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- Ferrite
- Pearlite
- Cementite

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- Scrap
- Iron Ore
- Pig Iron
- Limestone

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Electric arcs strike between molten metal and electrodes

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increases hardness, tensile strength, and elastic limit of steel
make roller bearings.

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-Less gas
-Less fumes
-Less impurities
-High quality steel
-Quick to construct
-Fast cost recovery

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Graphite electrodes

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- Slag
- Minimal waste gasses

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- Slag
- Waste Gasses

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- Slag
- GASSES

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- Slag
- Waste Gasses

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High in strength and resistance

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To form slag (impurities)

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Impurities in the molten metal are oxidized

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Impurities in the molten metal are oxidized

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Molten Metal is temperature controlled and analysed

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Withstand drastic temperature levels
- won’t be deformed during the exhaust and the combustion process.

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pre-heated to high temperature

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Blown over the surface

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(Cast iron contains more carbon than high carbon steel)

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withstand high levels of corrosion
- exposure to environmental factors
- chromium present prevents oxidation > stains and rust

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Alterable composition for properties change

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Alterable composition for properties change

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To remove impurities from ore

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4% Carbon

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To remove impurities from ore

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Medieval Production

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- Contains iron, such as stainless steel.
- Tensile strength, which makes them ideal for architectural and structural

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Have strength, toughness, and resistance to wear and fatigue

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most corrosion-resistant
Usage:
piston engine crankshafts
connecting rods etc

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high hardness
strength
Corrosion-resistant

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Low to high
(Used to make Alloy Steel)

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- Bessemer Converter
- Open Hearth Furnace
- Basic Oxygen Furnace
- Electric Arc Steel Making

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1) ferrite which contains no more than 0.006% carbon and has softness and ductility similar to pure iron

2) cementite (iron carbide-Fe3C) which contains 6.67% carbon and is hard and brittle.

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-Cheap metal
-rigidity &Strength under compression are good
-it is easy to machine
-It casts easily due to its fluidity when molten.
- Its composition can be altered to make it stronger and tougher if required.

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-Brittle,
-it is an intermediate product