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Based on severity, location, and type of damage to spinal cord

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Severity: Complete or Incomplete

Complete- Total loss of sensory and motor function below the level of injury

Incomplete- Partial loss of sensory and/or motor function below the level of injury

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Location- Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral

Cervical: C1-C7

Thoracic: T1-T12

Lumbar: L1-L5

Sacral: S1- S5

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Contusion: Bruising of Spinal cord

Can cause swelling and temporary loss of function

Typically has a better prognosis for recovery

Laceration: Tearing of nerve fibers in spinal cord

Causes permanent damage to nerve fibers

Compression: Pressure on spinal cord caused by bone fragments, herniated discs or tumors

Require surgery to relieve pressure

Complete Transection: Complete severing of spinal cord

Results in total loss of function below injury (paralysis)

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Cervical C1-C3: Complete paralysis or arms, hands, trunk, and legs.

The patient will have limited head and neck movement, limited speaking abilities, and might not be able to breathe on their own causing the patient to be placed on a ventilator.

Cervical C4: Paralysis of arms, hands, trunk, and legs.

The patient will have shoulder and neck movement, limited diaphragm control, and might have issues with breathing but can often breathe without a ventilator.

Cervical C5: Paralysis or wrists, hands, trunk, and legs.

The patient will have shoulder movement, elbow flexion, can weakly raise arms and bend elbows. The patient can assist with personal care with adaptive equipment.

Cervical C6: Paralysis of hands, trunk, and legs with partial paralysis of wrists.

Patients can move their shoulders, bend their elbows, and extend their wrists - allowing for some self-care with adaptive equipment

Cervical C7: Paralysis of fingers, trunk, and legs with partial loss of hand function.

The patient will have elbow extension, some finger movement, and can perform most self-care activities.

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Thoracic T1-T5: Paralysis of trunk and legs (paraplegia).

The patient will have some upper body control with arm and hand function.

Thoracic T6-T12: Paralysis of trunk and legs with the possibility of poor control of abdominal muscles.

The patient will have good upper body control and improved trunk control with the lower the injury.

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Lumbar L1-L5: Loss of function in hips and legs.

The patient generally has good trunk control and can walk with aids.

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Sacral S1-S5: Some loss of function in hips and legs.

The patient is likely to walk with some assistance or aids and can manage most ADLs. However, the patient might have loss of bowel and bladder control and sexual function.

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Long term complications of a spinal cord injury include chronic pain, bladder/bowel dysfunctions, spasticity, infections, cardiovascular complications, and sexual dysfunction.

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Respiratory problems

Bladder and bowel control

Sexual dysfunction

Temperature instability

Weakness and loss of control of parts of the body

Autonomic dysreflexia (AD)