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A steam engine is a machine that converts the heat energy of steam into mechanical energy. A steam engine passes its steam into a cylinder, where it then pushes a piston back and forth. It is with this piston movement that the engine can do mechanical work.

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From the ninth to the early eleventh centuries, invasions of the Magyars from the east, Muslims from the south, and Vikings from the north struck western Europe. This unrest ultimately spurred greater unity in England and Germany, but in northern France centralized authority broke down and the region split into smaller and smaller political units.

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Kazakhstan is at a political and economic crossroads. The country saw impressive growth from 2000 to 2015 due to high oil prices, but it failed to diversify the economy away from extracting and exporting raw materials.

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Horses & the Persian Empire’s Royal Road - 484-425 BCE

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Horses & the Persian Empire’s Royal Road - 484-425 BCE

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By the time of Herodotus circa 484-425 BCE the Persian Royal Road ran some 2,857 km from the city of Susa on the lower Tigris to the port of Smyrna modern Izmir in Turkey on the Aegean Sea.

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Chinese Inventions: Saddle & Stirrup - First few centuries C.E. 

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Chinese Inventions: Saddle & Stirrup - First few centuries C.E. 

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The use of paired stirrups is credited to the Chinese Jin Dynasty and came to Europe during the Middle Ages.

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It was at first referred to by the Native American Indians as the “Big Dog” or “God Dog”. The horse and rider team were seen as a godlike being.

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Middle Eastern Chariots - 1700 BCE to 500 BCE 

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Middle Eastern Chariots - 1700 BCE to 500 BCE 

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The chariot was a light vehicle, usually on two wheels, drawn by one or more horses, often carrying two standing persons, a driver and a fighter using bow-and-arrow or javelins.

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Horses Cross the Bering Land Bridge - about 1929

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Horses Cross the Bering Land Bridge - about 1929

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Horses and other large mammals who lived on Alaska’s massive northern slope during the last ice age relied on the land bridge across what is now the Bering Strait to cope with the rapid climate changes that characterized the period.

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The Lascaux Cave Paintings -  about 1940

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The Lascaux Cave Paintings -  about 1940

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Lascaux is famous for its Palaeolithic cave paintings, found in a complex of caves in the Dordogne region of southwestern France.

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The Hyracotherium horse was founded right around western europe and in the America´s. Hundreds of specimens

The first Hyracotherium remains were discovered in England and described by Richard Owen, one of the most important palaeontologists of the day.