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Nicolaus came up with a theory that the sun was at the center of the universe. He went against the theory that the Earth was at the center of the universe. He also explained the Earth's rotation and revolution.

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Johannes discovered that when planets travel, they create oval-shaped circles. He then called these things ellipses. He was also a big foundation for Isaac Newton's universal theory.

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Galileo used a telescope to find out that the sun is not a perfect sphere. He also used the telescope to support Copernicus's theory that the Earth orbits the Sun. He wrote a book called The Starry Messenger explaining his theory.

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William made a study of how blood circulates through the body. He also discovered how the heart valves function. He also helped advance the scientific method.

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Issac Newton came up with the theory of gravity, which attracts all objects together. He has another theory called the laws of motion. He also came up with a type of math that is still used today, called calculus.

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Francis came up with the scientific method. He also made it clear that you can prove scientific experiments with hypotheses. He was also known for writing lots of essays.