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Incentivises people to contribute more economically

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"Targeting benefits within a universal framework may well be an effective redistributive tool (Kenworthy, 2011; Van Lancker and Van Mechelen, 2015)"

Recent studies find no redistribution paradox. Targeting correlates with higher redistribution in the 2000s, possibly due to hybrid programs (e.g., negative income taxes) or welfare state evolution.

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Might focus too much on incentivising work that produces capital rather than work that contributes to bettering society

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Does not encourage diversity or inclusion for groups with specific needs

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-Deciding who gets the support

-excessive testing for who does and does not get the support

-division between different classes/groups, as higher classes and groups not receiving the benefits may become resentful and reduce/pull their support

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- prevents stigma and division of classes that can occur as a result of unbalanced welfare assistance. Therefore, encouraging social trust and unity.

- greater political and public support due to the middle class benefiting aswell, making redistribution more sustainable.

- simplified processes as complex eligibility assessments are unnecessary.

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Imagine you wake up one morning and Sydney trains, buses, trams and everything in between get deleted :0.

The thing about universal systems is that they benefit everybody. How? They make processes more efficient.

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Empirical findings suggest that universalism positively correlates with redistribution, poverty reduction, and social expenditures; negatively with inequality. Social expenditures strongly predict redistribution (Jacques & Noël 2018, p. 79).

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Increased access to care/services - ensures that all citizens have access to necessary medical services, regardless of their income or employment status.

Improved healthcare and health outcomes through universal health systems

Consistency and efficiency - implements standardised practices to increase efficiency, compliance and productivity.

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Stigma stigma stigma

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Reduces the quality of care people receive - less personalised care

Long wait times

High costs for government and increased taxation

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People are not put at the same starting point

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Reduces tension between social classes

Gains greater political support which then allows for bigger redistributive budgets and therefore more action (to reduce inequality)

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Incentives to work, promoting economic activity - for disabled or sick workers, they are able to find some stability both physically and financially which may support their (more productive) return to employment

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High cost to government

Reduced incentives to work

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incentive to work hard; economically produces the most productivity

focuses resources on those who need them most

equitable concept

proportionate benefits

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Spends money on resources that people do not need. i.e. billionaires do not need access to free healthcare if they're already paying for private = does this wasted money get redistributed?

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means testing can be flawed/deciding who needs what is flawed

time consuming process/hard to navigate systems; need to prove your needs

can’t control how the money is used

could reproduce disadvantage

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- Sometimes focusing too much on a specific group of people, may overlook the fact that the systems are interconnected and this makes it difficult to actually pin the reason of the problem.

It’s hard to determine which elements or what factors are more or less relevant.

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Creates less resentment between different social classes. Which results in less resistance when more universalistic policies are passed.

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Universalists policies are more likely to secure public support (especially from the middle class), which means they tend to have more actual effectiveness in securing greater economy equality. it can also tend to be more fair and it’s more inclusive than targeted policies.

Universalistic policies can be less efficient at addressing inequality because they don’t specifically target those who are more in need.