# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
New Zealand's national Flag ; retrieved from Google

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
England national Flag, St. George ; retrieved from Google

# data[].attributes.body
-The flag is named after Saint George (patron saint of England) who was told in the legends, he had slayed a dragon to rescue a princess then became a symbol of chilvary and courage aside that he also adopted as the patron saint during the Middle Ages.

- English soldiers used it as a national symbol back then in the 13th century during the Crusaders after that it became a key symbol in English heraldry besides being used on English ships, in the 14th century (during the reign of Edward III)

- It was officially adopted as the national flag of England in 1606, (James I reign). The flag had been looked up as a symbol of English identity especially in football and rugby.

- The United Kingdom's flag, Union Jack also includes elements of the St. George's Cross as well the flags of Scotland & Northern Ireland.

# data[].attributes.headline
Summarization of England's Territorial History

# data[].attributes.subject
Summarization of England's Territorial History

# data[].attributes.body
- England has more than 55 million individuals despite it is the largest of the four countries from United Kingdom ( England accounts 84% of the United Kingdom's population ).

- 85.4% White, 7.8% Asian, 3.5% Black, 2.3% Mixed, 0.45% Chinese and 0.44% of another ethnic group are percentages of England population ( Buckinghamshire Council, n.d.)

- Meanwhile their religions are 59.38% Christian, 24.74% Atheist, 5.02% Muslim, 1.52% Hindu, 0.79% Sikh, 0.49% Jewish, 0.45% Buddhist, 0.43% another unspecified religion. Christianity is the main religion there compared to others.

‌

# data[].attributes.body
Gaeng, J. (2023, January 14). White Flag with Red Cross: England Flag History, Meaning, and Symbolism. AZ Animals. https://a-z-animals.com/blog/white-flag-with-red-cross-england-flag-history-meaning-and-symbolism/

England Population 2021. (n.d.). Worldpopulationreview.com. https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/england-population

The History of England : Every Year. (n.d.). Www.youtube.com. Retrieved April 27, 2023, from https://youtu.be/vEXT7v3R0gM

‌
‌

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
summarization origins of English in England (mind map)

# data[].attributes.body
Extra Information:
Other languages such as Arabic, French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish happened to be introduced in England because of the migration of people from the whole world and lived there. The records from Cencus 2021, showed that by comparing with the year 2011 with 2021, we can see the population of different speakers increased and decreased due to the immigrants populations who came from various countries and lived in England. In addition, this mostly due to the world economy and the Covid-19 pandemic.

# data[].attributes.body
Oxford International English Schools. (2018, March 4). A Brief History of the English Language - Oxford International English Schools. Oxford International English Schools. https://www.oxfordinternationalenglish.com/a-brief-history-of-the-english-language/

A Brief History of the English Language: From Old English to Modern Days | Langster. (n.d.). Langster.org. https://langster.org/en/blog/a-brief-history-of-the-english-language-from-old-english-to-modern-days

Language, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics. (n.d.). Www.ons.gov.uk. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/language/bulletins/languageenglandandwales/census2021#:~:text=English%20(English%20or%20Welsh%20in%20Wales)%20as%20a%20main%20language

‌Romanian becomes third most spoken language in England, Wales. (2022, December 2). Romania Insider. https://www.romania-insider.com/romanian-third-most-spoken-language-england-wales#:~:text=The%20Romanian%20language%20is%20the

‌Polish becomes England’s second language. (2013, January 30). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jan/30/polish-becomes-englands-second-language

‌Languages Spoken in the UK - Top 5. (2022, November 9). Language Courses UK. https://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/spoken-languages-uk/

‌How many languages are spoken in the UK? (2022, January 21). Evan Evans Tours. https://evanevanstours.com/blog/how-many-languages-are-spoken-in-the-uk/#:~:text=However%2C%20widespread%20as%20it%20may

‌

# data[].attributes.body
- The New Zealand Flag serves as the national symbol for New Zealand, featuring a royal blue background that symbolizes the surrounding blue sea and sky. Additionally, the inclusion of the Southern Cross stars on the flag highlights New Zealand's location in the South Pacific Ocean.

- The New Zealand flag was not initially recognized as the official flag, despite its widespread use since 1869. Its adoption as the official flag occurred in 1902, during the South African War when it was formally acknowledged.

- In 2015, a referendum was held to select a new flag design, which included the current New Zealand flag and the Silver Fern (designed in black, white, and blue) among others. The Silver Fern design was ultimately chosen as the preferred option. However, in the subsequent 2016 referendum, the existing New Zealand flag was retained, with nearly 57% of voters voting in its favor.

# data[].attributes.headline
Summarization of New Zealand's Territorial History

# data[].attributes.subject
Summarization of New Zealand's Territorial History

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Map of New Zealand; retrieved from Google

# data[].attributes.body
- Most people in New Zealand are of European descent, with a significant number of Maori and smaller groups of individuals from Pacific islands and Asia. The Asian population in New Zealand has been growing rapidly over the past few decades.

- New Zealand's population is composed of 70.2% Europeans, 16.5% Maori, 15.1% Asians, 8.1% Pacific peoples, and 1.5% Middle Eastern, Latin American, and African individuals.

- Despite its relatively low population density of 18 people per square kilometer, New Zealand's total land area of 263,310 square kilometers accommodates an urban population of 4,191,405 individuals, representing 86.9% of its population, with a median age of 38.0 years.

# data[].attributes.body
Flags of New Zealand. (n.d.). Flags of New Zealand | NZHistory, New Zealand History Online. https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/flags-of-new-zealand

Mr History. (2022, July 5). A Super Quick History of New Zealand [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6pVgnWaGsk

New Zealand | History, Map, Flag, Capital, Population, & Facts. (2023, April 25). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/New-Zealand/People

EHINZ. (n.d.). https://www.ehinz.ac.nz/indicators/population-vulnerability/ethnic-profile/

New Zealand Population (2023) - Worldometer. (n.d.). https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/new-zealand-population/

# data[].attributes.body
FOOT vowel  /ʊ/ for words like 〈full〉, 〈look〉 and 〈could〉, and a STRUT vowel /ʌ/ for words like 〈cub〉, 〈rub〉 and 〈hum〉, defined by John Wells' Lexical Sets ( a group of words that all share a particular phonological feature )

A STRUT vowel:
Short vowels in various words such as strut, cut, fudge, tough, won, one, ton, love, above, blood, run. In particular, this vowel technically does not exist in the Northern English accent. There, these words use vowels in words such as foot and put (ʊ).

The difference in English accents is that Northern and Midland speakers, who generally pronounce vowels with rounded lips in words such as cup, love, and under, and those who use vowels with lips in a more neutral position It is different from Southern speakers.

Meanwhile in some parts of the north & Midlands, they have a distinctive pronounciation of words ending orthographically in <-ook>. So, luck is pronounced as the same vowel like duck, then look will sound same as Luke.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The FOOT-STRUT Split: Why Northerners Rhyme 'Foot' with 'Cut'

# data[].attributes.body
Definite Article Reduction is a realization of the definite article in dialects of North British English in a series of vowelless forms usually written in literature with t'.

It is thought to be the assimilation of the first fricative þe of the Middle English definite article to produce the te form, a sound change recorded in many Middle English dialects.

It also is the combination of an unreleased and therefore inaudible <t> sound, produced simultaneously with a glottal stop.

# data[].attributes.body
Refers to the pronunciation of the consonant /r/ in all r position contexts, while non-rhoticity refers to the dropping of the /r/ sound in particular r positions.

In some rhotic areas, (paw, pour, poor) have differences in pronouncing them while non-rhotic speakers will pronouce it the same for the three. As the non-rhotic speakers do not pronounce /r/ when it is at the end of a word or in postvocalic environments, that is, when it is immediately after a vowel and not followed by another vowel.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
British Accent Training: Rhotic Or Non Rhotic?

# data[].attributes.body
The L-pronunciation is a hallmark of certain dialects of English, including Cockney and Estuary English, where the /l/ sound occurs before word endings or consonants are replaced by vowels, and the different transliterations [o], [ʊ] or [w] for milk sounds like [mɪok] or [ˈmɪdo].

It mostly been used in southern of England until East Midlands & East Anglia.

# data[].attributes.body
1) Meak, didle & crome

This vocabulary existed because of the agriculture and traditional industry which the farmers localised their own vocabulary as they wanted to refer objects or practice that had been used during farming.

Meak: implement with a long handle and crooked iron or blade used to pull up or cut down peas, bracken, reeds

Didle:  sharp triangular spade, used for clearing out ditches.

Crome:  hook or crook; esp. a stick with a hook at the end of it to draw weeds out of ditches

2) Peevers

Traditional children's games during the old times, were named randomly with different names and passed down to several generations.

Peever: stone, piece of pottery, etc., used in the game of hopscotch; also the game of hopscotch itself

3) Nain

Every region has their own way of addressing parents or older people same as in Northern Engalnd & Wales, they called mam for their mothers / Mom in Midlands / Mum in south.

Nain: (Welsh English – north) grandmother.

4) Mistall
Mistall: stable or shed for cattle.

# data[].attributes.body
1. The use of the third person singular pronoun "they" as a singular gender-neutral pronoun is gaining acceptance in some regions of England, whereas other regions still use the more traditional "he" or "she."

2. In some parts of. In Northern England, there is a tendency to use double negatives and non-standard verb forms, such as "I ain't got none" instead of "I don't have any." In some parts of the country, there is also a tendency to use the present perfect tense in place of the past tense, such as "I've saw" instead of "I saw."

2. In the West Country, speakers often use the word "where's" to mean "where is" or "where has," such as "Where's you been?" instead of "Where have you been?" Additionally, there is a tendency to add an extra "to" after "going," such as "I'm going to go to the shops."

3. In the East Midlands, speakers often use the word "duck" as an affectionate term of address, such as "How are you, duck?" There is also a tendency to use the third person plural "they" in place of the singular "he" or "she," such as "They went to the store" instead of "He went to the store."

4. In London and the South East, speakers may use a glottal stop in place of the "t" sound in some words, such as "water" pronounced as "wa'er." Additionally, there is a tendency to use "innit" (short for "isn't it") at the end of sentences for emphasis or agreement, such as "It's a nice day, innit?"

# data[].attributes.headline
Demographic of Speaker in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England

# data[].attributes.subject
Demographic of Speaker in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England

# data[].attributes.body
The speaker was born in Leeds, England. He was born on 10 June 1985.

His ethnicity is Caucasian.

It was recorded by Subject, at 20 April 2023.

He is a 37 years old man.

He works as a sales engineer which he worked after graduating from college and lived in Farsley, Western of Leeds.

# data[].attributes.body
[wɛl hɪəz ə ˈstɔːri fɔː ju: særə pɛri wəz ə ˈvɛtərɪnəri nɜːs huː hæd bɪn ˈwɜːkɪŋ ˈdeɪli æt əʊld zuː ɪn ə dɪˈzɜːtɪd ˈdɪstrɪkt əv ðə ˈtɛrətɔːri, səʊ ʃi wəz ˈvɛri ˈhæpi tuː stɑːt ə nju: ʤɒb æt ə sjuːpərb ˈpraɪvət ˈpræktɪs ɪn nɔːθ skwɛə niə ðə djuːk striːt taʊə. ðæt ˈɛərɪə wəz mʌʧ ˈnɪərə fɔː hɜːr ənd mɔː tuː hɜːr ˈlaɪkɪŋ. iːvən səʊ, ɒn hɜːr fɜːst ˈmɔːnɪŋ, ʃi fɛlt strɛst. ʃi eɪt ə bəʊl əv ˈpɒrɪdʒ, ʧɛkt hɜːsɛlf ɪn ðə ˈmɪrər ənd wɒʃt hɜːr feɪs ɪn ə ˈhʌri. ðɛn ʃi pʊt ɒn ə pleɪn ˈjɛləʊ drɛs ənd ə fliːs ˈʤækɪt, pɪkt ʌp hɜːr kɪt ənd ˈhɛdɪd fɔː wɜːk.

[wɛn ʃi ɡɒt ðɛə, ðɛər wəz ə ˈwʊmən wɪð ə ɡuːs ˈweɪtɪŋ fɔː hɜːr. ðə ˈwʊmən geɪv særə ən əˈfɪʃəl ˈlɛtər frɒm ðə vet. ðə ˈlɛtər ɪmˈplaɪd ðæt ði ˈænɪməl kʊd bi ˈsʌfərɪŋ frɒm ə reə fɔːm əv fʊt ənd maʊθ dɪˈziːz, wɪʧ wəz səˈpraɪzɪŋ, bɪˈkɒz nɔːməli ju wʊd əʊnli ɪksˈpɛkt tuː si ɪt ɪn ə dɒɡ ɔːr ə ɡəʊt. særə wəz sɛntɪˈmɛntəl, səʊ ðɪs meɪd hər fiːl ˈsɒrɪ fɔː ðə ˈbjuːtɪfʊl bɜːd.]

[bɪˈfɔː lɒŋ, ðæt ˈɪtʃi guːs bɪˈɡæn tə strʌt əˈraʊnd ðə ˈɒfɪs laɪk ə ˈluːnətɪk,
wɪʧ meɪd ən ʌnˈsænɪtri mɛs. ðə guːsɪz ˈəʊnə, ˈmɛri ˈhærɪsən, kɛpt
ˈkɔmə, ˈkɔmə," wɪʧ særə θɔːt wəz ən ɒd tʃɔɪs fɔːr ə
neɪm. ˈkɒmə wəz strɒŋ ənd hjuːdʒ, səʊ ɪt wʊd teɪk sʌm fɔːs tə træp hɜːr,
bət særə hæd ə ˈdɪfərənt aɪˈdɪə. fəst, ʃi traɪd ˈdʒɛntli ˈstrəʊkɪŋ ðə guːsɪz ˈləʊər bæk wɪð hər pɑːm, ðɛn ˈsɪŋɪŋ ə tjuːn tə hɜːr. ˈfaɪnəli, ʃi ədˈmɪnɪstəd ˈiːθə. hər ˈɛfəts wɜː nɒt ˈfjuːtaɪl. ɪn nəʊ taɪm, ðə guːs bɪˈɡæn tə ˈtaɪə, səʊ særə wəz ˈeɪbl tə həʊld ɒn tə ˈkɒmə ənd ɡɪv hər ə rɪˈlæksɪŋ bɑːθ.]

[wʌns ˈsærə hæd ˈmænɪdʒd tə beɪð ðə guːs, ʃi waɪpt hɜːr ɒf wɪð ə klɒθ
ənd leɪd hɜːr ɒn hɜːr raɪt saɪd. ðɛn ˈsærə kənˈfɜːmd ðə vets daɪəɡˈnəʊsɪs.
ˈɔːlməʊst ɪˈmiːdiətli, ʃi rɪˈmɛmbəd ən ɪˈfɛktɪv ˈtriːtmənt ðæt rɪˈkwaɪəd hɜːr tə ˈmɛʒər aʊt ə lɒt əv ˈmɛdɪsɪn. ˈsærə wɔːnd ðæt ðɪs ˈkɔːs əv ˈtriːtmənt maɪt bi ɪksˈpɛnsɪv – ˈaɪðə faɪv ɔː sɪks taɪmz ðə kɒst əv pɛnɪˈsɪlɪn. aɪ kænt ɪˈmædʒɪn ˈpeɪɪŋ səʊ mʌtʃ, bət mɪsɪz ˈhærɪsən – ə ˌmɪljəˈnɛər ˈlɔːjə – θɔːt ɪt wəz ə feə praɪs fɔːr ə kjʊər.]

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
England 117 | IDEA: International Dialects of English Archive

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Listen to England 117, a 37-year-old man from Leeds, West Yorkshire, England.

# data[].attributes.headline
Demographic of Speaker in Auckland, New Zealand

# data[].attributes.subject
Demographic of Speaker in Auckland, New Zealand

# data[].attributes.body
- The speaker is a 46 year old man.

- He was born in Gisborne, New Zealand but was raised in Auckland at the age of 5.

- He was born on the 1st of June 1970.

- He worked as a University Professor

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
summarization origins of English in New Zealand (Mind Map)

# data[].attributes.body
More about Maori language :

- In 1987, Māori became an official language in New Zealand, the only country where it is spoken. Despite this, the language still faces challenges in avoiding extinction.

- The 1840 Treaty of Waitangi guaranteed protection of the Māori language, but support for it only gained momentum in recent years. Today, the language is widely used in the media and schools. However, as Māori people moved to urban areas in the 1940s, the language began to decline, with children being raised in English instead of Māori. By the 1970s, the language was nearly extinct, but efforts were made to revive it by incorporating it into media and school curriculums.

# data[].attributes.body
Lingoda. (2022, January 4). New Zealand languages: Māori and English. Lingoda. Retrieved May 1, 2023, from https://blog.lingoda.com/en/new-zealand-langauges/

New Zealand Immigration. (n.d.). English and the Official Languages of New Zealand. New Zealand Immigration.
https://www.new-zealand-immigration.com/blogs/english-and-the-official-languages-of-new-zealand

# data[].attributes.body
- The New Zealand accent has a distinct sound and is different from American or British English. It is often called a ‘colonial twang’. Although it is similar to the Australian accent, it is softer and has its roots in the southeast of England, where many of the first European settlers came from.

- Kiwis (New Zealand people) speaks fast and their vowels (the sounds of the letters A, E, I, O, U make) sound very different in New Zealand English. For instance, the word 'kit' is pronounced more like 'cut'.

- When Kiwis speak, the 'r' sound is often pronounced softly making it difficult to discern at times. Words like 'farm' may sound like 'faahm'. This can be difficult for England speakers where the 'r' is usually pronounced.

- Kiwis intonation patterns is the rising intonation at the end of a sentence which makes it sound like they're asking a question.

- Definite article reduction is a common feature of New Zealand English where the word 'the' is shortened to just 'th' or completely dropping it in certain contexts. Instead of saying "I'm going to the beach.", Kiwis might say "I'm going to th' beach." or "I'm going to beach.".

# data[].attributes.headline
New Zealand vowel and consonant pronunciation

# data[].attributes.subject
New Zealand vowel and consonant pronunciation

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The New Zealand (Kiwi) Accent & New Zealand English Pronunciation

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
IDEA: International Dialects of English Archive | free dialect and accent recordings for the performing arts

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Both as a courtesy and to comply with copyright law, please remember to credit IDEA for direct or indirect use of samples. IDEA is a free resource; please consider supporting us.

https://www.dialectsarchive.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/newzealand19.mp3 BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION

AGE: 46

DATE OF BIRTH (DD/MM/YYYY): 01/06/1970

PLACE OF BIRTH: Gisborne, New Zealand

GENDER: male

ETHNICITY: Caucasian/New Zealander

OCCUPATION: university professor

EDUCATION: Ph.D
AREAS OF RESIDENCE OUTSIDE REPRESENTATIVE REGION FOR LONGER THAN SIX MONTHS:
Subject moved to Auckland, New Zealand, at the age of 5 and lived there until age 24. He then lived in England for one year, Hong Kong for four years, and Sydney, Australia, for seven years, before settling in Southern California, in the United States, where had he been living for 10 years at the time of this interview.
OTHER INFLUENCES ON SPEECH:
Subject speaks fluent Chinese.
The text used in our recordings of scripted speech can be found by clicking here.
RECORDED BY: Jeremy Mercado (under supervision of David Nevell)

DATE OF RECORDING (DD/MM/YYYY): 09/03/2017

PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION OF SCRIPTED SPEECH: N/A

TRANSCRIBED BY: N/A

DATE OF TRANSCRIPTION (DD/MM/YYYY): N/A
ORTHOGRAPHIC TRANSCRIPTION OF UNSCRIPTED SPEECH:
OK, well I was born in Gisborne, which is a pretty - I mean they call it a city by New Zealand standards, but it's only got - I can't remember - 40, 50 thousand people. So, it wouldn't be called a city over here. But we left when I was 5. So I have a few memories of there. But we lived out in the country. I remember there were cattle yards, fields; sort of my memories are all sort of very rural. Then when we were 5, we moved to Auckland, which is the big city, which is a million people, which is by New Zealand standards very big. Um, and then we had a pretty settled existence there. My, my parents moved out of home. They waited 'til, uh, uh, me - the youngest kid - was 18, and then they moved out of home. Rather then waiting for us to leave, they said four sons - we've had enough. So they moved out, and we had, had to find our own way.

Um, and, uh, so New Zealand was all right. We went to the local high school, local intermediate school. You guys call it a middle school, local high school. They were nothing; they were nothing special; you know, they weren't elite high schools. We just went to the one that we were zoned for. But it was fun; ya, you know could walk or bike to all of them and made some good friends there and had quite a fun. Had pretty good memories of growing up as a as a teenager and, um, then. Yeah, actually differences to America: I can definitely see some. There was a - I noticed my wife actually said when we went to New Zealand - compared to the play-, the playgrounds in New Zealand are much more dangerous, which means they're much more fun. Ya know, the kids get to play and have adventures and, and do stuff. Even school, even playtime in the school grounds, ya know, at lunchtime and stuff like that are less supervised. It's funny: I, um, I signed up on Facebook to something called, uh, uh, um, "New Zealanders in USA," like a Facebook page. And, ya know, people commenting their experiences, and some New Zealanders were talking about being back in New Zealand for a few months and having put their kids in and commenting just how unsupervised playtime was. So the only time the teachers intervened, ya know, if it actually got to full-on fighting; um, then the teachers would sort of come out and intervene. But except for that, the kids were just, ya know, on their own, do what they like, organizing games like bull rush.

The game of bull rush goes like this: You have one person who stands in the middle of the field, and everybody lines on the side. And that person picks out somebody, and their job is to make it to the other side of the field. And the person who picked them out: It's their job to stop them - at any means, and there are no rules; just one person has to get to the other side of the field; the other person has to stop them. If the person succeeds in stopping them, they're now a team and there's two of them, and they pick out another person, and so on and so on until somebody gets through. Sometimes nobody gets through, but eventually at a certain point, usually when somebody makes it through, you call "bull rush!" And everybody runs for the other side of the field, and the people who are catching just try to bring as many people to the ground as they can, in which case now you might have ten people in the middle catching, and the game keeps going until there's nobody left to run and everybody's been caught, and it's kinda violent - ya know, as you can imagine, yeah? People just try to charge from one side of the field to the other, and I was delighted to hear that kids still play bull rush. I thought maybe, you know, they had gone in and banned it because it was - oh, it wasn't safe or something like that, but it was a great game; we loved it.

TRANSCRIBED BY: Jeremy Mercado (under supervision of David Nevell)

DATE OF TRANSCRIPTION (DD/MM/YYYY): 09/03/2017

PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION OF UNSCRIPTED SPEECH: N/A

TRANSCRIBED BY: N/A

DATE OF TRANSCRIPTION (DD/MM/YYYY): N/A

SCHOLARLY COMMENTARY: N/A

COMMENTARY BY: N/A

DATE OF COMMENTARY (DD/MM/YYYY): N/A

The archive provides:

Recordings of accent/dialect speakers from the region you select.

Text of the speakers' biographical details.

Scholarly commentary and analysis in some cases.

In most cases, an orthographic transcription of the speakers' unscripted speech. In a small number of cases, you will also find a narrow phonetic transcription of the sample (see Phonetic Transcriptions for a complete list). The recordings average four minutes in length and feature both the reading of one of two standard passages, and some unscripted speech. The two passages are Comma Gets a Cure (currently our standard passage) and The Rainbow Passage (used in our earliest recordings).

For instructional materials or coaching in the accents and dialects represented here, please go to Other Dialect Services.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
New Zealand 19 | IDEA: International Dialects of English Archive

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Both as a courtesy and to comply with copyright law, please remember to credit IDEA for direct or indirect use of samples. IDEA is a free resource; please consider supporting us.

# data[].attributes.body
wɛl hɪr's ə stɔri fɔr ju: sɛrə pɛri wəz ə vɛtənɛri nɜrs hu həd bɪn wɜrkɪŋ deɪli æt əʊld zu ɪn ə dɪzɜtɪd dɪstrɪkt ɔv ðə tɛrɪtəri, səʊ ʃi wəz vɛri hæpi tə stɑrt ə nju dʒɒb æt ə sʊpɜrb praɪvət præktɪs ɪn nɔːθ skwɛr nɪə ðə djuːk striːt taʊə. ðæt ɛrɪə wəz mʌʧ nɪə fɔr hər ənd mɔː tə hər laɪkɪŋ. iven səʊ, ɒn hər fɜst mɔːnɪŋ, ʃi fɛlt strɛst. ʃi ɛt ə bəʊl ɒv pɒrɪdʒ, tʃɛkt hɜrsɛlf ɪn ðə mɪrər ənd wɒʃt hər feɪs ɪn ə hʌri. ðɛn ʃi pʊt ɒn ə pleɪn jɛləʊ drɛs ənd ə flis dʒækɪt, pɪkt ʌp hər kɪt ənd hɛdɪd fɔr wɜrk.

wɛn ʃi gɒt ðɛr, ðɛr wəz ə wʊmən wɪð ə gu:s weɪtɪŋ fɔr hər. ðə wʊmən geɪv sɛrə ən əfɪʃl lɛtər frəm ðə vɛt. ðə lɛtər ɪmplaɪd ðæt ði ˈænəməl kʊd bi ˈsʌfərɪŋ frəm ə reɪə fɔrm əv fʊt ənd maʊθ dɪziz, wɪtʃ wəz səˈpraɪzɪŋ, bɪkɔz nɔːməli ju wʊd əʊnli ɪkˈspɛkt tə si ɪt ɪn ə dɒg ɔr ə gəʊt. sɛrə wəz sɛntɪmɛntəl, so ðɪs meid hɜr fil sɒrɪ fɔr ðə bjutəfl bɜrd. bɪfɔ lɒŋ, ðæt ɪtʃi guus bɪɡæn tə strʌt əraʊnd ði ɔfɪs laɪk ə lunətɪk, wɪtʃ meid ən ʌnsænətərɪ mɛs. ði guus'z əʊnə, meri hærɪsn, kɛpt kɔlɪŋ, "kɒmə, kɒmə," wɪtʃ særə fɔt wəz ən ɒd ʧɔɪs fɔr ə neim. kɒmə wəz strɒŋ ən hju, so ɪt wʊd teɪk sʌm fɔrs tə træp hɜr, bət særə hæd ə dɪfrənt aɪdiə. fəst ʃi traɪd dʒɛntli strəʊkɪŋ ði guus'z loʊər bæk wɪð hɜr pɑːm, ðɛn sɪŋɪŋ ə tjuːn tə hər. faɪnəli, ʃi ədmɪnɪstərd iːðər. hər ɛfəts wər nɒt fjuːtaɪl. ɪn nəʊ taɪm, ðə guus bɪgæn tə taɪə, səʊ særə wəz eɪbl tə həʊld ɒn tə kɒmə ənd gɪv hər ə rɪlækst bɑːθ. wʌns særə hæd mænɪdʒd tə beɪð ði guus, ʃi waɪpt hər ɒf wɪð ə klɒθ ənd leɪd hər ɒn hər raɪt saɪd. ðɛn særə kənˈfɜːmd ðə vɛt's daɪəɡnəʊsɪs. ɔːlməʊst ɪˈmiːdɪətli, ʃi rɪmɛmbərd ən ɪˈfɛktɪv tritment ðæt rɪkwaɪrd hɜr tə meʒər aʊt ə lɒt əv mɛdəsɪn. ˈsɛrə wɔːnd ðæt ðɪs kɔːs əv ˈtriːtmənt maɪt bi ɪksˈpɛnsɪv – ˈiðə faɪv ɔːr sɪks taɪmz ðə kɔst əv pɛnɪˈsɪlɪn. ˈaɪ kænt ɪˈmædʒɪn ˈpeɪɪŋ səʊ mʌtʃ, bət mɪsɪz ˈhærɪsən – ə ˌmɪljəˈnɛə ˈlɔɪjər – θɔt ɪt wəz ə feə praɪs fɔːr ə kjʊə.

# data[].attributes.body
Study in New Zealand. (n.d.). Speaking New Zealand English. Study in New Zealand.
https://naumainz.studyinnewzealand.govt.nz/help-and-advice/life-and-culture/speaking-new-zealand-english

Lean English Pronunciation. (2022, July 8). The New Zealand (Kiwi) Accent & New Zealand English Pronunciation [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6549TowW24

Phonological variation across the UK. (n.d.). The British Library. https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/phonological-variation-across-the-uk

‌phonology - Understanding the STRUT vowel as a listener without the split. (n.d.). Linguistics Stack Exchange. Retrieved April 30, 2023, from https://linguistics.stackexchange.com/questions/6911/understanding-the-strut-vowel-as-a-listener-without-the-split

‌Ben. (2011, April 27). On the STRUT Vowel and Spelling. Dialect Blog. http://dialectblog.com/2011/04/27/strut-vowel-and-spelling/

British Accent Training: Rhotic Or Non Rhotic? (n.d.). Www.youtube.com. Retrieved April 30, 2023, from https://youtu.be/wt531039LL8

‌The FOOT-STRUT Split: Why Northerners Rhyme “Foot” with “Cut.” (n.d.). Www.youtube.com. Retrieved April 30, 2023, from https://youtu.be/q77x0_znB3I

L-vocalization. (n.d.). Www.englishgratis.com. Retrieved April 30, 2023, from https://www.englishgratis.com/1/wikibooks/americanenglish/l-vocalization.htm#:~:text=L%2Dvocalization%20is%20a%20notable

# data[].attributes.body
-  Maori-origin words have spread to multiple languages, including New Zealand English, where they are recognized as indigenous terms.

- Whanau means 'family' and it is usually used to refer to an extended family in Maori culture

- Tena koe which means 'Greetings to you' but it is to said to one person. If it's for the general, they used Tena koutou which means 'Greeting to you all'.

- Kaitiaki which translated to 'guardian' or 'caretaker' is often used in New Zealand English the context of environmental or cultural protection.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
NEW ZEALAND SLANG: 110 Words in 5 minutes! Speak like a kiwi (w/ SUBTITLES) 🇳🇿🇳🇿

# data[].attributes.body
Popular Kiwi phrases and words :

- Kiwis does not use 'You're welcome' or 'No problem' but they use No worries.

- They also do not use the word 'Shorts' but they use the word Stubbies.

- Bring a plate means to 'bring a shared dish of food to a party or a gathering'. If you get asked to bring a plate, do not just bring an empty plate or you will be judged harshly.

# data[].attributes.body
Nomads. (n.d.). New Zealand Language - Essential Kiwi Phrases. Nomads.
https://nomadsworld.com/new-zealand-language/

Not Even French. (2017, October 1). NEW ZEALAND SLANG: 110 Words in 5 minutes! Speak like a kiwi (w/ SUBTITLES) 🇳🇿🇳🇿 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=61WwIzhW9Lg

Discover New Zealand. (n.d.). New Zealand Slang. Discover New Zealand.
https://www.discovernewzealand.com/blog/new-zealand-slang-id-305

https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/lexical-variation-across-the-uk

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
By using this site, you agree we can set and use cookies. For more details of these cookies and how to disable them, see our cookie policy.

Lexical variation across the UK

Do children wear 'crepes', 'daps', 'gutties', 'pumps', 'plimsolls' or 'sand-shoes' for school PE lessons? Explore how different words for the same object occur across the UK.

If you overheard the following statement you might be able to make an educated guess about where the speaker comes from:

happen she were wearing a mask

The use of happen here meaning 'perhaps' or 'maybe' is an example of lexical variation - differences in vocabulary. It probably locates the speaker somewhere in an area centred on the Pennines: Yorkshire or Lancashire or adjacent areas of the East Midlands. The popular image of dialect speech tends to focus almost exclusively on dialect vocabulary and although there was at one time greater regional variation in vocabulary across the UK, there remains a great deal of lexical diversity.

Observing lexical variation

All languages change over time and vary according to place and social setting. We can observe lexical variation - differences in words and phrases - by comparing the way English is spoken in different places and among different social groups. Despite the belief that dialect words are no longer very widely used, there remains a great deal of lexical diversity in the UK. This is demonstrated, for instance, by the variety of words used for 'bread roll' in different parts of the country. If you live in Lancashire you might buy a barm cake, whilst people over the Pennines in Leeds would probably ask for a bread cake. At a baker's in Derby you might be offered a cob and on a visit to Coventry you might eat a batch, although each of these words refers pretty much to the same item.

Listen to these extracts of speakers using regionally specific vocabulary.

Agriculture and traditional industry, such as mining, once provided the English language with a rich stock of dialect vocabulary. Farming, for instance, is by its nature dictated by the local landscape and agricultural practice differs accordingly across the country. Until relatively recently, local breeds of livestock and traditional farm practices spawned their own localised vocabulary, while hand-held implements for manual labour were generally locally made and thus given different names in different parts of the country. Due to the widespread mechanisation of farms and automation of heavy industry, many of these words are now no longer as widely used, as either the objects to which they refer have become obsolete or the practice has become an anachronism. Like the implements themselves, the words have become collectors' items or museum pieces, but there remains a small number of people working in traditional industries or in rural communities, for whom these words remain part of daily vocabulary.
OED entry
Eng. regional (chiefly E. Anglian) implement with a long handle and crooked iron or blade used to pull up or cut down peas, bracken, reeds, etc. Also noted in Survey of English Dialects (SED) fieldwork in Garboldisham, Norfolk.

(local) sharp triangular spade, used for clearing out ditches. English Dialect Dictionary (EDD) cites usage in Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex and also noted in SED fieldwork in Gooderstone, Norfolk.

crome: (local) hook or crook; esp. a stick with a hook at the end of it to draw weeds out of ditches. EDD cites usage in Norfolk and Essex and noted in SED fieldwork in several sites across East Anglia.

Listen to the following recordings featured on this site for other examples of agricultural dialect vocabulary: Wearhead, Read, Kniveton, Hilton, Warmington, North Elmham, Portesham, Peter Tavy, East Harting, Stannington, Melksham, Bleanish Island, Stonehaven and Dalmellington.

Traditional children's games and songs are a rich source of lexical variety, as the playground is full of young speakers who spend a great deal of time together and therefore develop a common vocabulary. These groups often perpetuate the names and phrases used in games passed down several generations. Even the simplest game of chase has a number of different names according to where you are in the UK - it, tig, tag or tiggy. 'Truce terms' - the practice of saying a word or phrase while crossing your fingers to indicate you are briefly withdrawing from a game - also have a number of regional alternatives including barley, scribs, fainites, pax, skinchies, cross keys and full stop.
OED entry
(Scotland) stone, piece of pottery, etc., used in the game of hopscotch; also the game of hopscotch itself (freq. in pl., with sing. concord). EDD cites usage throughout Scotland and research by Peter and Iona Opie in the 1950s and 1960s unearthed an enormous range of regional names for hopscotch, including peevers, pallie, beds, beddy, hoppy-beds, hecky, hitchy-bay, hitchy-dabber and hitchy-pot.

Listen to the recordings featured on this site in Leeds and Dalmellington for other examples of children's games.

Kinship terms and words of endearment for members of the family still show a good deal of regional variation within the UK. The words we use when addressing our parents and grandparents vary both regionally and socially, as demonstrated by the use of mam for mother in Wales and northern England, mom in the Midlands and mum in the south, with mother often used by members of the upper middle classes everywhere. Interestingly the word nanny is used by most of us to indicate a female grandparent, but in upper-middle-class circles it might refer to a live-in child carer.

OED entry

(Welsh English - north) grandmother. SED fieldwork in the 1950s noted variants including g anny, grammer, grammy, gran, grandma, grandmam, grandmayer, grandmom, grandmum, granny, nan, nana and nanny. The BBC Voices survey of 2004/5 confirmed these and other established variants such as grandmamma and nannan and also elicited numerous more recently arrived forms, including amma, baba, bube, dadi, mamgu, nani and yaya.

Listen to the following recordings featured on this site for other examples of regional terms for members of the family: North Elmham, Byker, Stannington, Leeds, Nottingham, Danesford and Maerdy

Agriculture and traditional industry, such as mining, once provided the English language with a rich stock of dialect vocabulary. Until relatively recently farm buildings were made of local construction materials and designed to suit local farm practice. They were thus given different names in different parts of the country. Due to the widespread adoption of modern farming methods, many of these buildings are now obsolete and have been replaced by more standard constructions, although in rural communities many of the original words are still applied to their modern counterparts.
OED entry
stable or shed for cattle. EDD cites usage in Cumberland, Yorkshire and Lancashire and SED fieldwork noted variants across England including beast-house, byre, cattle-shed, cow-house, cow-hovel, cow-pen, cowshed, cow-stable, cow-stall, lathe, mistall, neat-house, shippon, shuppen and skeeling.

Listen to the longer recording featured on this site in Stannington for other examples of local words for 'cowshed'.

Jonnie Robinson is Lead Curator for Spoken English at the British Library. He has worked on two nationwide surveys of regional speech, the Survey of English Dialects and BBC Voices, and is on the editorial team for the journal English Today. In 2010/11 he co-curated the British Library exhibition Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. His latest publication Evolving English WordBank: a glossary of present-day English dialect and slang (2015) draws on sound recordings made by visitors to the exhibition.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Lexical variation across the UK | The British Library

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
By using this site, you agree we can set and use cookies. For more details of these cookies and how to disable them, see our cookie policy. Lexical variation across the UK Do children wear 'crepes', 'daps', 'gutties', 'pumps', 'plimsolls' or 'sand-shoes' for school PE lessons?

# data[].attributes.body
- The modal verb 'shall' is frequently heard in New Zealand English, but the preferred option is to use 'will'. For an example, "We will have a picnic on Saturday".

-  Non-standard grammatical features, such as irregular verb conjugation, are present in New Zealand English, but this is a common characteristic shared by non-standard varieties of English spoken in other regions.

- Examples :

I seen it.

I come here yesterday.

I done it.

I rung the bell.

# data[].attributes.body
- In New Zealand English, some people use 'she' instead of 'it' as the subject of a sentence, particularly in informal speech. This happens especially when the subject is the first word of the sentence, and can be heard in phrases like "She's a beaut day" (meaning "It's a beautiful day").

- Another common phrase is "She'll be alright", which can be used to mean "It will be OK" or "It's close enough to what is required".

- The use of the second person plural pronoun 'yous' is a non-standard feature of New Zealand English. This feature is believed to have originated in areas with a substantial Irish immigrant population and is becoming more common, especially in Māori English. For instance, you may hear someone say "What are yous doing tonight?" to address a group of people.

# data[].attributes.body
- In New Zealand English, tag questions are often used at the end of a sentence to seek confirmation or agreement from the listener. A tag question is a short phrase or question added to the end of a statement, which turns it into a question.

- The most common tag question is "eh?" For example, "You're coming with us, eh?" This tag question seeks agreement or confirmation from the listener that they will come along.

- Double negatives are also used on occasion to add emphasis, although this is considered non-standard in Standard English. An example of this would be saying "I don't want no trouble" instead of "I don't want any trouble."

# data[].attributes.body
Harper, E. (2016, June 13). Introduction to New Zealand English. Oxford English Dictionary. https://public.oed.com/blog/introduction-to-new-zealand-english/

Wikibooks. (n.d.). New Zealand English. In English. https://www.englishgratis.com/1/wikibooks/english/newzealandenglish.htm

Bauer, L. (2007). New Zealand English: Phonology. New Zealand English Journal, 20(1), 5-21. https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/lals/resources/Publications/nzej-backissues/2007-laurie-bauer.pdf

The British Library. (2019). Grammatical variation across the UK. The British Library. https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/grammatical-variation-across-the-uk

‌

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
DAYANA ALIEYA BINTI MD RAZI (2022862096) EIC453 REFLECTION

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
 MADIHATUL AQILAH BINTI KHAIRUL-SUHAINI (2022477934) EIC 453 REFLECTION