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A group of people living in a certain location

state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, and government has been reached.

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The act of benefiting in profit through consumerism

An economic system built on the assumption that the world's supply of wealth is fixed and that nations must export more goods than they import to assure a steady supply of gold and silver into national coffers. Mercantile thinkers saw the inflow of such wealth as the key to maintaining and enhancing national power and self-sufficiency. Within this context, the accumulation and development of colonies was of great importance, since colonies could supply scarce raw materials to parent nations and serve as markets for finished goods.

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The widespread transfer of goods, services, diseases, and ideas

The process of transferring plants, animals, foods, diseases, wealth, and culture between Europe and the Americas, beginning at the time of Christopher Columbus and continuing throughout the era of exploration and expansion.

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A person who is signed to work for someone without payment to use that money to pay off an indenture

In an effort to entice English subjects to the colonies, parties would offer legal bonded contracts that would exchange the cost of passage across the Atlantic for up to seven years of labor in America.

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Allowed people to own, sell, and order people to do their work for them.

Total ownership of one person over another.

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English Protestants who wanted the church of england to get rid of their roman catholic views.

Religious reform movement in the 16th and 17th centuries that sought to “purify” the church of England.

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trading goods and services between three countries, most referenced between America, Africa, and Europe

Economic exchange amongst three markets and geographies

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Labor forced upon indigenous people from the spanish colonies.

The government in Spain gave away large tracts of conquered land in Spanish America, including whole villages of indigenous peoples, to court favorites, including many conquistadores. These new landlords were supposed to educate the natives and teach them the Roman Catholic faith. The system was rife with abuse, however. Landlords rarely offered much education, preferring instead to exploit the labor of the local inhabitants, whom they treated like slaves.

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The 13 colonies southern half, consisting of Maryland, Virginia, Carolinas, and Georgia

Colonies with a large agricultural base. Because of location they were key distribution centers in the English Mercantile System

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The middle part of the 13 colonies, consisting of New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Delaware

Colonies focused on cash crops.

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Contains rhode island, the massachucets bay, and providence plantations

Colonies founded by the Puritans for religious purposes. Goal was to create a society as God intended.

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A group of colonists disguised as Mohawk Indians board three British tea ships and dump 342 chests of tea into the harbor in protest of the British Parliament's Tea Act of 1773

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An uprising of rural, indebted farmers in western Massachusetts, against Boston creditors. It began in 1786 and lasted half a year, threatening the economic interests of the business elite and contributing to the demise of the Articles of Confederation.

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Supporters of the Articles of Confederation, not the Constitution. They fear a tyrannical national government with too much power and strongly advocate for the Bill of Rights.

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Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the (British) Crown

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A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east

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The decision to have a bicameral legislature, one house based on population, and one house with an equal number of representatives for every state.

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Supporters of the new Constitution and a strong federal government. They fear a weak government. Generally very wealthy.

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A period from the early 1600s to the mid 1700s where British Parliamentary Laws were not enforced on the colonists

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Before the American constitution, this established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes

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One of the biggest accomplishments of the Articles of Confederation. This established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union

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Near the end of the Revolutionary War, the Continental Army had not received pay for many years and threatened to abandon the fight, if they were not compensated

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Determined that each slave would be counted as three fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation.

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An eighteenth-century philosophical movement that began in Western Europe with roots in the Scientific Revolution

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A colonist who supported British rule

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A colonist who rebelled against British rule

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Group of persons organized to acquire and exercise political power

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The fight for the suffrage (voting) for half of the population

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Human-made waterways connecting natural bodies of water, very important for early travel

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Machine invented by Samuel Morse that used a system of dots and dashes to send messages across long distances electronically through a wire. It connected the different hemispheres of the world, allowing for more communication between people.

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Landmark 1803 Supreme Court case in which Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of Judicial Review, which grants the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional

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Eli Whitney’s 1793 invention that dramatically improved the speed for processing cotton, changing the trajectory of cotton production in the United States

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Warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere

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Uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces

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Movement dedicated to promoting moderation and, more often, complete abstinence in the use of alcohol

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A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion

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Pro Slavery, favored secession from Union, States' rights, agrarian-oriented, opposed gold standard, supported lowering tariff, and opposed imperialism in 1890s

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The British forcibly enlisted thousands of American men into the Royal Navy from passing ships, and refused to recognize that Americans had renounced their British citizenship

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Campaign to end slavery

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Manufacturing businesses first created in the late eighteenth century that concentrated all aspects of production under one roof, reorganized production and divided work. The key aspect was that it was under one roof and had specialized tasks. Made the production faster and more efficient.

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Opposed Jackson's strong-armed leadership style and policies, but promoted protective tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, and other measures that strengthened the central government.

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19th century belief that Americans had the God given right to spread across the whole continent

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Required that slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were in a free state

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Southern half of the country, a group of states trying to separate over the issue of slavery

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Henry Clay introduced a series of resolutions in an attempt to seek a compromise and avert a crisis between North and South, this included that the Fugitive Slave Act was amended, the slave trade in Washington, D.C. was abolished, California entered the Union as a free state, a territorial government was created in Utah, and an act was passed settling a boundary dispute between Texas and New Mexico that also established a territorial government in New Mexico

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Loyalty or support of a particular region or section of the nation, rather than the United States as a whole

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Freed all slaves and abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States

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Passed by the U.S. Congress on May 30, 1854. It allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. The Act served to repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30´

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When a state attempts to secede from, or leave, the nation it was once a part of

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Granted African Americans citizenship and equal protection under the law

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People of a territory should themselves decide the issue of slavery

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Northern half of the country, a group of states that were generally anti-slavery

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Granted African American men voting rights