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EngVid

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Learn English Grammar: The 4 Conditionals

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Do conditionals in English drive you crazy? They're so easy to get mixed up! There are four conditionals in English grammar, numbered zero through three. So in this lesson I'll give you an overview of all four, with examples of each.

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BE TO DO SOMETHING (phrase) definition and synonyms | Macmillan Dictionary

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Definition of BE TO DO SOMETHING (phrase): used for telling someone what to do; used for saying what has been arranged; used for expressing what ...

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Look at these examples to see how third and mixed conditionals are used.

We would have walked to the top of the mountain if the weather hadn't been so bad.
If we'd moved to Scotland when I was a child, I would have a Scottish accent now.
If she was really my friend, she wouldn't have lied to me.

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

Read the explanation to learn more.

Grammar explanation

Do you know how to use third and mixed conditionals?

Third conditionals and mixed conditionals

Conditionals describe the result of a certain condition. The if clause tells you the condition ( If I hadn't been ill) and the main clause tells you the result ( I would have gone to the party). The order of the clauses does not change the meaning.

If I hadn't been ill, I would have gone to the party.
I would have gone to the party if I hadn't been ill.

Conditional sentences are often divided into different types.

Third conditional

The third conditional is used to imagine a different past. We imagine a change in a past situation and the different result of that change.

If I had understood the instructions properly, I would have passed the exam.
We wouldn't have got lost if my phone hadn't run out of battery.

In third conditional sentences, the structure is usually: If + past perfect >> would have + past participle.

Mixed conditionals

We can use mixed conditionals when we imagine a past change with a result in the present or a present change with a result in the past.

1. Past/Present

Here's a sentence imagining how a change in a past situation would have a result in the present.

If I hadn't got the job in Tokyo, I wouldn't be with my current partner.

So the structure is: If + past perfect >> would + infinitive.

2. Present/Past

Here's a sentence imagining how a different situation in the present would mean that the past was different as well.

It's really important. If it wasn't, I wouldn't have called you on your holiday.

And the structure is: If + past simple >> would have + past participle.

Do this exercise to test your grammar again.

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Look at these examples to see how third and mixed conditionals are used. We would have walked to the top of the mountain if the weather hadn't been so bad. If we'd moved to Scotland when I was a child, I would have a Scottish accent now.

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Should you (Should with inversion)

In formal situations, we can use should + subject (s) + verb (v) instead of if:

Should you wish to cancel your order, please contact our customer service department on 02317 6658932. (or If you should wish to cancel your order …)

Should your child become anxious or nervous about any activity, it is a good idea to inform the team-leader. (or If your child should become …)

Had you (Had with inversion)

In formal situations, we can use had + subject + verb instead of if in third conditional sentences:

Had I known you were waiting outside, I would have invited you to come in. (If I had known you were waiting outside …)

Had Margaret realised she would be travelling alone, she would never have agreed to go.

Were I you,  I would definitely accept that job!

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1 CERTAINTY

We use must when we are sure it is true.

2 UNCERTAINTY AND POSSIBILITY

We use the modal verbs might, may and could + an infinitive form without to when we think it is possible that something is true.

If you are talking about possibility in the past you need the modal + have + past participle.

3 IMPOSSIBILITY

We use can’t when we are sure it isn’t true.

https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/grammar/intermediate-grammar/modals-deduction

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https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/english-grammar-reference/comparative-and-superlative-adjectives

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Look at these examples to see how wish and if only are used.

That guy is so annoying! I wish he'd stop talking.
I wish I lived closer to my family.
If only I hadn't lost her phone number. She must think I'm so rude for not calling her.
I wish they wouldn't park their car in front of my house.

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

Read the explanation to learn more.

Grammar explanation

We use wish and if only to talk about things that we would like to be different in either the present or the past. If only is usually a bit stronger than wish.

In the present

We can use wish/if only + a past form to talk about a present situation we would like to be different.

I wish you didn't live so far away.
If only we knew what to do.
He wishes he could afford a holiday.

In the past

We can use wish/if only + a past perfect form to talk about something we would like to change about the past.

They wish they hadn't eaten so much chocolate. They're feeling very sick now.
If only I'd studied harder when I was at school.

Expressing annoyance

We can use wish + would(n't) to show that we are annoyed with what someone or something does or doesn't do. We often feel that they are unlikely or unwilling to change.

I wish you wouldn't borrow my clothes without asking.
I wish it would rain. The garden really needs some water.
She wishes he'd work less. They never spend any time together.

Do this exercise to test your grammar again.

Language level

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Look at these examples to see how wish and if only are used. That guy is so annoying! I wish he'd stop talking. I wish I lived closer to my family. If only I hadn't lost her phone number. She must think I'm so rude for not calling her.

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Dan
I wish I wish I wish I wish I wish... Oh! It only works if you know the grammar rules! I completely forgot. So here is the complete 'wish'. Wish has five uses in English and today we're going to cover them all. Are you ready? Go!

1. Wish for present or past that isn't real.

This is the most common form of wish. It's when we wish for a situation in the present or past to change, but we know that it can't change because it's impossible.

'I wish I were taller.' (because I am not tall) Or: ' I wish I had eaten ice-cream for breakfast this morning.' (because I didn't eat ice cream for breakfast this morning).

I wish I were taller is an example of a present wish. It is 'wish' plus the past simple. We often use 'were' instead of 'was' for all pronouns because of the subjunctive. I could also say:

'I wish I knew how to speak Chinese.' (because I don't know how to speak Chinese.)

I wish I had eaten ice-cream for breakfast this morning is an example of a past wish. This morning is a past time; we make a past wish. 'Wish' is followed by the past perfect, which is had plus the past participle. That indicates true past time. Did you get it?

2. Wish for an irritation that can change.

Another common form of wish is to use 'wish' plus would plus the bare infinitive. And this is often in regards to other people and our irritation. For example:
'I wish you would make the bed!'
This is a present wish, but unlike the wishes I discussed before, this wish means 'I believe you can change and something can be done'. Compare:

'I wish you would make the bed,' means ' I think you can, but you don't, so please do.'
'I wish you made the bed' means ' you don't and I don't think you ever will so... '

It is extremely uncommon to use a first person 'I' in this form of wish. This is because we have control over our own actions, so to say:

'I wish I would stop talking,' means I want to stop talking, and I believe I can stop talking, so why don't I?'

However, in terms of an illness or an addiction, this form is fine. When I say ' I wish I would stop smoking' it means 'I don't want to smoke anymore, but I can't stop because I'm addicted.' Someone give me a cigarette! Did you get it?

3. Wish to want

Wish followed by the full infinitive is a formal way of saying want. It's not very common, and only used in special circumstances, for example, when you want to make a polite formal complaint. For example: 'I wish to see the manager. '

We can also use wish followed by 'for' to attach an object that you want. And this is most often used in the circumstances of magic. For example: 'I wish for a pizza.' Got it?
4. Wish to send 'good vibrations'.
We can use the verb wish followed by two objects, the first of which is most often a pronoun, to send 'good vibrations' to somebody. This is more common than hope and it is used in fixed phrases such as:

'I wish you luck for your exam tomorrow.' or 'We wish you a merry Christmas.' Got it?

5. Wish for the future.
'I hope you will pass your exam.'
This is a trick, because apart from sending good vibrations, as mentioned before, we cannot use the verb 'wish' in this way. We need another verb, and the verb is 'hope'. And this is usually followed by 'will' plus the infinitive. So, for example:

Got it? Did you get it? Of course you got it! Now for more information please log on to bbclearningenglish.com. I've been Dan, you've been fantastic. I hope to see you next time, ok? Now. I wish I wish I wish I wish I wish... it works! Hahahaha!

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BBC Learning English - Course: Towards Advanced / Unit 23 / Session 1 / Activity 1

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Dan I wish I wish I wish I wish I wish... Oh! It only works if you know the grammar rules! I completely forgot. So here is the complete 'wish'. Wish has five uses in English and today we're going to cover them all. Are you ready? Go! 1.

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Present perfect and present perfect continuous

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Present perfect and present perfect continuous

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Present perfect and present perfect continuous

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Present perfect and present perfect continuous

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Present Perfect Simple vs Continuous - The Difference between these Two Tenses (+ FREE PDF)

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This powerpoint presentation can be used to introduce the Reported Speech. It only foccusses on the affirmative form. Exercises are included.

1. 1. REPORTED SPEECH Reporting affirmative statements

2. 2. REPORTED SPEECH <ul><li>What is it ? How do you use it? </li></ul>It is the grammar we use if we want to tell another person about a conversation that took place in the past (e.g telephone call, news or story that someone told us etc.) Where's Tom? He said he was feeling ill .

3. 3. Mrs Brown said that her favourite film was on TV that night . She said that she loved comedies. My favourite film is on TV tonight. I love comedies. Look at the example.

4. 4. What has changed? <ul><li>Pronoun: My her </li></ul><ul><li>I she </li></ul><ul><li>Tense: am was </li></ul><ul><li>love loved </li></ul><ul><li>Time words: tonight that night </li></ul>becomes becomes becomes

5. 5. In the Reported Speech we preferably use the past tense. <ul><li>am /is was </li></ul><ul><li>are were </li></ul><ul><li>has / have had </li></ul><ul><li>see saw </li></ul><ul><li>can('t) could(n't) </li></ul><ul><li>will/won't would(n't) </li></ul>becomes becomes becomes becomes becomes becomes

6. 6. Changes in verb tenses <ul><li>do did </li></ul><ul><li>(Present Simple) (Past Simple) </li></ul><ul><li>am /is doing was doing </li></ul><ul><li>(Present Continuous) (Past Continuous) </li></ul><ul><li>are doing were doing </li></ul><ul><li>(Present Continuous) (Past Continuous) </li></ul><ul><li>has / have done had done </li></ul><ul><li>(Present Perfect) (Past Perfect) </li></ul>becomes becomes becomes becomes

7. 7. If we want to report a sentence that is already in the Past Tense, we normally use the Past Perfect. <ul><li>He said he had seen the film the week before. </li></ul>I saw the film last week.

8. 8. Changes the day before yesterday the week before last week the next day tomorrow those these that week this week that this that day today there here then now Place Time

9. 9. EXERCISES. <ul><li>A comedy show called "Don't look now!" has just closed after five years at a theatre in London's West End. This is what the critics said when it opened five years ago. </li></ul>

10. 10. Exercises <ul><li>' It's a marvellous show.' The Daily Mail </li></ul><ul><li>The Daily Mail said... </li></ul><ul><li>... it was a marvelous show. </li></ul><ul><li>' You'll love it' The Guardian </li></ul><ul><li>The Guardian said people would love it. </li></ul>

11. 11. Exercises <ul><li>' The production is brilliant' The Times </li></ul><ul><li>The Times said the production was brilliant. </li></ul><ul><li>' It's the funniest show I've ever seen' Joan Proctor </li></ul><ul><li>Joan Proctor said it was the funniest show she had ever seen. </li></ul>

12. 12. Exercises <ul><li>' It made me laugh' Ben Walsh </li></ul><ul><li>Ben Walsh said it had made him laugh. </li></ul><ul><li>' You shouldn't miss it' Time Out </li></ul><ul><li>Time Out said people shouldn't miss it. </li></ul>

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This powerpoint presentation can be used to introduce the Reported Speech. It only foccusses on the affirmative form. Exercises are included. 1. REPORTED SPEECH Reporting affirmative statements 2. REPORTED SPEECH What is it ? How do you use it?

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http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/speech/

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https://youtu.be/j8jQpLf1WkY

https://youtu.be/ELfjg5n4xHE
https://youtu.be/kZ3rHYcWFlA

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Look at these examples to see how , can't, , mustn't, have to and don't have to are used.

You can put your shoes and coat over there.
You can't leave your bike there.
I must call the electrician and get that light fixed.
You mustn't worry about me. I'll be fine.
You have to have a licence to drive a car.
You don't have to have a licence to cycle on the roads.

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

Grammar test 1

Modals - permission and obligation: Grammar test 1

Read the explanation to learn more.

Grammar explanation

We often use verbs with modal meanings to talk about permission and obligation.

Permission

We often use can to ask for and give permission.

We also use could to ask for permission (but not to give it). Could is more formal and polite than can.

May is the most formal way to ask for and give permission.

Prohibition

We use can't and mustn't to show that something is prohibited - it is not allowed.

We use can't to talk about something that is against the rules, particularly when we didn't make the rules.

We use must not to talk about what is not permitted. It is common on public signs and notices informing people of rules and laws.

We use mustn't particularly when the prohibition comes from the speaker.

(Parent to child) You mustn't say things like that to your sister.
(Teacher to student) You mustn't be late to class.
I mustn't let that happen again.

Obligation

We use have to and must to express obligation. There is a slight difference between the way we use them.

Have to shows us that the obligation comes from outside the speaker.

We have to wear a uniform when we're working in reception.
(Student to teacher) When do we have to hand in our homework?
Al has to work tomorrow so he can't come.

We sometimes call this 'external obligation'.

Must expresses a strong obligation or necessity. It often shows us that the obligation comes from the speaker (or the authority that wrote the sentence).

I must phone my dad. It's his birthday today.
(Teacher to student) You must hand in your homework on Tuesday or you will lose ten per cent of your mark.
(Sign on a plane) Seat belts must be worn by all passengers.

Note that we don't use must to express obligation in the past. We use have to instead.

I had to pay £85 to renew my passport last week.

No obligation

don't have to

We use don't have to to show that there is no obligation. You can do something if you want to but it's not compulsory.

Do this exercise to test your grammar again.

Grammar test 2

Modals - permission and obligation: Grammar test 2

Language level

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Look at these examples to see how , can't, , mustn't, have to and don't have to are used. You can put your shoes and coat over there. You can't leave your bike there. I must call the electrician and get that light fixed. You mustn't worry about me.

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18 NOUNS which are the SAME in the SINGULAR & PLURAL

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Learn English with James - Black Tie English

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18 NOUNS in English which are the SAME in the SINGULAR & PLURAL

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8 common mistakes

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Learn English with James - Black Tie English

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8 Extremely Common Mistakes that English Learners Make

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http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/past-perfect-tense/

Past Perfect Continuous
https://www.ef.com/wwen/english-resources/english-grammar/past-perfect-continuous/

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Look at these examples to see how the passive voice is used.

A lot of olive oil is produced in Italy.
This book was written by Angela Davis.
The suspect will be released tomorrow.
This product has not been tested on animals.

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

Read the explanation to learn more.

Grammar explanation

We use the passive voice to change the focus of the sentence.

My bike was stolen. (passive - focus on my bike)
Someone stole my bike. (active - focus on someone)

We often use the passive:

when we prefer not to mention who or what does the action (for example, it's not known, it's obvious or we don't want to say)

so that we can start a sentence with the most important or most logical information

in more formal or scientific writing.

How we make the passive

We make the passive using the verb be + past participle. We start the sentence with the object.

It is not always necessary to add who or what did the action.

Only the form of be changes to make the tense. The past participle stays the same. Here are examples of the passive in its most common tenses.

Do this exercise to test your grammar again.

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Look at these examples to see how the passive voice is used. A lot of olive oil is produced in Italy. This book was written by Angela Davis. The suspect will be released tomorrow. This product has not been tested on animals. Try this exercise to test your grammar.

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Transitive verbs have both active and passive forms:

Passive forms are made up of with a past participle:

If we want to show the person or thing doing the action, we use by:

She was attacked by a dangerous dog.
The money was stolenby her husband.

Active and passive voice 1

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Active and passive voice 2

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Active and passive voice 3

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Level: intermediate
The passive infinitive is made up of to be with a past participle:

The doors are going to be locked at ten o'clock.
You shouldn't have done that. You oughtto be punished.

We sometimes use the verb get with a past participle to form the passive:

Be careful with that glass. It might get broken.
Petergot hurt in a crash.

We can use the indirect object as the subject of a passive verb:

We can use phrasal verbs in the passive:

Active and passive voice 4

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Active and passive voice 5

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Level: advanced
Some verbs which are very frequently used in the passive are followed by the :

John has been asked to make a speech at the meeting.
Youare supposed to wear a uniform.
The meetingis scheduled to start at seven.

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Transitive verbs have both active and passive forms: Passive forms are made up of with a past participle : If we want to show the person or thing doing the action, we use by : She was attacked by a dangerous dog. The money was stolenby her husband.

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Grammar: Reported Speech / Indirect Speech

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Billy TOLD ME that you wanted to learn this, so I responded with this grammar video! Learn the proper use of reported speech (also called indirect speech), and start using great verbs such as informed, replied and persuaded. Pay attention, because there are some complex grammar rules here!