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A veil is a thin piece of fabric meant to hide a woman's face.

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A Tichel is a head covering worn by Jewish women. According to jewish Law women need to cover their hair after marriage so this is why they wear the Tichel.

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The Kittel is a piece of clothing worn by mostly Jewish men and sometimes women. The reason the Kittel is white because they said it symbolized the purity they hoped to achieve through prayer. It is most commonly worn at Passovers Seder.

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A Tallit is a "Fringed garment" which is worn as a prayer shawl for religious Jewish people. The Tallitot has Tzitzit which are special noted fringes at the bottom. The cloth part is know as the "beged" made from wool or cotton.

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Hanukkah is an 8-day celebration of Jewish ideals. It celebrates the rededication during the second century B.C. of the second temple of Jerusalem.

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Shemini Atzeret serves as an additional day where Jewish people can spend time with god at the end of Sukkot

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Shabbat is a day where Jewish people practice freedom from their everyday labors. It is observed every week beginning at sunset on Friday evening and ending after dark on Saturday evening. Orthodox Jewish people do not travel or work on Shabbat.

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Yom Kippur is the most solemn religious fast for Jewish people during the year. It is the last of the ten days of pertinence all beginning with Rosh Hashanah.

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Passover also known as "Pesach" in Hebrew is one of the Jewish religions most sacred Holidays. It celebrates the story of the Israelites departure from ancient Egypt. It is a weeklong festival where multiple rituals take place. This includes a meal called seder which is a traditional passover meal. Some other rituals was the removal of leavened products, substituting matzo for bread, and the retelling of the exodus tale.

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The first official school under Hebrew studies was made in 1731 in Shearith Israel (Spanish and Portuguese synagogue) This led to many more schools.

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The Hebrew calendar is a lunisolar calendar that is still used for Jewish religious observances. It is the official calendar of the state of Israel. It shows the appropriate Torah readings of Torah portions and Jewish holidays.

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"Torah" in Hebrew means teaching, direction, guidance, and law. The Torah signifies the first five books of the Hebrew bible

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"In days gone by, Rosh Hashanah had dominated my life. I
knew that my sins grieved the Almighty and so I pleaded for forgiveness. In those days, I fully believed that the salvation of the world depended on every one of my deeds, on every one of my prayers." (68)

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What Are Tefillin?

Tefillin are a pair of black leather boxes containing Hebrew parchment scrolls. A set includes two-one for the head and one for the arm. Each consists of three main components: the scrolls, the box and the strap.

They look like this:

The Torah commands Jewish men to bind tefillin onto their head and upper arm every weekday, in fulfillment of the verse ( Deut. 6:8), "You shall bind them as a sign upon your hand, and they shall be for a reminder between your eyes." (More on what this means below.)

Tefillin is an incredibly powerful mitzvah. The experience of putting on tefillin has changed many people's lives.

What's in the Boxes?

The Torah mentions the mitzvah of tefillin four separate times. Each of these texts is inscribed on parchment and placed into the tefillin. These passages discuss the unity of G‑d. They describe the miracles G‑d performed for us when He took us out of Egypt, and how G‑d alone has the power and dominion to do whatever He wants in the physical and spiritual worlds. In other words, these verses cover the fundamentals of our faith.

These texts are:

1-2. Kadesh (Exodus 13:1-10) and Vehayah ki yeviacha (Exodus 13:11-16): These describe the duty of the Jewish people to always remember the redemption from Egyptian bondage, and the obligation of every Jew to educate his children about this and about G‑d's commandments.
3. Shema (Deut. 6:4-9): Pronounces the unity of the one G‑d, and commands us to love and fear Him.
4. Vehayah (Deut. 11:13-21): Focuses on G‑d's assurance to us of reward that will follow our observance of the Torah's mitzvahs.

How Are Tefillin Made?

In order to be kosher according to Jewish law, tefillin must meet thousands of requirements. Think of them as a finely tuned spiritual machine. If one part is out of place, the whole thing won't work.

The scrolls inside the tefillin are inscribed in black ink with a quill (or reed) pen by a specially trained scribe, known as a sofer. The parchment is handmade, and must be from a kosher animal. The scribe concentrates intensely and writes with special Hebrew characters. There are 1594 letters in each of the tefillin boxes. If one letter is extra, missing, or even incorrectly written, the tefillin are invalid.

The boxes and straps are also made of leather from a kosher animal. The head-tefillin is made of four separate compartments, each one containing a scroll with one of the four Torah selections. The hand-tefillin has just one chamber, with all selections written on a single scroll.

You'll notice that the head tefillin has the Hebrew letter Shin (ש) on both sides, one with three branches, and the other with four.

Who Puts on Tefillin?

All Jewish males over the age of bar mitzvah (13 years old) should perform the mitzvah of tefillin.

When Are Tefillin Worn?

You can fulfill the mitzvah by putting on tefillin anytime during the day-from sunrise to nightfall. A blessing is recited, and it is customary to read the Shema prayer. Traditionally, tefillin are worn during weekday morning prayers.

Tefillin are not worn on Shabbat and major Jewish holidays (including Chol Hamoed, according to many).

Read: On Which Days Do We Not Wrap Tefillin?

How to Wear Tefillin

The hand-tefillin are strapped onto the left arm (or on the right arm, for a lefty), with the box resting on the bicep, facing the heart. The rest of the strap is then wound around the arm seven times, extending down to the long finger. There are many customs regarding how the coils are positioned on the arm and finger(s).

The head-tefillin are placed on the head like a crown, with the box resting just above the hairline in the center of the forehead.
Get step-by-step instructions for wrapping tefillin Chabad-style

What's the Point?

Mitzvahs are commandments, but the word mitzvah also comes from the root tzavta, which means "connection." A mitzvah creates a bond between G‑d who commands and man who performs. In a sense, that makes tefillin the ultimate mitzvah. We're commanded to literally bind ourselves to the one and only G‑d.

More specifically, one of the boxes is placed on the arm so as to rest against the heart, the seat of the emotions, and the leather strap is wound around the left arm and hand. The other box is placed on the head, above the forehead. This teaches us to dedicate ourselves to the service of G‑d in all that we think, feel and do.

The Rebbe's Tefillin Campaign

We read in the Talmud that that once a Jewish male wears tefillin on his head-even one time in his life-he falls into a different category as a Jew.

Commenting on the verse ( Deut. 28:10), "All the nations of the land will see that the name of G‑d is called upon you," the sages declare that this refers to the head-tefillin.

Wearing tefillin is important not just for you as an individual; it brings protection to the Jewish people. This is why, just before the outbreak of the Six-Day War in 1967, the Rebbe-Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson, of righteous memory-began a campaign to encourage Jewish men and boys to put on tefillin.

Watch a mini-documentary on the Tefillin Campaign

One Final Thought . . .

When you put on tefillin, you'll be connecting to the Infinite, fulfilling G‑d's will and reminding yourself to be a better person. But you'll also be doing something that your great-great-grandfather did in exactly the same way. And when you do it, you're increasing the chances that your great-great-grandchildren will want to do it too. Those straps don't connect you just to G‑d; they connect you to your past, to your future, to your people.

So go ahead, give it a try.

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Tefillin are a pair of black leather boxes containing Hebrew parchment scrolls. A set includes two-one for the head and one for the arm. Each consists of three main components: the scrolls, the box and the strap.

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Rosh Hashanah is a Jewish holiday marking the first and second days of the Jewish year. (In 2019, Rosh Hashanah begins at sundown on Sunday, September 29, and continues through nightfall on Tuesday, October 1). It's the day G‑d created Adam and Eve, and it's celebrated as the head of the Jewish year.

Rosh Hashanah Is Celebrated With

Kiddush over wine or grape juice

Round, raisin challah bread dipped in honey

Apples dipped in honey (on the first night)

The head of a fish, pomegranates, and other foods symbolizing our wishes for the coming year (on the first night)

A new fruit (on the second night)

Performing Tashlich, a brief prayer said at a body of fresh water

Attending services in synagogue

Desisting from creative work

For additional instruction regarding this year, see our Rosh Hashanah calendar.

The Shofar-Blowing

The central observance of Rosh Hashanah is hearing the sounding of the shofar,the ram's horn. It is a mitzvah to hear the shofar on both mornings of the holiday ( except if the first day is Shabbat, in which case we only blow the shofar on the second day).

The first 30 blasts of the shofar are blown following the Torah-reading during morning services, and as many as 70 are then blown during (and immediately after) the Musaf service. For someone who cannot come to synagogue, the shofar may be blown the rest of the day. If you cannot make it out, please contact your closest Chabad center to see about arranging a "house call."
Click here to learn more about the shofar and its significance.
Candle-Lighting

As with every major Jewish holiday, women and girls light candles on each evening of Rosh Hashanah and recite the appropriate blessings. On the second night (or if lighting after nightfall on the first night), make sure to use an existing flame. Think about a new fruit that you will be eating (or garment that you are wearing) while you say the Shehechiyanu blessing.

Click here for candle-lighting times in your area.

Festive Meal

We eat festive meals every night and day of the holiday. Like all other holiday meals, we begin by reciting kiddush over wine and then say the blessing over bread. But there are some important differences, as we'll explain below.

Round Challah in Honey

The bread (traditionally baked into round challah loaves, and often sprinkled with raisins) is dipped into honey instead of salt, expressing our wish for a sweet year. We do this on Rosh Hashanah, Shabbat Shuvah (the Shabbat before Yom Kippur), in the pre-Yom Kippur meal and during Sukkot.

Apples in Honey

Furthering the sweet theme, it is traditional to begin the meal on the first night with slices of apple dipped in honey. Before eating the apple, we make the ha'eitz blessing and then say, "May it be Your will to renew for us a good and sweet year."

Fish Head and Pomegranates

Many people eat parts of the head of a fish or a ram, expressing the wish that "we be a head and not a tail."

In many communities, there are additional traditional foods eaten, each symbolizing a wish for the coming year. Many eat pomegranates, giving voice to a wish that "our merits be many like the [seeds of the] pomegranate." Another common food is tzimmes, a sweet, carrot-based dish eaten because of its Yiddish name, merren, which means both "carrot" and "increase," symbolizing a wish for a year of abundance.

(Read about the elaborate array of symbolic foods eaten in Sephardic communities here.)

Keep It Sweet

It is traditional to avoid nuts ( here's why) as well as vinegar-based, sharp foods, most notably the horseradish traditionally eaten with gefilte fish, since we don't want a bitter year.

New Fruit

On the second night of the holiday, before we break bread (and dip it in honey), we eat a "new fruit," something we have not tasted since the last time it was in season. (Read this blog post to learn the reason for the new fruit and the other traditional foods.)

Rosh Hashanah Greetings

When you meet a fellow Jew on the first night of Rosh Hashanah, wish him, " Leshana tovah tikatev v'tichatem," or, for a female, " Leshana tovah tikatevee v'tichatemee" ("May you be inscribed and sealed for a good year"). After the first night, wish them a " G'mar chatimah tovah" ("A good inscription and sealing [in the Book of Life]"). (More on the Rosh Hashanah greetings here.)

On the first afternoon of Rosh Hashanah (provided that it is not Shabbat), it is customary to go to a body of water (ocean, river, pond, etc.) and perform the Tashlich ceremony, in which we ceremonially cast our sins into the water. With this tradition we are symbolically evoking the verse "And You shall cast their sins into the depths of the sea." The short prayer for this service can be found in your machzor .

Rosh Hashanah Prayers

Much of the day is spent in the synagogue. The evening and afternoon prayers are similar to the prayers said on a regular holiday. However, the morning services are significantly longer.

The holiday prayerbook-called a machzor-contains all the prayers and Torah readings for the entire day. The most significant addition is the shofar-blowing ceremony. However, there are also other important elements of the prayer service that are unique to Rosh Hashanah.

Torah Readings

The Torah is read on both mornings of Rosh Hashanah.

On the first day, we read about Isaac's birth and the subsequent banishment of Hagar and Ishmael ( Genesis 21:1-34). Appropriately, the reading is followed by a reading about the birth of Samuel the Prophet ( I Samuel 1:1 -2:10). There is a common theme in these readings: prayers for children were answered, and both births took place on Rosh Hashanah.

On the second morning, we read about Abraham's near-sacrifice of his son Isaac, a powerful display of Abraham's devotion to G‑d, which has characterized His children ever since ( Genesis 22:1-24). As mentioned above, the shofar-blowing recalls the ram, which figures prominently in this story. The haftarah tells of G‑d's eternal love for His people ( Jeremiah 31:1 -19).

(More on the Torah readings for Rosh Hashanah here.)

Extra Prayers

The cantor's repetition of the Amidah (Silent Prayer) is peppered with piyyutim, poetic prayers that express our prayerful wishes for the year and other themes of the day. For certain selections, those deemed especially powerful, the ark is opened. Many of these additions are meant to be said responsively, as a joint effort between the prayer leader and the congregation.

Even without the added piyyutim, the Rosh Hashanah Musaf prayer is significantly longer than it is the rest of the year. This is because its single middle blessing is divided into three additional blessings, each focusing on another one of the holiday's main themes: G‑d's kingship, our wish that He "remember" us for the good, and the shofar. Each blessing contains a collage of biblical verses that express its theme, and is then followed by a round of shofar-blowing.

What's Next?

Rosh Hashanah is the start of the Yamim Nora'im (High Holidays). The holy day of Yom Kippur, when we gather in the synagogue for 25 hours of fasting, prayer and inspiration, is just a week later. The days in between (known as the 10 Days of Repentance, or the Ten Days of Return) are an especially propitious time for , returning to G‑d. Yom Kippur is followed by the joyous holidays of Sukkot and Simchat Torah.

The season of the High Holidays is an epic journey for the soul, and Rosh Hashanah is where it all begins.

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How Is Rosh Hashanah Celebrated? - An Overview of Rosh Hashanah's Traditions and Customs

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Rosh Hashanah is a Jewish holiday marking the first and second days of the Jewish year. (In 2019, Rosh Hashanah begins at sundown on Sunday, September 29, and continues through nightfall on Tuesday, October 1). It's the day G‑d created Adam and Eve, and it's celebrated as the head of the Jewish year.

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The lives of people practicing Judaism in Eastern Europe were widely different than that of the majority of Europe. They spoke Yiddish, read Yiddish books, went to Yiddish theaters, and watched Yiddish movies. They dressed traditionally to the Jewish religion, although the younger generation was adapting to the modern style at the time.

On the other hand, the population of Jewish people in Western Europe was much smaller than that of the East. Because their population was so little, they adapted to the lifestyles of those who were non-Jewish. Many dressed and talked like countrymen,  practiced traditional religions, and lived in towns and cities.  In the Western part of Europe, Judaism played a more minor role in the lives of Jewish people.

The lives of Jewish people were distinct throughout Europe. Everyone had different jobs, financial situations, and lifestyles. However, despite their differences, they all shared one thing in common.

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Yiddish was the language used by Jewish people in Eastern and Southern Europe before the Holocaust. It was initially a German dialect combined with words in Hebrew and other languages. In the present day, Yiddish is usually spoken in Israel, the United States, and Russia.

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This is a photograph of Hilde and Gerrit Verdone on their wedding day. The names of the four bridesmaids are Jetty Fontijn Letty Stibbe, Miepje Slulizer, and Fanny Schoenfeld. This photo was taken in Amsterdam, Netherlands, on December 12, 1933.

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Shtetls was the term for any small town in Eastern Europe.

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In 1933, Judaism was at a high point in Europe. Over 9.5 million Jewish people lived in the continent, which accounted for over 60% of the worldwide Jewish population, which was about 15.3 million. Majority of the population lived in Eastern Europe, 5 million of which residing in Poland and the Soviet Union.

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"On the last day of the Jewish year, the child is present at the
solemn ceremony of Rosh Hashanah. He hears thousands of
slaves cry out in unison, "Blessed be the Almighty!" Not so long ago, he too would have knelt down, and with such worship, such awe, such love!" (23)

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Rosh Hashanah, which translates to "first of the year", is a new years celebration being celebrated on the first or second day of Tishri (in September). To celebrate, people often attend synagogue services, say the Kiddush, and eat food. During this time, people often eat the head of a fish, honey-coated apples and bread, pomegranates, and new food, all of which contain symbolism.

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Tefillin is a pair of black boxes containing Hebrew writings, held by pieces of leather strap.

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Table of Contents

This article was most recently revised and updated by

Kiddush, also spelled Qiddush (Hebrew: "Sanctification"), Jewish benediction and prayer recited over a cup of wine immediately before the meal on the eve of the Sabbath or of a festival; the ceremony acknowledges the sanctity of the day that has just begun. Chanting, or recitation, usually performed by the head of the household, may involve several or all members of the family, depending on the custom; each then sips wine from the cup, which was held in the right hand during the benediction. In the Ashkenazi (German) tradition, two covered loaves of bread (halloth) on the table symbolize the double portion of manna gathered before the Sabbath by Israelites during their years of wandering in the wilderness. If no wine is available, bread may be used as a substitute.

Following an ancient custom from the days when wayfarers and the poor lodged in synagogues, some congregations recite the Kiddush at the end of the Friday evening service in the synagogue-except on the eve of Passover (Pesaḥ), when the recitation is reserved for the seder service. The Kiddush that is recited after the morning service of the Sabbath and of the festival is preceded by appropriate readings from the Bible.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Adam Zeidan.

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Kiddush, also spelled Qiddush (Hebrew: "Sanctification"), Jewish benediction and prayer recited over a cup of wine immediately before the meal on the eve of the Sabbath or of a festival; the ceremony acknowledges the sanctity of the day that has just begun.

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Kiddish is a prayer said over a cup of wine before a meal on Sabbath eve or during a festival, which means that having a wine cup dedicated to the prayer is very important.

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A Mezuzah is a container in which paper with Hebrew verses can be stored. Mezuzahs are often used for doorposts and are used to remind Jewish people of their dedication to God.

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"And Moishe the Beadle, the poorest of the poor of Sighet,
spoke to me for hours on end about the Kabbalah's revelations and its mysteries. Thus began my initiation. Together we would read, over and over again, the same page of the Zohar. Not to learn it by heart but to discover within the very essence of divinity." (5)

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Candles are especially prevalent in Judaism and are often used for religious occasions. For example, the 9 candles on the menorah for Hanukkah represent the story of the temple lantern which burned for 9 days. In this picture, these candles were used every Friday in order to celebrate Passover. (Poland, 1939)

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This photo depicts children and staff leaving for summer camp, organized by the Bunt, which was the Jewish Socialist Party. (Chernovtsy, Romania, 1939)

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A Kippah, also known as a Yarmulke, is a brimless hat used for practicing Judaism and identifying that the wearer is Jewish.

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"We drank, we ate, we sang. The Bible commands us to rejoice
during the eight days of celebration, but our hearts were not in it.
We wished the holiday would end so as not to have to pretend." (10)
(Referring to the 8 days of Passover)

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During the 19th century, Jewish Germans mostly resided in rural villages and towns. However, at the turn of the 20th century, the majority of the Jewish population lived in large cities. By 1933, more than 70% of the population were living a city lifestyle.

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"Our backyard looked like a marketplace. Valuable objects, precious rugs, silver candlesticks, Bibles and other ritual objects were strewn over the dusty grounds" (15)

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These are the names of the fraction of hundreds, if not thousands of communities that used to be found throughout Europe.

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Yad Vashem houses the largest collections of photographs relating to the Holocaust in the world. These photographs, which present people, places and events in visual form, are of immense historical, educational and commemorative value. Two central Yad Vashem photograph collections are presented on t…

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The Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum holds a collection of 38,916 registration photographs taken between February 1941 and January 1945. The preserved photos, 31,969 of men and 6,947 of women, constitute only a fraction of a vast Nazi photo archive destroyed during the camp evacuation in January 1945.

"Faces of Auschwitz" is a collaboration between the Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum, a Brazilian photo colorization specialist Marina Amaral, and a dedicated team of academics, journalists and volunteers. The goal of the project is to honor the memory and lives of Auschwitz-Birkenau prisoners by colorizing registration photographs culled from the museum's archive and sharing individual stories of those whose faces were photographed.

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The Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum holds a collection of 38,916 registration photographs taken between February 1941 and January 1945. The preserved photos, 31,969 of men and 6,947 of women, constitute only a fraction of a vast Nazi photo archive destroyed during the camp evacuation in January 1945.

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Judaism: Founder, Beliefs & Facts | HISTORY

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Judaism is the world’s oldest monotheistic religion, dating back nearly 4,000 years. Followers of Judaism believe in one God who revealed himself through ancient prophets. History is essential to understanding the Jewish faith, which is embedded in tradition, law and culture.

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Jewish Life and Religious Practices

There is a wide variety of acceptance and observance of the following practices by denominations and individual Jews.

Jewish life is guided by its annual and life cycle calendars. The annual calendar is a lunar calendar with approximately 354 days in one year on a 12-month cycle, with an extra month (Adar II) added occasionally to compensate for the difference between the lunar and solar calendars.

The Sabbath has been a cornerstone of Israelite religious practice from earliest times and is frequently mentioned in the Torah. The other holidays mentioned in the Torah include the Jewish New Year ( Rosh ha-Shanah ), the Day of Atonement ( Yom Kippur ), and the three festivals on which pilgrimages were made to the Temple in Jerusalem: Passover or Pesach (marking the Exodus from Egypt), Shavuot (marking the giving of the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai) and Sukkot (the feast of tabernacles, a harvest holiday). The minor holidays of Hanukkah , Purim , and Tisha B'Av were added later to commemorate events in post-biblical Jewish history. Yom ha-Shoah (Holocaust Remembrance Day) and Yom ha-Atzma'ut (Israel Independence Day) are 20 th century additions to the Jewish holiday calendar.

The weekly observance of the Sabbath, commencing on Friday evening at sundown and concluding 25 hours later, is a cornerstone of Jewish religious practice. The Sabbath is a time for slowing down, spending time with friends and family and at synagogue, and disconnecting from the daily demands on our time.

The Torah is read ritually in synagogue three times a week, on Mondays, Thursdays and Saturdays, following a yearly cycle through the entirety (or a third, depending on community) of the Five Books of Moses. Additionally, on holidays, special sections are read in synagogue that tie to the themes or origin story of the holiday being observed.

Jewish prayer services are conducted in the Hebrew language in the more traditional denominations of Judaism, and include varied levels of English (or the native language of the community's Jews) in denominations such as Reform, Reconstructionist and Renewal. A rabbi can lead services but is not required. On weekdays, daily prayers are recited three times-morning, afternoon, and evening-with a fourth prayer service added on the Sabbath and holidays. While many prayers can be recited individually, certain prayers and activities, such as the reading of the Torah, the mourner's prayer (the ), require a or quorum of ten Jewish adults. As with the distinctions regarding English in the prayer service, some traditional denominations only count male adults in a , while others count all adults.

Other central aspects of Jewish ritual observance include the dietary laws (laws of ) which forbid consumption of certain foods (like pork or shellfish), prohibit the mixing of milk and meat, and prescribe special rules for the slaughter of meat and poultry. Denominations and individual Jews may or may not follow these dietary laws strictly.

Major life-cycle events in Jewish tradition include the (ritual circumcision on the eighth day of a Jewish boy's life), (a ceremony marking the passage from childhood to adulthood, at 12 years for a girl and 13 for a boy), marriage, and death.

Following the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE, the synagogue (derived from a Greek word meaning "assembly"), or Jewish prayer and study house, became the focal point of Jewish life. The role of the priesthood, so central to the Temple service, diminished, and the rabbi (literally, "my master"), or scholar versed in Jewish law, rose to a position of prominence in the community.

After the Holocaust

Before the Nazi takeover of power in 1933, Europe had a vibrant and mature Jewish culture.

By 1945, after the Holocaust, most European Jews-two out of every three-had been killed. Most of the surviving remnant of European Jewry decided to leave Europe. Hundreds of thousands established new lives in Israel, the United States, Canada, Australia, Great Britain, South America, and South Africa.

As of 2016, there were approximately 15 million Jews around the world. About 85% of world Jewry lives in Israel or the United States.

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There is a wide variety of acceptance and observance of the following practices by denominations and individual Jews. Jewish life is guided by its annual and life cycle calendars. The annual calendar is a lunar calendar with approximately 354 days in one year on a 12-month cycle, with an extra month (Adar II) added occasionally to compensate for the difference between the lunar and solar calendars.

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This is a group of Jewish family photos.

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This photograph shows a group of family photos from a variety of Jewish families all over Europe.

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Video of the hundreds of photos taken by countless Jewish families during the early 1900s.

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A group of children reads books in a room.

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This is a photograph of a group of people partaking in a celebration. All of them are dressed formally, wearing dresses and suits. In addition, there are glasses full of liquid and a large bowl to distribute refreshments.

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Jewish family photo from Southeastern Europe.

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Photo of a large group of children and staff in Eastern Europe.

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A group of people listening to a Jewish philospher

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Musical performance at the Jewish Cultural Society.

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This is a photo of a bedroom, showing a father with his daughter. Tools can be seen on the table to the left.