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The largest Penguin is the Emperor. It grows to 110 cm to 130cm.
The Little Penguin grows to 30 to 33cm.
The Galápagos penguin grows to around 49cm

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Penguins in Antarctica have no land based predators. The dangers they face are in the ocean; sharks, whales and other large fish.

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Penguins spend several hours a day caring for their feathers. Feathers do not stay water proof unless penguins spread oil on them. Oil comes from a gland near their tail feathers

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Penguins nest in areas called rookeries

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Penguins find all their food in the sea. They eat mostly fish and squid but also eat crabs, shrimp and krill

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All except 2 species of penguins live in large colonies of up to 1000 birds

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Penguins swallow pebbles and stones as well as their food. Scientists think the stones may help grind up and digest their food.
Also my add weight to help penguins dive deeper.

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They aren't used to danger on solid land they are not particularly afraid of human tourists.

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Most scientists agree there are 17 species of penguins.
Of these 17, 13 are either threatened or endangered, with some on the brink of extinction.
Common threats to Penguin survival are pollution, loss of habitat to humans, commercial fishing, oil dumping, algae blooms and global warming.

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The first person who wrote about penguins called them "strange geese".
Other explorers called them ducks.

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Most sea mammals reply on blubber, a layer of fat, to stay warm.
Penguins survive because their feathers trap a layer of warm air next to the skin, like insulation.

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The Galapagos Penguin is the only species that ventures north of the equator

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Penguins have excellent hearing and rely on distinct calls to identify their mates when returning to the crowded breeding grounds.

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Fossils place the earliest Penguin on earth about 60 million years ago

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If a female emperor Penguin's baby dies she will often "kidnap" an unrelated chick.

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Most birds lose their feathers a few at a time but penguins lose them all in around 3 weeks in what is called a catastrophic moult.

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Penguins ingest a lot of seawater while swimming but a special gland behind their eyes filters the saltwater from their bloodstream.

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The fastest species of Penguin is the Gentoo, which can swim up to 35km an hour.

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Many penguins species mate with the same Penguin for season after season.

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Penguins' striking colouring is a matter of camouflage.
In the water:
the black plumage on their backs is hard to see from above and the white looks like the sun reflecting off the surface of the water.

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The Emperor Penguin lives up to 20 years.
The Little Oenguin lives about 6 years

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They spend approximately half their time on land and half in the water.

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They are flightless birds. Other birds have wings but penguins have adapted flippers to help them swim.

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Penguins live in the Southern Hemisphere