# data[].attributes.body
George Monbiot is a British journalist, author, and environmental and political activist who writes a weekly column for

The Guardian. After studying zoology at Oxford, he began his career as an investigative journalist before becoming a prominent author and activist focusing on topics like climate change, rewilding, and neoliberalism. His work includes best-selling books likeFeralandHeat, and viral videos such as "How Wolves Change Rivers".

# data[].attributes.body
Alexander Wendt is a German-born American political scientist, born on June 12, 1958, in Mainz, West Germany. He is a leading figure in international relations theory, known for establishing social constructivism as a major school of thought. Wendt earned his B.A. from Macalester College and his Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota, and he is currently a professor at The Ohio State University.

# data[].attributes.body
Robert O. Keohane is a distinguished American political scientist and international relations theorist known for developing neoliberal institutionalism, which challenges realist assumptions in international politics. His influential work, co-authored with Joseph Nye, introduced the concept of "complex interdependence". Key contributions include the 1984 book After Hegemony, his work on international institutions, and his current role as Professor Emeritus at Princeton University.

# data[].attributes.headline
“Adopting the realist model of rational egoism."(Keohane, R. O. (1984). After Hegemony)

# data[].attributes.subject
“Adopting the realist model of rational egoism."(Keohane, R. O. (1984). After Hegemony)

# data[].attributes.body
Key terms: realist model, rational egoism.

Paraphrase: Keohane explains that he is using a realist approach, which means that states act in their own self-interest. This idea called "rational egoism", means that states make decisions to gain the most benefit for themselves rather than for moral or altruistic reasons. By starting with this assumption, Keohane shows that even when states act selfishly, international cooperation is still possible through institutions and repeated interactions that encourage predictable and coordinated behavior.

# data[].attributes.headline
"Cooperation can be sustained even after hegemonic power declines, as long as international regimes create expectations of continuity and provide information that reduces uncertainty." (Keohane, R. O. (1984). After Hegemony)

# data[].attributes.subject
"Cooperation can be sustained even after hegemonic power declines, as long as international regimes create expectations of continuity and provide information that reduces uncertainty." (Keohane, R. O. (1984). After Hegemony)

# data[].attributes.body
Key terms: Cooperation, hegemonic power declines, international regimes, expectations of continuity, reduce uncertainty.

Paraphrase:

Keohane is saying that countries can continue to work together even after the most powerful state becomes weaker. As long as international rules and institutions help countries trust that cooperation will continue and give them clear information, cooperation can still survive and remain stable.

# data[].attributes.body
Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher born in Königsberg in 1724 who became one of the central figures of the Enlightenment. Despite a secluded life, he became a professor at the University of Königsberg and revolutionized philosophy with works like the Critique of Pure Reason, which synthesized rationalism and empiricism. He is known for his ethics, particularly the Categorical Imperative, and his systematic work in epistemology, metaphysics, and aesthetics. Kant died in his hometown in 1804, leaving a profound and lasting influence on Western thought.

# data[].attributes.body
Hans Morgenthau (1904–1980) was a German-American political scientist who became a leading figure in the field of International Relations through his development of classical realism. Forced to flee Nazi Germany in 1937, he later became a US citizen and taught at prestigious universities like the University of Chicago. His seminal work, Politics Among Nations (1948), established realism as a dominant theory, arguing that states are driven by self-interest and the pursuit of power.

# data[].attributes.body
Kenneth N. Waltz (1924–2013) was an American political scientist, influential theorist of international relations, and the founder of neorealism (or structural realism). He was a veteran of both World War II and the Korean War, who taught at several universities, including Columbia University and UC Berkeley, and was known for his seminal works Man, the State and War and Theory of International Politics.

# data[].attributes.body
Charles Wright Mills (August 28, 1916 – March 20, 1962) was an American sociologist, and a professor of sociology at Columbia University from 1946 until his death in 1962. Mills published widely in both popular and intellectual journals, and is remembered for several books, such as The Power Elite, White Collar: The American Middle Classes, and The Sociological Imagination.[13] Mills was concerned with the responsibilities of intellectuals in post–World War II society, and he advocated public and political engagement over disinterested observation. One of Mills's biographers, Daniel Geary, writes that Mills's writings had a "particularly significant impact on New Left social movements of the 1960s era."[13] It was Mills who popularized the term "New Left" in the U.S., in a 1960 open letter "Letter to the New Left".[14]

# data[].attributes.body
John Joseph Mearsheimer ( born December 14, 1947) is an American political scientist and international relations scholar. He is the R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago.[4]

Mearsheimer is best known for developing the neorealist (or structural realist) theory of offensive realism, which describes the interaction between great powers as being primarily driven by the rational desire to achieve regional hegemony in an anarchic international system. In accordance with his theory, in the 2001 book The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, Mearsheimer says that China's growing power will likely bring it into conflict with the United States.

In his 2007 book The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy, Mearsheimer argues that the Israel lobby wields disproportionate influence over U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East. His more recent work focuses on criticism of the "liberal international order" (laid down in his 2018 book The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities) and why he believes that the West is to blame for the Russo-Ukrainian War.

# data[].attributes.body
Karen Litfin, Ph.D. is Professor Emerita of political science at the University of Washington. She received her Ph.D. from UCLA in 1992. Karen’s first two books were Ozone Discourses: Science and Politics in Global Environmental Cooperation (Columbia University Press, 1994) and The Greening of Sovereignty in World Politics (MIT Press, 1998). She has also written on the politics of earth remote sensing; the political implications of Gaia Theory; the relationship between climate science and politics; the ecological politics of sacrifice; the global ecovillage movement; and contemplative pedagogical practices.

# data[].attributes.headline
"The property paranoia often associated with extreme wealth- the sense that everyone is plotting to take it away from you-is easily triggered."(Monbiot, G. (2023). Billionaires are Bad  For Us)

# data[].attributes.subject
"The property paranoia often associated with extreme wealth- the sense that everyone is plotting to take it away from you-is easily triggered."(Monbiot, G. (2023). Billionaires are Bad  For Us)

# data[].attributes.body
Key terms: property paranoia, extreme wealth, sense that everyone is plotting, easily triggered.

Paraphrase:

Monbiot shows that when a person gets really wealthy,he afraid of losing his money and property, like everyone does. They think that other people want to take away their property and these fear can appear very easily.

# data[].attributes.headline
"The contemplative pausing is not a magic potion; rather, it is an adventure." (Litfin, K. T. (2018). The Contemplative Pause: Insights for Teaching Politics in Turbulent Times.)

# data[].attributes.subject
"The contemplative pausing is not a magic potion; rather, it is an adventure." (Litfin, K. T. (2018). The Contemplative Pause: Insights for Teaching Politics in Turbulent Times.)

# data[].attributes.body
Key words: Contemplative pause, not a magic potion, an adventure.

Paraphrase:

Litfin explains that taking time for thoughtful reflection doesn't happen quickly. Instead, it is like a journey, an active process of exploration and discovery that can help us better understand ourselves, our choices, and the world around us.

# data[].attributes.headline
“The larger the group, the less it will further its common interests” (Waltz,K.N.(1979).Theory of International Politics)

# data[].attributes.subject
“The larger the group, the less it will further its common interests” (Waltz,K.N.(1979).Theory of International Politics)

# data[].attributes.body
Key terms:group, common interests.

Paraphrase:

The quote “the larger the group, the less it will further its common interests” from Theory of International Politics by Kenneth N. Waltz . Waltz explains that when many states try to work together, it becomes harder for them to achieve their shared goals. This happens because bigger groups face more problems coordinating their actions, and the interests of each state may not match perfectly. In other words, the more members there are in a group, the more difficult it is for everyone to agree and act in the same way. This idea connects to Waltz’s main argument that the structure of the international system especially anarchy, where there is no world government,limits how states behave. Even though alliances, or institutions exist, they cannot fully control what states do. States still act mainly to protect their own security and interests. This shows why cooperation between many countries is often difficult, and why the international system naturally encourages self-help and competition.

# data[].attributes.headline
"The international system is both an analytic scheme and a postulate”.(Waltz,K.N.(1979).Theory of International Politics)

# data[].attributes.subject
"The international system is both an analytic scheme and a postulate”.(Waltz,K.N.(1979).Theory of International Politics)

# data[].attributes.body
Key words: International system, analytic scheme, postulate

This quote shows how the world works with the international system. There are two main ways to look at how countries act. The first is analytic scheme. It is a tool to study and understand how countries behave and interact. The second is postulate. It is a basic idea about how the world works and explains why countries act the way they do. This is important because it shows that the system decides what countries do, not just the leaders or government. Waltz says that countries always try to survive and protect themselves because there is no world government.For example, even small countries build armies or make friends with stronger countries to protect themselves. Another example is that countries often form alliances when one country becomes too powerful.

# data[].attributes.headline
The promise of the sociological imagination 

# data[].attributes.subject
The promise of the sociological imagination 

# data[].attributes.body
C. Wright Mills explained a very important issue that happens all the time. Many people see their problems as purely personal, but in reality, those problems are connected to larger social forces. He called this way of thinking the sociological imagination. For instance, on social media (TikTok, Instagram) we often feel anxious and compare ourselves to perfect lives online. We see this problem as personal, but it is actually a public issue, because billions of people feel the same way due to how social media companies are designed to maximize attention and profit, often at the cost of mental health. Mills was influenced by thinkers like Max Weber, Karl Marx, and George Herbert Mead, and he combined their ideas to show how power, class, and history affect everyday life. His work is important because it teaches us to think critically about how our lives are shaped by society, and this perspective is still a central part of sociology today.

# data[].attributes.headline
Ademi Talaibekova                                                 

# data[].attributes.subject
Ademi Talaibekova                                                 

# data[].attributes.body
International Relations-1A

Academic Reading

# data[].attributes.body
Karen Litfin’s article “The Contemplative Pause: Insights for Teaching Politics in Turbulent Times” argues that traditional ways of teaching political science aren’t enough in an age of polarization,climate change. The teaching methods that were used before aren’t useful nowadays, and also we can say that nowadays teaching methods can probably change in the future. In her topic she introduces the “contemplative pause.” As we know, political science topics involve conflicts, climate policy, human rights, social justice, and more. And these are hard to teach for students under a lot of pressure. That’s why the “contemplative pause” is really important and useful.

How does it help us? The contemplative pause refers to designed moments in the classroom where students can pause, observe, feel their own emotions, and notice their reactions. It includes practices of metaposition.

Karen offers some practices such as short pauses during lectures or discussions and asking students to notice their internal responses and feelings before moving on,and practices to integrate somatic or emotional awareness; mindfulness, noticing the body, breath, moments of silence. And of course, she asked the students for some survey data, and students reported that they valued the pauses/reflections, and that they helped with attention and emotional processing.

Karen Litfin also invites all teachers to use this kind of technique so it would be easier for all students to succeed.

# data[].attributes.body
What are learning skills? What purpose do they serve? What learning skills do we have? What learning skills do we need to develop?

We all know that learning skills help us learn, gain knowledge effectively, and apply what we have learned. So, what do learning skills include? Learning skills include critical thinking, creativity, communication, active listening, self-management, and more.

There are many kinds of learning skills that help people understand new information and solve problems. For example, active listening helps students understand lectures better, while collaboration allows team members to complete projects efficiently. These skills are very important because they prepare us for success in school, university, work, and everyday life. I think everybody should work on improving their learning skills. Even if you don’t have certain learning skills, such as memorizing information, active listening, collaboration, or analyzing, you can develop them by practicing consistently and seriously.

In short, learning skills are vital tools that everyone can develop and use to achieve their goals.

# data[].attributes.headline
 “Self-help and power politics are institutions… not essential features of anarchy” (Mearsheimer,J.J.(1994).The false promise of international institutions)

# data[].attributes.subject
 “Self-help and power politics are institutions… not essential features of anarchy” (Mearsheimer,J.J.(1994).The false promise of international institutions)

# data[].attributes.body
Key terms:institutions,anarchy.

Paraphrase:

the quote “self-help and power politics are institutions… not essential features of anarchy” from The False Promise of International Institutions by John J. Mearsheimer. John means In international relations, anarchy means there is no world government above states, and institutions are rules or organizations like the UN or NATO that are supposed to help states cooperate.This quote is important because it shows Mearsheimer’s main argument. He says that even though the world is anarchic, states don’t have to fight or compete just because there is no higher authority. Instead, states choose to behave in self-help and power-seeking ways, and over time these behaviors become like “institutions” or normal patterns. In other words, power politics is not forced by anarchy ,it’s created by states themselves.

This connects to the whole text because Mearsheimer argues that international institutions are weak and cannot change how states really act. He believes states will always focus on survival, security, and power, no matter what institutions say. That’s why he calls it the “false promise”,people think institutions bring peace, but in reality, power and self-interest control international politics.

In short, the book explains that cooperation is limited, conflict is natural, and institutions do not have the power to stop states from acting in their own interests.

# data[].attributes.headline
"There is no escape from the evil of power, regardless of what one does." (Mearsheimer, J. J. (1994). The false promise of international institutions)

# data[].attributes.subject
"There is no escape from the evil of power, regardless of what one does." (Mearsheimer, J. J. (1994). The false promise of international institutions)

# data[].attributes.body
Key terms:power, no escape.

Paraphrase:

This quote is from The False Promise of International Institutions by John J. Mearsheimer. Mearsheimer is saying that in international politics, power is always present and cannot be avoided. Even if states try to cooperate or create institutions like the UN, power still controls how they behave. States always worry about their own security and try to gain advantages over others, which leads to competition and conflict.

# data[].attributes.headline
"The mind is an education-learning process." (Litfin, K. T. (2018). The Contemplative Pause: Insights for Teaching Politics in Turbulent Times.)

# data[].attributes.subject
"The mind is an education-learning process." (Litfin, K. T. (2018). The Contemplative Pause: Insights for Teaching Politics in Turbulent Times.)

# data[].attributes.body
Key words: mind, education-learning, process.

Paraphrase:

Litfin is explaining that our mind is always learning something new and taking in new knowledge and information. It learns and understands new things by thinking and reflecting, not just memorizing facts. To fully understand information , we always need to analyze, ask questions, apply and evaluate. As Liftin said, learning is an active process. Our mind is not just empty container to be filled with facts, it takes time to understand everything clearly

# data[].attributes.headline
“Structure has no existence or causal powers apart from process."(Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy is What States Make of It)

# data[].attributes.subject
“Structure has no existence or causal powers apart from process."(Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy is What States Make of It)

# data[].attributes.body
Key terms: Structure, existence/casual powers, process

Paraphrase:Wendt argues that "structure" doesn't act on its own or independently. It only exists because of ongoing social interaction. That means that things like ruler or power in international politics are not fixed, they only happen because people keep doing things that create and keep them in place.

# data[].attributes.headline
"Strong liberals and constructivists have much to learn from each other if they can come to see this through the smoke and heat of epistemology."(Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy is What States Make of It)

# data[].attributes.subject
"Strong liberals and constructivists have much to learn from each other if they can come to see this through the smoke and heat of epistemology."(Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy is What States Make of It)

# data[].attributes.body
Key terms: Strong liberals, constructivists, smoke and heat, epistemology.

Paraphrase:

Alexandar wanted to show us that these scholars could actually learn something new from each other,but often they do not do like that.Because of complicated and heated debate about their own knowledge and methods.

If they could find a compromise or could look past these epistemological arguments, they would see how much their perspectives can complement each other.

# data[].attributes.headline
"Anarchy is what States make of it."(Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy is What States Make of It)

# data[].attributes.subject
"Anarchy is what States make of it."(Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy is What States Make of It)

# data[].attributes.body
Key terms: Anarchy, states, make of it.

Paraphrase: In his quote, Wendt try to explain that anarchy in international politics doesn't mean a world of conflict or chaos. Because it comes by action of states.it becomes what states going to treat it .If states will cooperate with each other, anarchy can be peaceful.But if states will fight or threat to each other, then anarchy becomes dangerous.

# data[].attributes.headline
"Recognized patterns of behavior or practice around which expectations converge." (Mearsheimer, J. J. (1994). The false promise of international institutions)

# data[].attributes.subject
"Recognized patterns of behavior or practice around which expectations converge." (Mearsheimer, J. J. (1994). The false promise of international institutions)

# data[].attributes.body
Key terms:Recognized patterns of behavior / practice, expectations, convergence

Paraphrase:

In this qoute ,Mearsheimer is saying that international institutions exist because states notice common ways of acting (recognized patterns of behavior).These practices or actions help states allow states to give clear expectations about how other states are going to act, what they will do next. That means that they know what to expect from others. And finally,their expectations become converge,meaning that they actually were predictable.

# data[].attributes.headline
"The sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society." (Mills, C. M.(1959). The Socialogical Imagination)

# data[].attributes.subject
"The sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society." (Mills, C. M.(1959). The Socialogical Imagination)

# data[].attributes.body
Key terms: Sociological imagination, history, biography, society.

Paraphrase:

Mills argues that the sociological imagination allows us to see the connection between our personal lives and broader historical and social forces. In other words, our personal experiences are not just private matters, they are also shaped by the society and historical period in which we live.

# data[].attributes.headline
 "When one system is a model of another they resemble one another in form and not in content."(Waltz,K.N.(1979).Theory of International Politics)

# data[].attributes.subject
 "When one system is a model of another they resemble one another in form and not in content."(Waltz,K.N.(1979).Theory of International Politics)

# data[].attributes.body
Key terms: system,model,resemble one another, form,content.

Paraphrase:

Waltz is saying that when the model of a real system was made make, the model usually shows the shape or structure of how things are connected. But it doesn't include all the real details.

# data[].attributes.headline
"A reductionist theory is a theory about the behavior of parts."(Waltz,K.N.(1979).Theory of International Politics)

# data[].attributes.subject
"A reductionist theory is a theory about the behavior of parts."(Waltz,K.N.(1979).Theory of International Politics)

# data[].attributes.body
Key terms: Reductionist theory, behavior, parts.

Paraphrase:

Kenneth explains a reductionist theory focuses on understanding a system by studying the actions and interactions of its individual parts, rather than analyzing the system as a whole.

# data[].attributes.headline
“Perhaps the most fruitful distinction with which the sociological imagination works is between personal troubles and public issues.” (Mills,C.W.(1959). The Sociological Imagination)

# data[].attributes.subject
“Perhaps the most fruitful distinction with which the sociological imagination works is between personal troubles and public issues.” (Mills,C.W.(1959). The Sociological Imagination)

# data[].attributes.body
Key terms: fruitful distinction, sociological imagination, personal troubles, public issues.

Paraphrase:

Wright Mills explains that the sociological imagination helps us see the difference between "personal troubles"the problems we experience in our own lives, and "public issues" the problems that affect many people and are shaped by society. This way of thinking shows that what might seem like a private difficulty is often connected to larger social forces.

# data[].attributes.headline
"Man's chief enemy and danger is his own unruly nature and the dark forces pent up within him."  (Mills,C.W.(1959).The Sociological Imagination)  

# data[].attributes.subject
"Man's chief enemy and danger is his own unruly nature and the dark forces pent up within him."  (Mills,C.W.(1959).The Sociological Imagination)  

# data[].attributes.body
Key terms: Chief enemy, danger, unruly nature, dark forces.

Paraphrase:

Mills argues that the greatest threat to people doesn’t come from outside forces, but from their own inner impulses and hidden destructive tendencies that can be difficult to control.

# data[].attributes.headline
"Neither the life of an individual nor the history of a society can be understood without understanding both." (Mills, C.W. (1959). The Sociological Imagination)

# data[].attributes.subject
"Neither the life of an individual nor the history of a society can be understood without understanding both." (Mills, C.W. (1959). The Sociological Imagination)

# data[].attributes.body
Key terms: Individual life, history of society, understanding both.

Paraphrase:

Mills explains that we cannot understand fully the person's individual life on its own , we also cannot understand society on its own. We only can understand them by looking both of them.That means we should try to understand how they connected and shape each other .

# data[].attributes.headline
“Political realism is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature."(Morgenthau, H. J. (1948). Politics among nations)

# data[].attributes.subject
“Political realism is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature."(Morgenthau, H. J. (1948). Politics among nations)

# data[].attributes.body
Key terms: Political realism, objective laws, human nature.

Paraphrase:

Morgenthau is saying that political realism is based on real, unchanging rules that come from basic human nature. In other words, the way politics works is shaped by how humans naturally think and act. For instance, their desire for power and self-interest.

# data[].attributes.headline
"Perpetual peace is no empty idea, but a task which, gradually, and by successive approximations, is being solved."(Kant, I. (1795). Perpetual Peace)

# data[].attributes.subject
"Perpetual peace is no empty idea, but a task which, gradually, and by successive approximations, is being solved."(Kant, I. (1795). Perpetual Peace)

# data[].attributes.body
Key words: Perpetual peace, no empty idea, task, successive approximations.

Paraphrase:

Kant wants to say that the world peace isn't just an unrealistic idea (like dream or wish),it is a goal (task) that people want to achieve. It won't happen immediately, instead Kant is saying that it will come true step by step.

# data[].attributes.headline
"A modern sovereign no longer spends his leisure time in the excitement of slaying or seeing or slain."(Kant, I. (1795). Perpetual Peace)

# data[].attributes.subject
"A modern sovereign no longer spends his leisure time in the excitement of slaying or seeing or slain."(Kant, I. (1795). Perpetual Peace)

# data[].attributes.body
Key terms: modern sovereign, leisure time, slaying.

Paraphrase:

Kant is saying that modern leaders no longer enjoy wars, violence like killing people.They're different from rulers in the past. Modern leaders do not spent their free time (leisure time) for just killing others or watching how others are being killed.

# data[].attributes.headline
"In order to improve society, it is first necessary to understand the laws by which society lives." (Morgenthau, H. J. (1948). Politics Among Nations)

# data[].attributes.subject
"In order to improve society, it is first necessary to understand the laws by which society lives." (Morgenthau, H. J. (1948). Politics Among Nations)

# data[].attributes.body
Key terms: improve society, understanding the laws.

Paraphrase:

Morgenthau says that before we can make society better, we must first understand how it really works. If we don’t understand the rules and forces that shape society, we won’t be able to improve it in a meaningful way.

# data[].attributes.headline
"Political realism contains not only a theoretical but also a normative element."(Morgenthau, H. J. (1948). Politics Among Nations)

# data[].attributes.subject
"Political realism contains not only a theoretical but also a normative element."(Morgenthau, H. J. (1948). Politics Among Nations)

# data[].attributes.body
Key terms: Political realism, theoretical element, normative element.

Paraphrase:

Morgenthau is explaining that political realism is not just a theory that explains how politics works, but it also includes ideas about how leaders should behave and what kind of political actions are responsible.

# data[].attributes.headline
“The mind has the capacity to observe itself, i.e., to separate awareness from the contents of awareness, to bring attention to its own qualities of attention.”

# data[].attributes.subject
“The mind has the capacity to observe itself, i.e., to separate awareness from the contents of awareness, to bring attention to its own qualities of attention.”

# data[].attributes.body
Key terms: the mind, observe itself, awareness, qualities of attention.

Paraphrase:

Litfin argues that the mind can think about itself. It can notice not just what it’s thinking or feeling, but also how it is paying attention. In other words, the mind can step back and observe the way it observes.

# data[].attributes.headline
"A theory, though related to the world about which explanations are wanted, always remains distinct from that world."(Waltz,K.N.(1979).Theory of International Politics)

# data[].attributes.subject
"A theory, though related to the world about which explanations are wanted, always remains distinct from that world."(Waltz,K.N.(1979).Theory of International Politics)

# data[].attributes.body
Key terms: theory, related to the world, explanations are wanted, distinct from that world.

Paraphrase:

Waltz shows that a theory is a tool that explains how this world works, but it is not the same thing as the real world itself. Even though a theory helps us understand the events, it is always separate from the actual reality.

# data[].attributes.headline
"The main goal of critical theorists is to change state behavior in fundamental ways, to move beyond a world of security competition and war and establish a pluralistic security community." (Mearsheimer, J. J. (1994). The false promise of international institutions)

# data[].attributes.subject
"The main goal of critical theorists is to change state behavior in fundamental ways, to move beyond a world of security competition and war and establish a pluralistic security community." (Mearsheimer, J. J. (1994). The false promise of international institutions)

# data[].attributes.body
Key words: Critical theorists, changing state behavior, security competition and war, pluralistic security community.

Paraphrase:

Mearsheimer explains the goal of critical theorists. He shows that critical theorists want to change state's behavior to positive side. That means they want to move away from a world dominated by rivalry and world with conflict, instead of, they want to create a world where every state work together, share security and live peacefully.

# data[].attributes.headline
"Law stands above force even in war, which may only be begun to pursue the right."(Kant, I. (1795). Perpetual Peace)

# data[].attributes.subject
"Law stands above force even in war, which may only be begun to pursue the right."(Kant, I. (1795). Perpetual Peace)

# data[].attributes.body
Key terms: Law, force, war, pursue the right.

Paraphrase: Kant is trying to show us that law and moral principle more important than using force, even during war.According to him, a war is justified only if it is fought to uphold what is right, not for selfish or aggressive reasons.

# data[].attributes.headline
"Like any journey into the unknown, it comes with risks.'

# data[].attributes.subject
"Like any journey into the unknown, it comes with risks.'

# data[].attributes.body
Key words: Journey, unknown, comes with risks.

Paraphrase:

Litfin wants to say us that there is always something new and uncertainty when we start to move into something new. Also there are always risks. I don't know what is going to happen and the outcomes don't guaranteed. And some challenges are possible too.

# data[].attributes.headline
"Hegemonic leadership can help to create a pattern of order."(Keohane, R. O. (1984). After Hegemony)

# data[].attributes.subject
"Hegemonic leadership can help to create a pattern of order."(Keohane, R. O. (1984). After Hegemony)

# data[].attributes.body
Key terms: hegemonic leadership, creation a pattern of order.

Paraphrase:

Keohane argues when one powerful country takes the lead, it can help bring stability and organization to the international system by creating clear rules and predictable behavior.