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Cytokines from activated helper T cell completes activation of a B cell with antigen bound to receptor

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T-cell Independent activation of B cells

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T-cell Independent activation of B cells

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requires repetitive antigens stimulating multiple B cell receptors

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Activation of lymphocytes leads to proliferation producing more lymphocytes with the same receptors.

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Naïve lymphocytes are produced with distinct cell surface receptors and become activated by the binding of antigens.

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antibodies mark antigens on the surface of extracellular pathogens or cells infected with intracellular pathogens and stimulates activation of NK cells or cytotoxic T cells

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activation of the classical complement pathway by antibodies can result in activation of the membrane attack complex

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antibodies mark antigen for phagocytosis

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Clumping of antigens

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antibodies prevent pathogen from binding to and infecting cells or block harmful effects of toxins

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antibodies that stimulate mast cells to defend against multicellular parasites that also contributes to allergies.

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antibodies secreted by exocrine glands

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Main blood antibody of secondary immune responses secreted by plasma cells as a monomer

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Antibodies that primarily function as B cell surface receptors but are also secreted in small amounts as monomers

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B cell surface receptor also the major secreted antibody in primary immune responses produced by plasma cells as a large pentamer complex

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effector B cells that secrete antibodies

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receptors on the surface of T cells that bind to antigens

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proteins produced by B cells as cell surface receptors and secreted into ECF to defend against extracellular pathogens.

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any substance capable of binding to the receptors of lymphocytes to provoke an adaptive immune response.

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lymphocytes that express the CD8+ form of the TCR and function as the effectors of cell-mediated immunity killing cells infected with intracellular pathogens.

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lymphocytes that express the CD4+ form of the TCR and release cytokines to activate of other lymphocytes.

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Major histocompatibility complex produced by phagocytic leukocytes functioning as professional APCs.

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Major histocompatibility complex produced by all cells to display antigens from intracellular pathogens.

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antigen presenting protein that displays antigens on the surface of APCs.

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cells that process protein antigens and present them on their surface in a form that can be recognized by T lymphocytes

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a mature lymphocyte that is capable of recognizing an antigen.

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lymphoid stem cells begin to differentiate in red bone marrow but formation of immunocompetent lymphocytes is completed in the thymus.

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lymphoid stem cells differentiate and become immunocompetent in red bone marrow before entering the blood circulation.

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The production of antibodies by B cells in response to an antigen. Also called humoral immunity.

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type of immunity produced by T cells that attack infected or abnormal body cells