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a) Increasing greenhouse gas emissions has caused worldwide climate temperatures to increase as well. Should the rise in temperature continue and reach 3.7 degrees celsius, food production would be jeopardised.

b) If temperatures continue to increase, up to 1/3 of world crop production will be at risk, particularly affecting areas with warmer climates such as southeast asia and regions in africa.

c) Educating the public on reducing food and water waste, as well as how to lead lifestyles that have a lower carbon footprint such as by using less energy.

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1. Increase in temperature and rainfall alters drastically

2. Impacts: about 95% of current crop production takes place in areas they define as “safe climatic space”, or conditions where temperature, rainfall and aridity fall within certain bounds. Under 1.5C to 2C of warming, the boreal forests of northern America, Russia and Europe would shrink from their current 7m sq miles to about 6m sq miles by 2100. In a high emissions scenario, only 3m sq miles would remain, the researchers forecast.

3. - government can provide more water when there is a drought.
- Greenhouses can be built

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1) rising greenhouse gases leading to rise in temperature
2)livestock farming would be affected and the risk to crop productions would also be affected. many areas are likely to suffer large increase in water scarcity. there also isn’t enough space for food production to move.
3) install technology machinaries to help, for example vertical farming which is used in singapore . and empower people in danger zones . you can also fine them for the greenhouse emission e.g by tax

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1.)greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, temperatures increase and rainfall patterns alter drastically

2.)-rising temperatures could increase food production in some areas that are currently less productive,such as the Nordic region

-many areas were likely to suffer large increases in water scarcity ,

-safe area would shrink drastically, mostly affecting south and south-eastern Asia and Africa’s Sudano-Sahelian zone

3.) supply water to areas that are suffering from water scarcity, use technology to create spaces that are able to increase food production? impose laws to control the greenhouse gas levels

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1) climate change, greenhouse gases increase, temperatures increases, cold climate crops like (strawberries 🍓) crop yield decreases. Livestock farming affected, increases in water scarcity.

2) Under 1.5C to 2C of warming, the boreal forests of northern America, Russia and Europe would shrink from their current 7m sq miles to about 6m sq miles by 2100. In a high emissions scenario, only 3m sq miles would remain, the researchers forecast. could increase food production in some areas that are currently less productive, such as the Nordic regions. Food production decreases.  “A third of global food production will be at risk as the climate safe space is quite narrow. 5%–8% of global food production would be at risk.

3)empower people and societies in the danger zones, to reduce the impact and increase their resilience and adaptive capacity.”

Ask people save water
Laws

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(a)

A increase in greenhouse gas emissions leads to a rise in temperatures and rainfall patterns altering. This can cause an increase in food production in Nordic regions, while food production has also slowed down due to more area being converted into deserts, shrinking the amount of space for crop production.

(b)

Water scarcity increases in certain areas, lack of food causes an increase in prices for food. But also food production can increase in areas where it is currently slow like the Nordic regions

(c)

Decreasing the amount of emissions to prevent more greenhouse gases from being emitted and empower people and societies in danger zones to increase their resilience and adaptive capacity.

Generally i would also suggest DCs to participate in vertical farming so they’re less reliant on LDCs for food production especially in times where food production is slowing down.

Implementing laws, fines or increasing the carbon tax for countries, also more investment into green technology

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1)Rising global temperatures due to greenhouse gas emissions, which greatly alters the amount of space that has the optimum conditions to cultivate crops

2)-A third of global food production will be at risk
-4m sq km more of desert
-Increase in water scarcity

3)-Limiting temperature rises by meeting the goals of the paris agreement.

-Empower people in the danger zones to reduce the impact and increase their resilience and adaptive capacity.

-More usage of technology such as greenhouses to facilitate a more optimum temperature ?

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1. increase in global temperature due to rising greenhouse gase emissions
2.  less productive Nordic regions starts increasing food production, livestock farming affected and risks to crop production, water become more scarce
3. -tax people on the greenhouse gas emitted because like that they can reduce their amount of greenhouse gas produced
-can start using technology to produce such as vertical farming or even use a cell to make meat/ milk in a lab. this reduces greenhouse gases emitted and the scene will be less bloody as no animals are harm in the process and the meat produced from lab is free from any bacterial and viruses

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1) What causes have been cited for the declining food production?
2) What are the likely impacts to the food production sector?
3) What could be done to manage these impacts? The article has mentioned a few. You could also add on to your own ideas.

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Third of global food production at risk from climate crisis

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Food-growing areas will see drastic changes to rainfall and temperatures if global heating continues at current rate

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•Some examples of agribusinesses include farm machinery producers such as Deere & Company, seed
•Agribusiness is a business or industry involved in food production

•Usually refers to large-scale farming and business activities such as commercial farming, processing, packaging, distributing & retailing

•Places importance on scientific and business principles in farming, such as by investing in the research & development of food crops.

•Larger companies-> able to withstand the impact of changes in environment(eg. damage to crops caused by pests or flooding)

•Larger Companies-> greater financial capacity to absorb losses, and can invest on food production(including research into producing crops with greater crop yield)

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Irrigation
- method of supplying water to the land other than by natural means, like rain to help crops grow.
- increased amt of arable land worldwide as they supply water to areas that used to be too dry for farming
Case study : Great Man-made River (North African country of Libya)
- irrigation has made it possible to grow crops in the Sahara Desert
- The presence of underground pipes, canals, wells, reservoirs and tunnels draws water from underground aquifers
- The water will be then channeled to coastal cities of Libya for industrial, domestic and agricultural use.

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High yielding varieties
- improved strains of crops such as rice, wheat, and other cereals that have an increased growth rate
-developed through cross-breeding selected varieties which are found to exhibit favourable traits
Advantage :
- including increased resistance to pests and diseases or ability to grow within a shorter growing season so there can be more harvest
Disadvantage :
- require more water and nutrients to sustain growth
For example :
‘Wonder Rice’ has a growing season of 100 days which is 20 days shorter compared to non-high yielding varieties.
IR8, a variety of HYV rice was promoted throughout Asia after the success of its use in India, which had saved India from famine in the 1960s. this enabled farmers to produce twice as much grains as compared to traditional varieties. By 1990, 70% of rice and wheat grown in India was HYVs.

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farmers use more advanced machinery -> dont have to perfom tasks manually -> speed up processes (preparing land, tending and harvesting crops)-> increase productivity

e.g: combine harvester, machine that harvests grain crops, reduce reliance on human labour

trench-digging for waterpipe of the Great Man-made River in Libye

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Purpose of farming:

Subsistence: crops produced feeds farmer and their family

small land (1-3 hectares)

Labour provided by family

Use simple farming tools and seeds from previous harvests

Low crop yield

Eg: sub saharan Africa (growing staple food such as corn)

Commercial: crops produced for sale ( cash crops )

large land (>30 hectares)

labour hired (workers)

Use machinery such as tractors and combine harvesters

High crop yield

Eg: EU, NA, SA, Aus, Asia ( lifestock, wheat, corn, etc)

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Use of fertilisers and pesticides
1. Fertiliser ( substances added to the soil to provide nutrients for healthy plant growth )
-applied to the farm because nutrients in the soil will be depleted gradually *esp after the continuous use of farmland
- often the farm is not given the chance to fallow (left for a period of time to restore its fertility)
- small amount of nutrients -> smaller crop yield
- adding fertilisers increase crop yield
- HYVs (highyeilding varieties) require more fertilisers compared to non-HYVs crops

2. Pesticides  ( chemical substances used to kill insects and small animals that destroy crops)
- herbicides -> kill weeds and other undesirable plants that compete with the crops for resources

E.g. The pesticides Malathion was used widely in 1980s to address a fruit fly problem in fruit orchards in California, USA.
Necessary to use to fight the high level of pest damage that frequently occurs when only a single crop covers a wide area. With the removal of pests, the crops is protected which in turn increases crop yield

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ASEAN - The association of South Asian Nations is an organization of 10 southeast Asian countries.
In October 2011, ASEAN signed an agreement with China, Japan and South Korea to ensure food security for its members. The ASEAN Plus Three emergency rice reserve (APTERR) agreement is a commitment form big rice producers to supply rice for a reserve. During times of disasters, this reserve will be used to provide rice to countries that have signed the agreement. China agreed to contribute 300000 tonnes of rice, while Thailand agreed to contribute 15000 tonnes. In addition to rice, countries contributed financially in order to fund the operation. For example, Singapore contributed US$107,500.

During 2012, Thailand started a programme for other ASEAN nations to intensify rice production in the region. As leading rice producer in the region, Thailand has agreed to work with neighboring countries such as Cambodia, to increase their efficiency in rice production.

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Demand and supply
- demand ​refers to people’s willingness and ability to obtain a particular food crop or product.
- demand for certain food types affects their intensity of food production
- directly affects how much supply
producers will create.
- demand for food changes according to the tastes and preferences of the consumer.
- China used to be a producer and exporter of corn, however in recent years more corn has been used to feed the livestock
as a result of the increased demand for meat.
- results in a heightened demand for corn in China and hence the USA directly increased its production of corn for
export to China.

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1. Climate

Optimal temperature and Rainfall to produce larger crop yields for efficient growth

Different Crops have variable optimal temperatures and rainfall needed for growth of crops

Greenhouses may be used to stimulate these optimal conditions needed for crops so as to provide food production throughout the year instead of waiting for optimal conditions in the 4 seasons.

Having favourable environments for cattle and poultry due to their vulnerability to diseases and infections, or being stressed due to unfavourable temperatures.

Seen in the Netherlands, USA, Canada

2. Soils and Drainage

1. Soils are made up of rocks, mineral sand organic matter

Fertility of soil depends on minerals, air, water and nutrients present in the soil.

1. Fertile soil is soil rich in minerals, needed for plant growth
These minerals are:

Nitrogen

Phosphorous

Potassium

1. Fertile soils can be found in a variety of places,

Floodplains of river

Deltas at river mouths

Close proximity to volcanoes

1. In fertile soil, crop yield is much higher.
Example of fertile soil: Mekong Delta in Vietnam, having a high yield of rice due to high water supply and flat land.

Soil drainage is the ability for the soil to drain off water.

2. Depending on the crop, more or less soil drainage is needed.

3. For example, oats need drier soil, while rice needs soil with high water retention.

3. Relief

Definition of relief: the slope and altitude of a land surface

Slopes can be modified to create flat land for farming through methods such as terracing, which involves cutting into a hillside to create flat land for cultivation.

It allows previously unsuitable slopes to be used for farming

Steeper relief results in more topsoil(layer of soil rich in minerals) being removed by rain

Temperature changes with altitude; higher altitude = lower temperature.

Cooler temperatures of mountainous areas more suitable for growing certain crops, eg. Strawberries