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A reference in literature to previous literature, history, mythology, current events, or the Bible. For example, in H. E. Hinton's The Outsiders, "Stay gold, Ponyboy" alludes to Robert Frost's "Nothing Gold Can Stay."
Try to think of an example in a book you've read!

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Direct or explicit comparison between two usually unrelated things using "like" or "as."
"John swims like a fish"

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A true rhyme should consist of identical sounding syllables, preceded by different consonants. "Fun" and "run" are true rhymes.

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Repetition in reverse order.
"Beauty is truth, truth beauty"

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An implied comparison between two usually unrelated things indicating a likeness or analogy. Does not use "like" or "as"
"Her tears were a river flowing down her cheeks"

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Repetition of the initial letter or sound in two or more words in a line of verse.
"Baked biscuit"

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Associations a word calls to mind beyond its basic definition.
"She's feeling blue."

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The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects, ideas, or animals.
"Her heart cried out."

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The use of a word to represent or imitate natural sounds
"buzz" "crunch"

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The technique of mentioning a part of something to represent a whole.
"All hands on deck!"

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Similarity or repetition of a vowel sound.
"Lake" and "stake" are rhymes, while "lake" and "fate" are assonance.

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The substitution of a word naming an object for another word closely associated with it.
"The White House has decided."

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The repetition of consonant sounds within a line of verse. Consonance is similar to alliteration, but the repeated sound doesn't have to be the initial letter.
"But such a tide as moving seems asleep." (s sound)

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A word or image that signifies something other than what it literally represents. For example, the cross is a symbol of Christianity.

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An exaggeration for the sake of emphasis and not meant to be taken literally.
"sweat to death"

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Consists of saying less than one means.
"It is only a small scratch."

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A balancing or contrasting of one term against another.
"To err is human, to forgive divine."

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Addressing an absent person, an abstract idea, or an inanimate object. Poets may apostrophe a beloved person, God, or any other entity that can't respond in reality.
"O happy dagger, / This is thy sheath."

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A seemingly self-contradictory phrase or concept that illuminates a truth.
(Speaking about God) "Your force to break, blow, burn, and make me new." - John Donne

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Two contradictory words placed together.
"bittersweet" "wise fool" "living death"