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to encourage english subjects to settle in the colonies, agreements were offered that covered the cost of passage across the atlantic in exchange for up to seven years in america

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the flow of economic exchange across three regions and markets.

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the Spanish government granted vast areas of conquered land in Spanish America, including entire villages of Indigenous people, to favored individuals, often conquistadors. these landowners were expected to educate the natives and instruct them in the roman catholic faith. The system was plagued by widespread abuse. instead of providing education, landlords frequently exploited the labor of the indigenous population, treating them as if they were enslaved.

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The exchange of food, plants, animals, diseases, wealth, and cultural practices between Europe and the Americas was initiated by Columbus and continued through the age of exploration and expansion.

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A religious reform movement during the 16th and 17th centuries aimed at purifying the church of England.

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An economic system based on the belief that the world's wealth is finite emphasizes the need for nations to export more than they import to maintain a steady influx of gold and silver into their treasuries. Mercantilists viewed this inflow of wealth as essential for strengthening national power and ensuring self-sufficiency. Colonies played a vital role in this system, providing parent nations with scarce raw materials and serving as markets for manufactured goods.

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The complete ownership and control of one individual by another.

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A state of human society characterized by advanced levels of culture, science, and governance.

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Colonies were established by the Puritans to fulfill religious purposes and create a society aligned with God's intentions.

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Colonies with a strong agricultural foundation served as crucial distribution hubs within the English Mercantile System due to their strategic locations.

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Colonies primarily centered around the cultivation of cash crops.

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A proclamation from the British government forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains and required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

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they rebelled against the british rule.

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They were the loyalist, loyal to British rule.

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A period from the early 1600s to the mid 1700s where British Parliamentary Laws were not enforced on the colonists

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Before the American constitution, this established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes

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Supporters of the new Constitution and a strong federal government. They fear a weak government. Generally very wealthy.

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Supporters of the Articles of Confederation, not the Constitution. They fear a tyrannical national government with too much power and strongly advocate for the Bill of Rights

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Table of Contents

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Anti-Federalists, in early U.S. history, a loose political coalition of popular politicians, such as Patrick Henry, who unsuccessfully opposed the strong central government envisioned in the U.S. Constitution of 1787 and whose agitations led to the addition of a Bill of Rights. The first in the long line of states' rights advocates, they feared the authority of a single national government, upper-class dominance, inadequate separation of powers, and loss of immediate control over local affairs. The Anti-Federalists were strong in the key states of Massachusetts, New York, and Virginia. In North Carolina and Rhode Island they prevented ratification of the Constitution until after the new government had been established. Stilling their opposition in order to support the first administration of U.S. Pres. George Washington, the Anti-Federalists in 1791 became the nucleus of the Jeffersonian Republican Party (subsequently Democratic-Republican, finally Democratic) as strict constructionists of the new Constitution and in opposition to a strong national fiscal policy.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Jeff Wallenfeldt.

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Anti-Federalists | History, Beliefs, & Facts

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Anti-Federalists, in early U.S. history, a loose political coalition of popular politicians, such as Patrick Henry, who unsuccessfully opposed the strong central government envisioned in the U.S. Constitution of 1787 and whose agitations led to the addition of a Bill of Rights.

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An eighteenth-century philosophical movement that began in Western Europe with roots in the Scientific Revolution

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Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the (British) Crown

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One of the biggest accomplishments of the Articles of Confederation. This established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union

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Near the end of the Revolutionary War, the Continental Army had not received pay for many years and threatened to abandon the fight if they were not compensated

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The decision was to have a bicameral legislature, one house based on population, and one house with an equal number of representatives for every state.

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Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person to apportion taxes and representation.

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A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to complete in a particular country's elections. It is common for party members to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specific ideological or policy goals.

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Marbury v. Madison was a landmark 1803 Supreme Court case that established the power of judicial review. This power allows the courts to declare laws passed by Congress unconstitutional if they violate the Constitution.

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Temperance began in the early 1800s as a movement to limit drinking in the United States. The movement combined a concern for general social ills with religious sentiment and practical health considerations in a way that was appealing to many middle-class reformers.

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The Abolitionist Movement was a social and political movement in the United States that sought to abolish the practice of slavery. Throughout its early history, the United States' economy relied heavily on the unpaid labor of enslaved Black people, particularly in the southern states.

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The women's rights movement of the 1960s and '70s was a social movement with the main goal of women's freedom (for this reason, it was also called the women's liberation movement) and equality. It upset long-established social norms and brought about groundbreaking changes in the American political and legal systems.

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The cotton gin is a machine that separates cotton seeds from cotton fiber. Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, it was an important invention because it dramatically reduced the amount of time it took to separate cotton seeds from cotton fiber.

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A steam engine is a machine that uses heat and steam pressure to create mechanical motion. The steam engine was the first machine capable of converting thermal energy to mechanical energy while being convenient and practical.

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system of manufacturing that began in the 18th century and is based on the concentration of industry into specialized—and often large—establishments. The system arose in the course of the Industrial Revolution.

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A canal is a human-made waterway that allows boats and ships to pass from one body of water to another. The Gowanus Canal was built in the mid-1800s and once served as a major commercial route to New York Harbor.

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The Monroe Doctrine is the best-known U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere. Buried in a routine annual message delivered to Congress by President James Monroe in December 1823, the doctrine warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs

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The United States is a representative democracy. This means that our government is elected by citizens. Here, citizens vote for their government officials. These officials represent the citizens' ideas and concerns in government.

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The Whigs emerged in the 1830s in opposition to U.S. president Andrew Jackson, pulling together former members of the National Republican Party, the Anti-Masonic Party, and disaffected Democrats.

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By the mid-nineteenth century, telegraphy had acquired its present definition as a device for converting messages into electric impulses that traveled instantaneously by wire to distant receivers, where they were converted back into readable text.

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Interchangeable parts is the idea that identical parts used for multiple goods make it possible for manufactured goods to be made quickly and replaced easily by unskilled workers facilitating mass production. Painting of Eli Whitney, 1919. Eli Whitney was born in 1765 in Massachusetts.

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During time the French and Napoleonic Wars, the British navy tripled in size, and seamen were needed to crew the ships—leading to impressment. Impressment—the practice of forcing seamen to serve the British Royal Navy—was a long-standing military tradition.

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Manifest Destiny was the belief that the U.S. was meant to expand across North America, from the east to the west. People thought it was their right to spread their way of life, even if it meant pushing Native Americans off their land.

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DALL·E 2025-03-11 13.45.53 - A painting representing Manifest Destiny, showing a personification of America as a woman draped in white robes, holding a light in one hand and stret

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The Compromise of 1850 was a deal between the North and South to keep the peace over slavery. It made California a free state, let some new territories decide on slavery themselves, and made a stricter law for catching escaped slaves.

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The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 allowed settlers in Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether to allow slavery, effectively overturning the Missouri Compromise. This led to violent conflicts known as “Bleeding Kansas” as pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions clashed over the territory’s future.

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Popular sovereignty is the principle that the authority of a government is created and sustained by the consent of its people through their elected representatives. It was a key idea in the Kansas-Nebraska Act, allowing settlers to decide whether to allow slavery in their territories.

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DALL·E 2025-03-11 14.06.40 - A historical illustration representing the concept of Popular Sovereignty. The image features a large gathering of settlers and citizens in the 19th c

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The Fugitive Slave Act was a law passed in 1850 that required the return of escaped enslaved people to their owners, even if they were found in free states. It increased tensions between the North and South by imposing heavy penalties on those who aided fugitives and denying accused runaways the right to a fair trial.

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Sectionalism is a strong loyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of a country, rather than to the country as a whole. It often leads to political, economic, and social divisions, sometimes resulting in conflict or even war. A notable example in U.S. history is the divide between the North and South before the Civil War.

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Secession is the act of formally withdrawing from a political union, alliance, or organization. In U.S. history, it most notably refers to the Southern states leaving the Union in 1860-1861, leading to the Civil War.

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The Union refers to the United States as a single, unified nation. During the Civil War (1861-1865), it specifically represented the Northern states that opposed the secession of the Southern states. The Union fought to preserve the country and end slavery.

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The Confederacy, officially known as the Confederate States of America (CSA), was a group of Southern states seceded from the United States between 1860 and 1861. They fought against the Union during the Civil War, primarily to maintain their system of slavery and states' rights. President Jefferson Davis led the Confederacy and was eventually defeated in 1865.

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The Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified on December 6, 1865, abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States, except as punishment for a crime. It was a landmark amendment that officially ended legal slavery in the country following the Civil War.

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The Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified on July 9, 1868, granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including formerly enslaved individuals. It was a key amendment during Reconstruction, aimed at ensuring civil rights for all.

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The Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified on February 3, 1870, granted African American men the right to vote by prohibiting the federal and state governments from denying suffrage based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

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DALL·E 2025-03-13 19.16.49 - A historical scene depicting African American men casting their votes for the first time after the ratification of the 15th Amendment in 1870. The set

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Capitalism is an economic system where private individuals or businesses own and control the means of production, such as factories, land, and resources, aiming to make a profit. It relies on free markets, competition, and minimal government interference.

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Cornelius Vanderbilt was a 19th-century American industrialist and business magnate who built a fortune in the shipping and railroad industries. He played a major role in expanding transportation networks and was known for his aggressive business tactics and wealth.

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Andrew Carnegie was a 19th-century American industrialist and philanthropist who led the expansion of the steel industry. He later donated much of his wealth to fund libraries, education, and scientific research.

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John D. Rockefeller was a 19th-century American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Standard Oil Company. He became one of the wealthiest men in history and played a major role in shaping the modern oil industry through business monopolies and aggressive strategies.

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John Pierpont Morgan (1837–1913) was a powerful American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during the Gilded Age. He helped restructure major industries like steel and railroads and was instrumental in the creation of General Electric and U.S. Steel. Morgan also played a critical role in stabilizing the American economy during financial crises.

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DALL·E 2025-03-24 13.32.13 - A realistic portrait of J.P. Morgan, the American financier and banker, dressed in a formal suit with a pocket watch and a stern expression, typical o

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The "Titans of Industry" were powerful business leaders in the late 19th and early 20th centuries who played a major role in shaping the American economy during the Industrial Revolution. These men, including John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, and Cornelius Vanderbilt, amassed great wealth and controlled key industries such as oil, steel, banking, and railroads. They were often praised for their innovations but criticized for monopolistic practices and exploitation of workers.

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DALL·E 2025-03-24 13.33.10 - A realistic historical painting depicting the Titans of Industry, including John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, and Cornelius Vanderbil

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"Robber Barons" was a term used during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to describe powerful industrialists and financiers who amassed enormous wealth through monopolistic practices, exploitation of workers, and unethical business tactics. While they contributed to America’s industrial growth, they were often criticized for using ruthless methods to eliminate competition and control industries. Key figures include John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, and Cornelius Vanderbilt.

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DALL·E 2025-03-24 13.34.10 - A realistic historical painting depicting the Robber Barons of the late 19th century, including John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, and

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Unions, or labor unions, are organizations formed by workers to protect their rights and interests. They negotiate with employers for better wages, working conditions, hours, and benefits. Unions played a critical role during the Industrial Revolution by advocating for labor reforms and challenging exploitative practices in factories and industries.

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DALL·E 2025-03-24 13.34.59 - A realistic historical painting depicting a group of workers from the late 19th century gathered in a meeting hall, discussing labor rights and union 

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Migration is the movement of people from one place to another, often across regions or countries, to settle temporarily or permanently. People migrate for various reasons, including economic opportunities, escaping conflict, seeking better living conditions, or environmental changes.

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DALL·E 2025-03-24 13.35.49 - A realistic historical painting depicting a group of migrants traveling on foot, carrying belongings, with determined expressions. The scene shows fam

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The Gilded Age (1870s–1900) was a period of rapid industrialization, economic growth, and technological advancement in the United States. The rise of powerful industrialists, extreme wealth, and significant social inequality marked it. While industries like steel, oil, and railroads thrived, many workers faced poor conditions and low wages. The era was characterized by political corruption and the influence of wealthy elites.

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DALL·E 2025-03-24 13.36.41 - A realistic historical painting depicting the Gilded Age in America (1870s–1900), showing a stark contrast between wealthy elites in opulent ballrooms

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Social Darwinism is a 19th-century ideology that applied Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection to human societies. It argued that competition, survival of the fittest, and individual success justified social inequality, economic disparity, and imperialism. Wealthy elites used Social Darwinism to justify their dominance, claiming that the poor were naturally inferior and unfit to succeed.

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DALL·E 2025-03-24 13.37.43 - A realistic historical painting depicting Social Darwinism in the late 19th century, showing wealthy elites in luxurious surroundings looking down upo

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The Gospel of Wealth was an idea promoted by Andrew Carnegie in the late 19th century. Carnegie advocated that the wealthy had a moral obligation to use their fortunes to benefit society. Carnegie believed that riches should be distributed responsibly to promote education, libraries, and public institutions rather than being hoarded or passed down through inheritance.

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DALL·E 2025-03-24 13.39.17 - A realistic historical painting depicting Andrew Carnegie promoting the Gospel of Wealth in the late 19th century. Carnegie is shown addressing a grou

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A form of investigative journalism in the early 20th century that exposed corruption, social injustices, and abuses in industries and politics. Muckrakers aimed to bring public awareness to these issues, leading to significant reforms.

Generating an AI image now.

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DALL·E 2025-03-24 13.47.51 - An early 20th-century newspaper office with investigative journalists at work. Reporters are typing on vintage typewriters, surrounded by stacks of pa

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Women's suffrage refers to women's right to vote in elections. It was a key goal of the women's rights movement, especially in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The fight for women's suffrage led to major social and political changes in many countries, with milestones like the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920, which granted American women the right to vote.

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Prohibition refers to the legal ban on producing, selling, and transporting alcoholic beverages. In U.S. history, it specifically refers to the period from 1920 to 1933, when the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and the Volstead Act enforced this ban.

The goal of Prohibition was to reduce crime and corruption, solve social problems, and improve health and hygiene. However, it also led to the rise of illegal activities like bootlegging and speakeasies, and powerful organized crime groups.

It ended in 1933 with the ratification of the 21st Amendment, which repealed the 18th.

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isolationism is a foreign policy approach where a country avoids involvement in international political and military affairs. The main idea is to focus on national interests and stay out of alliances, wars, or foreign conflicts.

In U.S. history, isolationism was especially strong after World War I, when many Americans wanted to avoid being drawn into another overseas war. This mindset influenced decisions like not joining the League of Nations.

It doesn't mean total disengagement—countries can still trade and communicate—but isolationist policies try to limit political and military ties with other nations.

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Imperialism is the policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means.

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Alfred Thayer Mahan was a U.S. naval officer and historian who argued that a strong navy was crucial to a nation's global power and influence.

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The Open Door Policy was a U.S. diplomatic policy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that aimed to ensure equal trading rights for all nations in China and to preserve China's territorial and administrative integrity.

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Militarism is the belief in building up strong armed forces and using military power to achieve national goals or protect interests.

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Nationalism is a political ideology that emphasizes the interests, culture, and identity of a particular nation, often promoting pride in one's country and the belief that it should be independent or sovereign.

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The League of Nations was an international organization established after World War I in 1920, aimed at promoting peace, cooperation, and resolving global conflicts through diplomacy rather than war. It was the precursor to the United Nations, but ultimately failed to prevent World War II due to its lack of enforcement power and the absence of key nations, like the United States.

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The Treaty of Versailles was the peace treaty signed in 1919 that officially ended World War I. It imposed heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany, redrew national boundaries in Europe, and established the League of Nations. The treaty is often criticized for its harsh terms, which contributed to economic hardship in Germany and set the stage for World War II.

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The Great Migration refers to the mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North and West between 1916 and 1970, seeking better economic opportunities, escaping racial discrimination, and looking for improved social conditions. This migration had a significant impact on the demographics, culture, and political landscape of the United States.

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The Zimmerman Telegram was a secret diplomatic communication sent by Germany to Mexico in 1917, proposing a military alliance against the United States in exchange for the return of territories like Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The British intercepted and decoded the message, and its revelation to the U.S. helped propel the United States into World War I.

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Buying stocks on margin refers to the practice of borrowing money from a broker to purchase stocks, using the stocks themselves as collateral. This allows investors to buy more shares than they could with their own money, but it also increases the potential for both higher gains and greater losses. This practice was one of the contributing factors to the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and the subsequent Great Depression.

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Tariffs are taxes or duties imposed by a government on imported goods or services. They are typically used to protect domestic industries, raise revenue, or influence trade relations between countries. Tariffs can make imported goods more expensive, encouraging consumers to buy locally produced items.

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Island Hopping was a military strategy used by the United States and its allies during World War II in the Pacific Theater. The strategy involved bypassing heavily fortified Japanese-held islands, capturing strategically important ones, and using them as bases to advance closer to Japan. This method aimed to cut off Japanese supply lines and weaken their defenses, eventually leading to the defeat of Japan.

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Created by President LBJ to improve the social welfare safety net in the USA.

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vastly more powerful than atomic bombs. capable of destroying entire cities and permanently irradiating countries.

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signifigantly more powerful than past weapons. frist used in hiroshima.

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belief that if one country becomes communist its neighbors would also become communists.

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military alliance between countries in eastern europe and the USSR

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succesor to the league of nations. exists to solve the worlds political problems.

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Created the World Bank and the IMF to solve the world’s economic problems.

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Supreme Court Case that ended the segregation of schools.

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Theory that if one country uses nuclear weapons other countries will use them as well effectively ending the world as we know it.

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Theory that communism must be prevented from spreading to other countries and that the USA must use military force to stop it if necessary.

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Named by Winston Churchill. This is the metaphorical demarcation between communism and democracy in Europe.

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Globally centered groups that try to solve world problems.

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The death and destruction of six million Jews and five million other people by the Nazis during WWII.

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Military alliance primarily between the USA and Western Europe.

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refers to the economic policies of President Ronald Reagan in the 1980s, emphasizing tax cuts, reduced government regulation, and a belief that stimulating economic growth among the wealthy would benefit the entire economy.

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an economic theory asserting that benefits provided to the wealthy and businesses will eventually "trickle down" to the rest of the population through job creation and economic growth.

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the general increase in the prices of goods and services over time, reducing the purchasing power of currency.

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the total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period, serving as a key indicator of economic performance.

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individuals or policies advocating for social and economic equality, government intervention in the economy, and progressive social values.

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actions by a central bank to control the money supply and interest rates, influencing economic activity by managing inflation, employment, and overall economic stability.