson-Young said.

"We need everything we can get our hands on to stop this scourge and this epidemic."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Protests against 'epidemic of male violence' kick off around country

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Advocacy groups are demanding the government declare violence against women a national emergency after the alleged killing of three women by men known to them.

# data[].attributes.body
Week 6's lecture on domestic violence was extremely insightful and really highlighted the true impacts of DV on women. DV fundamentally represents an abuse of power rooted in systemic gender inequality and control. I found it particularly interesting when the lecturer pointed out that as women age, they are statistically less likely to find themselves in a domestic violence relationship. As a woman, I know that as I've grown, I've developed a stronger sense of self which has empowered me to recognize abusive behaviors. During the lecture, I reflected on how men might avoid targeting older women because they recognize their strength and their greater likelihood of standing up to abuse. As woman I feel it's important that we empower each other to identify unhealthy patterns in our relationships and assert our boundaries - support from woman is essential to collectively challenge the abuse of power and advocate for our own needs in relationships.

However, I often feel that television, media, and books do more harm than good by romanticizing or glamorizing abusive and toxic relationships, often labeling them as 'passionate' or 'fiery.' This portrayal can be misleading and dangerous, especially for impressionable young girls and women. It can create a distorted narrative that normalizes unhealthy dynamics and toxic relationships based on coercive control. This lecture also reminded me of the current controversies surrounding Coleen Hoover's book to movie adaptation of 'It Ends with Us'. A story based on the DV relationship between Hoover's mother and father. The media has stated that this movie essentially glorifies DV and that Blake Lively's (actress playing main character) comments about DV have been 'tone deaf'. Personally, I believe that it can be hard to portray DV in shows and movies without it being somewhat romanticized. I think that it can be difficult for the media to find a balance between raising awareness and perpetuating harmful stereotypes.

Please see resources I found interesting!

It Ends with Us - Blake Lively Backlash: Blake Lively has spoken out in the midst of the 'It Ends With Us' backlash | Marie Claire UK

The Blake Lively It Ends With Us Backlash Explained (marieclaire.com.au)

'Why didn't you just leave?': Domestic violence survivors explain why it's not that simple - ABC News

“Violence is Just an Expression of Love and Spontaneity”: Young Men’s Processes of Resistance to Change After a Dating Violence Prevention Program in Turkey | Journal of Family Violence (springer.com)

Early Warning Signs in abusive relationship | Dvassist

# data[].attributes.body
Week 7's lecture on the Health and Well-Being of Queer Populations was very interesting and really highlighted the challenges faced by many LGBTQIA+ individuals. Safety is a constant worry and issue for these communities. It makes me reflect on how the fear of being targeted can create a sense of hypervigilance for these communities which can really impact their mental health and wellbeing. A recent ABC news article reflected on how homophobic violence in Australia is still rampant with research arguing that the increased visibility of LGBTQIA+ representation in the media and tv has triggered negative responses for certain groups. I found this information extremely interesting - greater inclusion in TV and media which should ideally foster acceptance and understanding from the public appears to be met instead with aggression and intolerance. Furthermore, ABS data has revealed that 3/4 (74.5%) of LGBTQIA+ Australians have experienced a mental disorder at some point of their life and 47.8% have "seriously thought about taking their own life". Unfortunately, while these statistics are extremely alarming, I am not surprised that there is a mental health crisis within this community. The fear of discrimination, lack of acceptance among larger populations and ongoing safety threats creates a constant stress that contributes to the mental health crisis. This underscores the need for social workers to take a multifaceted and holistic approach when addressing mental health issues within these groups.

Here are some resources I found interesting :)

Mental Illness and LGBTQ+ Communities: LGBTQ+ Australians more likely to have experienced mental illness, new Australian Bureau of Statistics report reveals - ABC News

Questions on sexuality and gender have been cut from the 2026 census. Why are LGBTQIA+ people saying it's an omission? - ABC News

In Australia, the threat of homophobic violence lingers, and the danger is proving to be even more pernicious - ABC News

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Despite significant progress the threat of homophobic violence lingers stubbornly in Australia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
It is a threat many in the queer community thought was subsiding, albeit slowly, but recent events show that the danger of homophobic violence in Australia is proving to be even more pernicious.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Picture source: Anthropological Theory Wiki

# data[].attributes.headline
Queer Theory and Practice for human health

# data[].attributes.subject
Queer Theory and Practice for human health

# data[].attributes.body
Week 7

Before this week’s lecture, I did not know much about Queer Theory or how it affects human health. At first, Queer Theory, which questions traditional ideas about gender and sexuality, seemed abstract and not very practical. But learning more about it has really opened my eyes to its impact on health practices and outcomes.

I realized that traditional health practices often stick to strict rules, assuming everyone fits into the same category which overlooks the unique needs of people who do not fit these norms. Because of this, individuals who identify outside traditional gender and sexual norms can end up with poor care and face more health issues. It’s now clear to me that these gaps in the health system can lead to significant problems in support and treatment.

Learning about Queer Theory’s impact on health care has been a real eye-opener for me. It’s clear that by including this perspective, we can make health care more inclusive and sensitive. When we recognize and address the unique needs of everyone, regardless of their gender or sexuality, we can build a fairer and more effective health care system for all.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Why Men Choose Suicide | It's Time to Talk About Male Suicide. 

# data[].attributes.body
Week 8

I was quite surprised by the statistics on women killed by men that were presented during the lecture. The number is staggering, but what really caught my attention in the lecture was the suicide among men.

What might have gone wrong to cause more men to suicide? Are men mentally weaker compared to women? Well, in some cases this might be true, but I think it’s more of a social problem. In my week three diary, I mentioned that “Men are judged by how well they provide, succeed at work, or show strength.” These expectations can trap men into a narrow role. Even when men experience may be through domestic abuse, physical assault, or sexual violence, they often don’t come forward because of the associated stigma.

Trying to meet societal expectations while keeping their true feelings hidden can weigh heavily on men over time. This pressure can lead to feelings of worthlessness and even suicidal thoughts. Yet, because of the stigma (weakness), many don’t reach out for help, making their emotional and mental wellbeing even worse resulting in suicide.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Why Men Choose Suicide | It's Time To Talk About Male Suicide

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Picture source: United Way of Calgary and Area

# data[].attributes.body
Week 6

This week, I really missed my work back in my country. I used to be a member of a non-governmental organization (NGO) focused on child safety and domestic violence. During that time, I happen interacted with a woman in her late 30s who had two children. She had many questions to ask, and due to privacy concerns, I referred her to a policewoman to share her concerns. However, she insisted on sharing them with me. That’s when I knew she was the victim of domestic violence. She narrated a short story of her concern regarding the issue.

In her story, she said that she had placed all her trust in him before marriage. To her, he seemed perfect, charming, loving, and promised a life full of happiness. So, she decided to marry him, surrendering her heart and soul, believing that love would carry them through anything. However, that was only from her perspective, because soon after, the mask slipped because the love that once filled their home turned into harsh words and violence.

Midway through our conversation, I asked how long it had been. She replied that her eldest son is 8 years old, and the first incident occurred during the second trimester of her pregnancy with him. I was speechless. I asked, ‘Why didn’t you seek help?’ She said she feared being judged, seen as weak, or worse, that her image would be tarnished. Fortunately, with the help of RENEW (NGO), she was able to reclaim her life and is now an independent woman.

# data[].attributes.body
Week 9s lecture on The Intersection of Women, Poverty, and Disability truly highlighted the disparities and barriers woman with disabilities face in our society. It was incredibly sad to hear woman, girls and older populations are the poorest and most marginalised - also struggling to find meaningful employment. As an able-bodied person, I never thought about disabilities as it didn't impact my life. I didn't realise the privilege and power that I hold being able to secure jobs, complete tertiary education and socialise without the added challenges that people with disabilities often face. Personally, I think distance and lack of knowledge in the issue breeds detachment and apathy towards the situation. Therefore, I think it's really important as a collective society we further educate ourselves on the struggles and lived experiences of those with disabilities.

A recent ACB article about Alessa Dumbrill really shines a light on the lack of disability access in the streets of Adelaide. Alessa has muscular dystrophy and uses a wheelchair - for her 21st birthday she wanted to plan a fun night out however 60% of the bars and night clubs she googled are not wheelchair accessible. Lack of wheelchair access in social venues isolates people - leading to a much broader issue as it impacts their mental health, social inclusion and overall wellbeing.

Reading these articles below I found that some of the most inspiring, resilient and compassionate people are those who have disabilities. Having a disability doesn't define them - instead it reveals their strength and adaptability to overcome hardships.

Please see more resources I found for further reading :)

ABC Article - https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-09-19/night-out-adelaide-takes-weeks-of-research-disability-access-sa/104360768

NDIS ISSUES - https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-04/ndis-access-amendment-legislation-wheelchair-disability/104034122

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-07-30/how-my-life-has-changed-since-i-became-an-amputee/104090002

PARALYMPICS: The Tokyo Paralympic Games 2020 can be the catalyst for change in how we view life with disability - ABC News

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Kerri Kapernick and Cale Matthews for BTN High

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
When a simple night out on the town can take weeks of research

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Organising a night out is exhausting work for young people with disabilities like Alessa — from checking the terrain, doorways, entrances, and adequate space for a wheelchair.

# data[].attributes.body
Before today’s lecture, I viewed birth control methods such as the pill and longer-acting contraceptives, as placing the responsibility of reproduction onto women and relinquishing men; as some men on social media describe avoiding condom use, claiming reduced sensation. The comment in the lecture about how the introduction of female contraceptives was to give women control over their own reproduction, encouraged me to consider a different perspective. However, through undertaking further research I realise how much more work is needed to ensure gender equity in sexual and reproductive health.

Research finds condom use for both men and women is influenced by the concurrent use of other forms of birth control (e.g. the pill and longer-acting contraceptives) (Ott et al., 2003; Watson et al., 2021). This is concerning as condoms are the only form of contraception that protect against sexually transmissible infections (STI) and pregnancy (Watson et al., 2021). Furthermore, Flanagan et al. (2021) found adolescent males can engage in ‘strategic silence’ in sexual encounters to prioritise their pleasure and force women to take responsibility for STI and pregnancy prevention. Therefore, what can we do to stop the sexual division of power (Flanagan et al., 2021) to ensure gender equity?

We must increase sexual health education in schools, as youth experiences and relationships can influence the dynamic of intimate relationships in adulthood (Flanagan et al., 2021). Furthermore, I hope medical advancements introduce more contraceptive options for men, such as their own pill. This way both men and women can have greater shared responsibility and choice over their own bodies without needing to solely rely on one another for pregnancy prevention; increasing gender equity.

The ‘Right Time’ to Have a Baby – thoughts and comments

I believe the ‘right time’ to have a baby differs for everyone. I am pregnant and studying full time, and for me this is the ‘right time’. Despite this being my ‘right time’, one person’s comment stuck with me, “I don’t know why you went to university if you’re just going to be a Mum”. Whilst yes, this is what I will be, I am also more than that; just like us who go to university are more than ‘a student’. We all have multifaceted identities that make us who we are. This experience demonstrates to me the societal expectations placed on women to 'choose' between motherhood, an education, or career, and encourages me to reflect on my biases to ensure I do not impose my beliefs onto others both in my personal life and professional practice.

Reddit Posts:

https://www.reddit.com/r/dating/comments/191p8w7/why_do_some_men_not_want_to_use_a_condom/

https://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/1daw5uc/why_dont_most_guys_like_to_wear_condoms/

References

Flanagan, E. A., Erickson, H. C., Parchem, S. J., Smith, C. V., Poland, N., Nelson, S. C., & Redman, S. D. (2021). Gender differences in attitudes and behaviors toward condoms and birth control among Chicago adolescents. World Medical and Health Policy, 13(4), 675-694. https://doi.org/10.1002/wmh3.422

Ott, M. A., Adler, N. E., Millstein, S. G., Tschann, J. M., & Ellen, J. M. (2003). The trade-off between hormonal contraceptives and condoms among adolescents. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 34(1), 6-14. https://doi.org/10.2307/3030227

Watson, C. J., McGeechan, K., McNamee, K., Black, K. I., Lucke, J., Taft, A., Haas, M., Peipert, J. F., & Mazza, D. (2021). Influences on condom use: A secondary analysis of women’s perceptions from the Australian Contraceptive ChOice pRoject (ACCORd) trial. Australian Journal of General Practice, 50(8), 581-587. https://doi.org/10.31128/AJGP-06-20-5489

# data[].attributes.headline
Week 5: Equity in Australia's Paid Parental Leave

# data[].attributes.subject
Week 5: Equity in Australia's Paid Parental Leave

# data[].attributes.body
In this week’s tutorial, my group explored Australia’s Paid Parental Leave (PPL) scheme. The policy encourages both parents to take leave from work to share care of their child/ren after their birth or adoption; promoting gender equity by supporting female participation in the workforce, enhancing the health and development of birth mothers and children, and enabling increased flexibility to balance work and family life (Department of Social Services, 2023). However, a major flaw in the policy is that working fathers are only eligible for payments if the mother is eligible (Services Australia, 2024b). I first learnt about this requirement on reddit, as I am a pregnant first-time mother who was expecting my employed partner to be eligible for Government PPL; however, as I am not working, he is not eligible.

I do not believe this promotes gender equity, as I feel it still places the primary responsibility onto birth mothers and even if fathers are employed, they can only access PPL if the birth mother can. How is this equitable? Would we accept this requirement if mothers could only access the payment if fathers were eligible? I understand it is different as mothers bear the responsibility of pregnancy and childbirth however, I cannot help feeling the current scheme limits ineligible fathers’ ability to bond with their child, transition into fatherhood, and provide practical support to mothers. Furthermore, I feel stay-at-home mothers with working partners may also experience additional challenges as they would not have the same level of support from their partners, compared to those eligible for Government PPL. This could also be compounded if their partner’s employer does not offer PPL. Perhaps to ensure gender equity in Australia we should take inspiration from Sweden’s PPL scheme, that allows either parent to take up to 480 days of paid leave (Nordic Co-operation, n.d.).

I acknowledge my opinions are biased as they are based on my own experience, and I recognise the importance of Australia’s PPL scheme in supporting women’s workforce participation; and as I am not working, I am not a target for the scheme. Furthermore, an important progression in Australia’s PPL scheme is that from 1 July 2025, parents receiving Government PPL will now also receive superannuation payments (Services Australia, 2024a; Dhanji, 2024). This should increase gender equity by reducing the superannuation gap between men and women.

Reddit Posts:

https://www.reddit.com/r/Centrelink/comments/14wmwp8/very_confused_about_paid_parental_leave/

https://www.reddit.com/r/Centrelink/comments/187e6t0/can_i_claim_parental_leave_pay_if_wife_not_working/

References

Department of Social Services. (2023). Enhanced paid parental leave for families. Regulation impact statement. Australian Government. https://oia.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/posts/2022/03/Publish%20Version%20-%20PPL%20Enhanced%20Paid%20Parental%20Leave%20for%20Families_RIS%20FINAL_0.pdf

Dhanji, K. (2024, September 19). Parents receiving government paid parental leave to get superannuation from July next year. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-09-19/parents-to-receive-superannuation-on-paid-parental-leave/104366230

Nordic Co-operation. (n.d.). Parental benefit in Sweden. https://www.norden.org/en/info-norden/parental-benefit-sweden

Services Australia. (2024a). Work requirements. Australian Government. Retrieved August 28, 2024, from https://www.servicesaustralia.gov.au/work-requirements-for-parental-leave-pay-for-child-born-or-adopted-from-1-july-2023?context=64479

Services Australia. (2024b). Budget 2024-25. Commonwealth Government-funded paid parental leave – Enhancement. Australian Government. https://www.servicesaustralia.gov.au/sites/default/files/2024-05/budget-2024-25-raising-kids-1.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
This week’s topic of domestic violence (DV) made me feel that we are not doing enough to end violence against women in Australia, as 1 in 4 women have experienced physical and/or sexual violence from a partner since the age of 15 (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2024). I found Australia’s National Plan to End Violence Against Women and Children 2022–2032 (Department of Social Services, 2022), which acknowledges the gendered power dynamics of DV and highlights men’s violence against women is an exertion of patriarchal control and power. It is worth recognising the National Plan’s acknowledgement of the patriarchy is a step towards change, as Pease (2014) declared Australian policies often failed to recognise the patriarchal system in which they are designed and implemented. However, I do not believe this plan is enough and more urgent action is needed.

This week’s lecture also reminded me of an article I read comparing the Government’s proactive response to the 2014 ‘One Punch Can Kill’ campaign to end senseless violence, to their limited immediate action to end violence against women (Madigan, 2023). The article includes a powerful quote from MP Zali Steggall, “When two young men died, the New South Wales government introduced mandatory sentences for one-punch attacks…But when the Australian men kill Australian women, the government's National Plan is to take ten years." So, what will it take for a campaign against DV to prompt immediate and effective Government action like ‘One Punch Can Kill’?

This week’s discussion also encouraged me to reflect on my placement with child safety, where almost all mothers in contact with the Department had experienced or were experiencing DV. On multiple occasions I listened to women’s experiences and what they would do to protect themselves and their children. However, Douglas and Walsh (2010) found child protection officers can blame women for the DV perpetrated by their partner and place the responsibility of ending the violence onto them. I did not witness this first-hand although, I did observe blaming language written in case notes. As I would like to work in child protection in the future, it is crucial I recognise the gendered nature of DV and how this is underpinned by structural and societal inequalities (Kuskoff & Parsell, 2020) to ensure I do not perpetuate gender inequity or victim-blame.

‘One Punch Can Kill’ Articles:

Madigan, N. (2023, November 14). The question MP Zali Steggall posed in Parliament that every woman is asking themselves. Mamamia. https://www.mamamia.com.au/men-stop-domestic-violence/

I also found another article about a Queensland Coroner who was advocating for a similar ‘One Punch Can Kill’ style campaign for choking and strangulation in DV:

Caldwell, F. (2018, April 3). Coroner calls for ‘One Punch Can Kill’-style campaign for choking in domestic violence. Brisbane Times. https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/politics/queensland/coroner-calls-for-one-punch-can-kill-style-campaign-for-choking-in-domestic-violence-20180403-p4z7lu.html

References:

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2024). Intimate partner violence. Australian Government. https://www.aihw.gov.au/family-domestic-and-sexual-violence/types-of-violence/intimate-partner-violence

Department of Social Services. (2022). National plan to end violence against women and children 2022-2032. Australian Government. https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/10_2023/national-plan-end-violence-against-women-and-children-2022-2032.pdf

Douglas, H., & Walsh, T. (2010). Mothers, domestic violence, and child protection. Violence Against Women, 16(1), 487-613. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801210365887

Kuskoff, E., & Parsell, C. (2020). Striving for gender equality: Representations of gender in “progressive” domestic violence policy. Violence Against Women, 27(3-4), 279-614. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220909892

Pease, B. (2014). Theorising men’s violence prevention policies. In N. Henry, & A. Powell (Eds.) Preventing Sexual Violence (pp. 22-40). Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137356192_2

# data[].attributes.headline
Week 7: Gender Stereotypes and Heteronormativity

# data[].attributes.subject
Week 7: Gender Stereotypes and Heteronormativity

# data[].attributes.body
In Week 7’s tutorial we watched Hannah Gadsby’s comedy special “Nanette”, where she commented on society’s imposition of gender stereotypes onto children from birth. I was reminded of a recent experience I had while shopping, where I overheard a young girl ask her mother to purchase a pair of glittery shoes for her brother. The mother replied “No, they’re for girls,” to which the girl asked defiantly, “Can you stop saying everything is girl clothes?” Her mum scoffed and replied “Well, they are for girls.” She shared a glance with another woman in the store and they both laughed at her daughter’s question.

I was impressed by the girl’s courage; however, I feel she will remember her mum silencing her. I believe her mum’s proclamation of heteronormative ideas are likely to instil gender stereotypes and binary thinking in her daughter, which may persist throughout her life. This is concerning as Ryan (2016) found primary-aged children often view heteronormative perspectives as ‘common sense’ which can silence queer-inclusive sexualities. Like the incident I described, I believe heteronormative teachings start at home which ripples out into communities, developing a heteronormative society that perpetuates gender stereotypes. This inadvertently affects the health and wellbeing of LGBTQIA+ peoples and communities, and also impacts children, who are still discovering their own identities and way of being in the world.

Therefore, what can we do to disrupt heteronormativity and challenge gender stereotypes to ensure gender equity and make spaces LGBTQIA+ inclusive? Adopting a queer theory lens, we must recognise the social construction of gender, sexuality, and identity. I also believe parents need to demonstrate acceptance, actively listen to their children, and not enforce their own gender stereotypical beliefs. Furthermore, schools must promote awareness and acceptance of diversity to students, and develop educational policies and procedures that challenge the dominant discourses of heteronormativity and gender (Steck & Berry, 2018). Our children are the future of society, and I am hopeful that creating inclusive and non-heteronormative environments for them would encourage societal change and support gender equity.

References

Ryan, C. L. (2016). Kissing brides and loving hot vampires: Children’s construction and perpetuation of heteronormativity in elementary school classrooms. Sex Education, 16(1), 77-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2015.1052874

Steck, A. K., & Berry, D. (2018). Challenging heteronormativity: Creating a safe and inclusive environment for LGBTQ students. Journal of School Violence, 17(2), 227-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2017.1308255

# data[].attributes.body
Brett Mooney's lecture on being Black and Queer in Brisbane was extremely fascinating, shining a light on the racial disparities and inequalities Indigenous Australians face daily. It was interesting to reflect on the intersections between social class, substance use issues, intergenerational trauma, poverty and homelessness within the Indigenous communities.

Mooney’s narrative around substance use emphasizes how systemic neglect and marginalization of these communities can force them into harmful coping strategies. Bret spoke about how the community mainly used marijuana and alcohol however once that would essentially 'stop working' - people would turn to methamphetamines. The lecture made me question broader systems (laws, police, justice system) in perpetuating these cycles of intergenerational trauma and addiction. What services are failing, and how are they contributing to the poverty and addiction in Indigenous communities? I couldn't help but think about how addiction is often viewed through a criminal justice lens, particularly when associated with Indigenous people, rather than one rooted in public health and healing.

Brett discussing the intersections of being Black, Indigenous, and Queer in a city like Brisbane made me realize how difficult it must be to navigate these conflicting identities. Being part of multiple minority groups can lead to a profound sense of displacement, especially when you add the cultural nuances of being LGBTQIA+ in Indigenous communities. The traditional cultural views of gender and sexuality often always clash with contemporary views - this makes it even more difficult for Indigenous gay youth to receive acceptance and support from their families.

Here are some resources I found interesting :)

Black Queerness: A Mutually-Assured Construction – Indigenous

Blak pride celebrations in northern WA mark 'historic' festival for Indigenous LGBTIQA+ community - ABC News

Black Divaz documentary illuminates what it means to be Indigenous and queer in Australia - ABC News

The Mental Health and Well-Being of Indigenous LGBTQ Young People | The Trevor Project

Queer, transgender, black, and/or indigenous people of color experiences in substance use disorder counseling: Enhancing qtbipoc counseling care. (apa.org)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
For this queen, drag is a matter of life or death

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Dallas Webster is one of many people for whom drag is not just life-changing but life-saving — a fact highlighted in new documentary following six Indigenous queens as they work to claim the inaugural Miss First Nations title.

# data[].attributes.headline
Week 8 – Glorification of Men’s Violence in Sport and Men’s Mental Health

# data[].attributes.subject
Week 8 – Glorification of Men’s Violence in Sport and Men’s Mental Health

# data[].attributes.body
“We tend to accept and glorify violence in sport.”

This comment from Week 8’s lecture encouraged me to consider whether the glorification of violence in men’s sport contributes to societal beliefs that men ‘want’ to grow up and be aggressive. I believe the glorification of men’s violence in sport inadvertently perpetuates toxic masculinity, as men may feel more pressure to conform to societal norms of ‘being a man’ and suppress their emotions, negatively impacting their mental health. I feel this may also impact women’s health and wellbeing, as men may feel more pressure to be violent, in control, and superior to women, aligning with the ‘Man Box’ rules.

I do not watch sport however, I have friends who adamantly watch the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) which I believe strongly glorifies men’s violence as most spectators want to see blood, pain, and knockouts. I found a reddit post that speculated UFC was the modern day form of barbarian combat, to which someone replied was precisely why people loved watching the sport. I also came across a TikTok captioned ‘The Beauty of Violence’ which showed a compilation of slow motion UFC action shots. I find this glorification of men’s violence deeply concerning and wonder how this impacts men being victims and perpetrators of violence.

Men’s Mental Health

I also accessed the ‘Man Up’ (2016) website from the lecture and was shocked to learn more than 75% of suicides in 2015 were accounted for by men. This statistic is still relevant today as Life in Mind (2024) declares that of the 3,000 lives lost to suicide per year, 75% are men, and the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2023) reported that in 2022 a total of 2,455 men died by suicide, compared to 794 women. I feel male mental health and suicide prevention is often ignored and is instead glossed over with phrases like ‘Yes, this is bad and needs to be addressed, but…’. To address this, I believe it is paramount we work collectively to advocate for men’s suicide prevention and challenge dominant social ideologies (including the patriarchy, toxic masculinity, and the glorification of violence) to improve men’s mental health; aiming to enhance gender equity.

Social Media Posts:

https://www.reddit.com/r/unpopularopinion/comments/124445c/fighting_sports_like_ufc_are_barbaric_and_should/

https://www.tiktok.com/@sportedits1409/video/7232389018502171931?_r=1&_t=8q7jlHQv6KW

References:

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2023). Causes of Death, Australia: Statistics on the number of deaths, by sex, selected age groups, and cause of death classified to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/causes-death/causes-death-australia/latest-release#key-statistics

Life in Mind. (2024). Suicide prevention: Populations disproportionately impacted by suicide: Men. Everymind. https://lifeinmind.org.au/suicide-prevention/priority-populations/men

Man Up. (2016). The Stats. The University of Melbourne. https://manup.org.au/the-facts/thestats/

# data[].attributes.body
In week 2, we discussed women in popular culture, advertising and the media. This made me think about the depictions of women and their bodies throughout history. some of the women were identified as the 1950 housewife, witches in the middle ages, gold diggers, sources of temptation, sin and seduction. I was really struck seeing when women in the middle ages were seen as an easy foray for the devil, this got me thinking how can women be seen for such purpose. Back then in the middle ages, majority of the people that were accused were women and anyone that was accused was being tortured, beaten. Even as of today, some women are been identified into inappropriate styles which include: the bossy wife, husband-centered wife, little girl wife. Growing up with my mum, she really taught me that women do face quite some challenges in their marriage especially when their husband is not making them happy and they are really sad. she also mentioned that what keeps them in the marriage is because of the kids. This has got me thinking that women are really passing through a lot taking care of their family and also catering for their own personal needs as well.

# data[].attributes.body
The long road to gender equality within society still awaits. There has been some progress however, time and time again we come across issues that have significant implications for our health and social status as women. The reflection of women in advertisements and across social media platforms promotes harmful self-esteem for the next generation of girls. Julie Anne pointed out during the lecture that “Women are our own worst enemies”. This resonated with me as it reminded me of when I helped take a Girls Group class back home in my community of Yarrabah. During the class, we asked a group of grade 5 and 6 girls what their favourite thing about their body was. We then gave them clay to mould their favourite thing about their body. We noticed that not one girl said something nice about themselves. It also took almost the whole class time to get the girls to mould their most loved thing. We also asked the girls why they think there’s nothing nice about themselves. One then answered that there are prettier girls out there. Julie-Anne’s comment is true on every level. We are our own worst enemies, which seems to be getting passed down from generation to generation of girls. This class aims to address this big issue in my community and give our girls a voice they think doesn’t exist.

Moreover, I also came across a reel on Instagram that that said “How is it not Headline news EVERYWHERE, That every single Gold medal for Australia so far has been won by women”. And why is it? And then when they do headline our women, it’s criticising news like the Matilda’s getting knocked out of the Paris Olympics and the Women’s Rugby sevens team getting defeated by Canada in the Semi-Finals. AND that’s not just it. The comments sections are filled with misogynist men who’ve resorted to posting homophobic comments regarding the loss of both teams in the Olympics. When does it stop?

# data[].attributes.headline
Week 9 – Pregnant Women Living with a Disability in Vietnam

# data[].attributes.subject
Week 9 – Pregnant Women Living with a Disability in Vietnam

# data[].attributes.body
In Week 9’s lecture, I was stunned to learn that 28 of the 29 Vietnamese women with a physical disability (WWPD) included in Dr Vingh Nguyen’s research had received a caesarean, as their doctor decided this was necessary due to their disability. It was shocking to hear these women were not given a choice, removing their agency and power. I was curious whether access to education contributed to women not questioning their doctor’s decision. A study by Nguyen et al. (2024) found that information sources on reproductive health available to Vietnamese WWPD was minimal, and due to Vietnamese cultural and social norms about reproductive and sexual health, and beliefs about disability, most WWPD did not receive reproductive health education from family members. These factors contributed to limited reproductive health literacy. Furthermore, they found wealthier women had improved access to reproductive health information, whereas the quality and accuracy of information for economically disadvantaged women varied. These findings really highlighted to me the intersection of poverty, culture, disability, and gender.

Hearing that caesarean sections were the ‘norm’ for WWPD in Vietnam due to doctor’s orders, encouraged me to reflect on my own experience as an able-bodied pregnant woman in Australia. At an antenatal appointment I learnt that I could elect to have a caesarean section. This is in stark contrast to the pregnant WWPD in Vietnam, who were stripped of their agency and not provided the opportunity to make decisions regarding their own healthcare. This makes me recognise my privilege, as I am not only provided the opportunity to engage in collaborative decision-making regarding my healthcare however, I also have access to information and resources if I feel the need to question my doctor’s recommendations.

This lecture encouraged me to reflect on intersectionality and how dominant discourses and socio-cultural beliefs can perpetuate stigma, contributing to discriminatory healthcare practices for WWPD. I believe advocating for the rights of WWPD is paramount to disrupt harmful societal beliefs, and it is important policy makers increase access to education and provide opportunities that allow for active and equal participation for WWPD. Moreover, in my future practice I aim to collaboratively work alongside women with a disability to ensure I foster their agency and do not exert my own power.

References:

Nguyen, A., Warren, N., Whittaker, A., & Gardner, J. (2024). The pathways to reproductive health education for women with physical disabilities in Vietnam. Sexual & Reproductive Health, 41, 101009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2024.101009

# data[].attributes.headline
Women, Disability and Poverty: Perspectives from Developing Countries

# data[].attributes.subject
Women, Disability and Poverty: Perspectives from Developing Countries

# data[].attributes.body
Week 9

The Week 9 lecture discussed how women, especially those with disabilities, face many challenges due to poverty and societal roles. Neille and Penn’s (2017) article fits well with this topic, showing how these women are trapped in a cycle of difficulties. The lecture also highlights that gender roles and societal expectations make life hard for women, and having a disability makes it even tougher.

Neille and Penn’s (2017) in their article highlights how women with disabilities are more affected by poverty because society often sees them as less productive economically. This idea ties into the lecture’s discussion about women’s “triple role” working, taking care of the family, and community duties which makes it hard for them to escape poverty. Women with disabilities are often left out of jobs and education, making them more dependent on their families and more vulnerable to violence. The lack of accessible resources in developing countries makes this situation even worse.

Therefore, policies should be more focused on breaking these structural inequalities by ensuring that women with disabilities have equal access to education, employment opportunities, and social support systems. In fact, policies should prioritize women with disabilities.

Neille, J., & Penn, C. (2017). The Interface Between Violence, Disability, and Poverty: Stories From a Developing Country. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(18), 2837-2861. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515596332

# data[].attributes.body
Wk2: Women in Popular Culture, Advertising and Social Media – Implications for Social Inequalities and Women’s Health

Week two’s lecture discussed the portrayal of women in the media, and how the media portrays women as subservient, hypersexualised and weak. This made me question how and why men unapologetically diminish women’s experiences and simultaneously privilege the experiences of other men. How does this influence how we view our mothers, sisters and friends? This made me reflect on how my view of women has changed from voluntary and unvoluntary media consumption. To which I think it has unfortunately changed for the worse – I found myself ignoring content about a woman sharing her happiness about overcoming her disordered eating but liking a man’s content about his hyper-fixation of his calorie intake and ‘discipline’ to eat ‘healthy’. I now consciously consume content, trying to avoid this negative content, but I still see content about real women being constantly depicted as villainous and men the victim when posts centre around domestic violence. I think this discourse was heavily influenced by the Johnny Depp and Amber Heard trial. I recently listened to the investigative journalistic podcast ‘Who Trolled Amber?’ which questioned why Amber Head faced so much vicious online hate because she committed domestic abuse, yet she also experienced domestic abuse in the same relationship. The podcast reveals how bot accounts are used to spread an agenda through platforms like X and TikTok. Alexi Mostrous, the podcast host said, “The complex constellation of disinformation networks might be impossible to map, yet their impact is obvious, right down to our own water-cooler conversations.” This scares me. The number of reported abuse in Australia has spiked in recent years. In 2021-22, 1 in 6 women had experienced physical and/or sexual violence by a partner (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2024). This implores the question as to how does media representation contribute to the treatment and ideas of women in society? If we continue to let the media torture the ideas of women, our society will continue to experience serious health inequalities and mistreatment of women. I hope we can disabuse the notion that the media has about women.

References:

Who Trolled Amber Podcast: https://open.spotify.com/show/13B88jdwemPtA09NmKHddP?si=646f581302664a3c

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2024, July 15). FDSV Summary. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. https://www.aihw.gov.au/family-domestic-and-sexual-violence/resources/fdsv-summary

Wk3: The Social Construction of Masculinity and Men’s Health

An Aussie bloke. Who is he? Is he a beer sculling, meat pie eating, Southern Cross tattooed tradie? Is this an Australian man?

In week three, what stood out to me was the socially constructed idea of an ‘Aussie bloke’ and how this is a determinant of violent culture, binge drinking and unhealthy eating. Looking at these unhealthy trends made me question why this culture is tolerated. Why is it the norm? What stood out to me was the Four’N Twenty meat pie ad. The ad depicts two working class men eating an unhealthy item whilst criticising two white-collar men for eating in a restaurant. For me, this ad aims to promote social class conflict and represent how eating unhealthy food is not only tasty, but also make you less of a ‘snob’. Unfortunately, in Australia, more children (63.9%) meet the fruit recommendation than men (41.6%) (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2022). I remember when I was at school, my friend and I were going to a party and his mother encouraged him to take more alcohol to the party than he wanted so he would be more fun. Why is binge drinking still heavily encouraged?

I think change can be enacted by pursuing suitable educational means for different people. I think it is important to challenge the idea of an ‘Aussie bloke’, to raise the norm.

References:

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2022). Dietary behaviour, 2020-21. Www.abs.gov.au. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks/dietary-behaviour/latest-release

Four’N Twenty Ad - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_xosVGsrjFk

# data[].attributes.body
Wk4: The ‘Right’ Time to have a Child: Changes in Reproductive Trends and Outcomes for women

What stood out to me in this week’s lecture was the quote ‘you will not have a labour force or adequate human resources’ in reference to how total fertility rate potentially poses a problem for some countries.

How does political and economic ideals influence the responsibility and healthcare options for women?

This point made think about how it mainly positions women to envision childbirth, not as a choice or opportunity, but as a necessity. This shows how for women in developing countries have to have children to take care of them when they’re old because their country cannot provide the resources to aid them (Nargund, 2009). Third world and developing countries also have high maternal and paternal mortality, and therefore reduction in birth rates (Nargund, 2009).

To me, this makes me question if, for women in developing countries have a ‘right’ time to have a child. What if their child is born with a permanent disability? I think in Australia, there is no ‘right’ time to have a child, but there is a thought to be a socially accepted/’appropriate’ time to have a child. Having a child in Australia is never usually thought of as a necessity or an alternative to healthcare when you’re older. I think this has shown me the disparities between countries; how Australia is quite developed regarding birthing healthcare, yet we have the opportunity to develop in so many way; compared to developing countries where childbirth is, in many cases, a necessity.

References:

Nargund, G. (2009). Declining Birth Rate in Developed Countries: a Radical Policy re-think Is Required. Facts, Views & Vision in ObGyn, 1(3), 191–193. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4255510/

Wk5: Gender, Work, and Equality: Who gets paid, and who bears the cost of public and domestic work?

What interested me about this lecture was the statement and questions on slide 23 about the notion of ‘chivalry’ and the idea women as a goal or objective. I think I disagree with the whole quote, as it almost talks about men and women like the man is everything – he’s a lover, capable of expressing love like no one else can, and he’s strong because he will stop at nothing for this woman (even if she doesn’t want him?), and the women are just there – waiting for a man to come and collect them.

This quote reminded me of a couple that has been heavily referenced to in popular culture since 1985. Mario and Princess Peach – the heroic and ‘chivalrous’ man and the helpless damsel in distress. This view of Princess Peach was since changed in the recent Mario movie, where she is depicted as the fierce Mushroom Kingdom leader, which received criticism for changing this aspect of her character. I think the statement shared in the lecture, is still held today by people like Andrew Tate and contributes to an untrue and pompous idea that men are superior. Commonly, this view goes hand-in-hand with anti-feminist views. Has feminism killed romance? No, because it isn’t romantic for a woman to be compliant for a man because he “expressed [love] in more delicate and sincere language”. I think if people hold onto deeply misogynistic views about love and relationships, then it promotes superior and unhealthy views about women which translates to the poor treatment of women in day-to-day lives.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Rj-FDusNjA (23:00 – 31 :20 minutes)

# data[].attributes.body
Wk6: Women and Domestic Violence

In this week’s lecture, what stood out to me the most was the historical ideas and trends concerning sexual abuse. What shocked me the most was the 1920’s and 30’s Psychoanalysis development of the myth that women derive sexual gratification from the violence they experience (J Carrol, 2024). Also, how sexual violence is a “normalisation” in Australian Indigenous Communities (J Carrol, 2024).

“Old Man” is a song by an Australian artist, Stella Donnelly. This song depicts an unfortunately common story about how an older, married man with kids, sexually assaulted a younger woman, and when confronted about his crime he physically assaults her. In 2022, In Australia, 44% of sexual abuse was reported by females under the age of 18 (Australian Government, 2024). I think “Old Man” is quite a powerful and confronting song. The lyrics “so have a chat with your friends ‘cause it’s our words that will keep our daughters safe” really resonated with me. It is not uncommon to hear domestic and sexual violence jokes in pubs that are met with laughter. I think these lyrics are extremely important for all men to hear because this is an issue that all men must help to change, and it must start in conversation with your friends, with your family, with your coworkers. I think if you change your language, you can change the culture and you can change the statistics.

References:

Australian Government. (2024, February 15). Child sexual abuse. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. https://www.aihw.gov.au/family-domestic-and-sexual-violence/types-of-violence/child-sexual-abuse#police

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b5rug_Z5BWA – Stella Donnelly “Old Man”

Wk7: Queer Theory and Practice

In the lecture about queer theory and practice I found Halperin’s idea that “queer theory has now become normalised, institutionalised ‘absorbed into our (largely heterosexual) institutions’ of knowledge” to be really thought provoking (QUT, 2024). Although he wrote this in 2003, his statement and reasoning provided are now more than ever, true. I think it is true because the idea of being queer has become a marketing strategy often used in entertainment to draw in a larger viewership. This strategy is labelled ‘queerbaiting,’ and it’s where creators of a show or movie hint at, but do not depict a character to be LGBTIQ+ (Elias, 2022).

I think queer baiting is so close to being a good thing, but it fails to be anything good because it hijacks the ‘strange’ and ‘unusual’ qualities of being queer and disrespects queer people to financially benefit themselves.

I think being queer is a mainly accepted idea in contemporary times, so I ask myself is it queer to believe in queer theory? Isn’t there more to destabilise, deconstruct and question?

References:

Elias, M. (2022, November 4). What is “queerbaiting” and how did the internet turn it into a weapon? SBS News. https://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-feed/article/what-is-queerbaiting-and-how-did-the-internet-turn-it-into-a-weapon/hs4olvn62