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principle under which all persons, institutions, and entities are accountable to laws.
This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the land.

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establishes that the Constitution, federal laws made pursuant to it, and treaties made under its authority, constitute the "supreme Law of the Land"
no citizen may sell blue soda pop anywhere in the state." The federal government, however, has established the "Anti-Blue Sales Discrimination Act," prohibiting actions that discriminate against the color of goods sold.

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a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment to a court and request that the court order the custodian of the person, usually a prison official, to bring the prisoner to court, to determine whether the detention is lawful
An example of habeas corpus is if you file a petition with the court because you want to be brought before a judge where reasons for your arrest and detention must be shown.

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requires that all decisions, public records, and rulings from one state be honored in all the other U.S. states.
I'm involved in a car accident in New Mexico. As a result, a New Mexico court grants me $1,000 in damages.

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specifically granted to the federal government in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution. This includes the power to coin money, to regulate commerce, to declare war, to raise and maintain armed forces, and to establish a Post Office.

tax and spend for the defense and general welfare of the U.S.

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powers authorized by the Constitution that, while not stated, seem implied by powers that are expressly stated.
U.S. government created the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) using their power to collect taxes.

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hey are not listed specifically, but are guaranteed by the Tenth Amendment: "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, not prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."
issue drivers' licenses

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powers of a federal state that are shared by both the federal government and each constituent political unit, such as a state or province.
the power to tax, spend, and borrow money. State governments operate their own judicial systems, charter corporations, provide public education, and regulate property rights.

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If a federal official commits a crime or otherwise acts improperly, the House of Representatives may impeach—formally charge—that official.
Treason, Bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors

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motion or process in parliamentary procedure aimed at bringing debate to a quick end.
For example, if all 100 senators voted on a cloture motion, 67 of those votes would have to be for cloture for it to pass

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prevent a measure from being brought to a vote.
filibuster the motion to proceed to a bill, then filibuster the bill itself. This forces the majority to go through the entire cloture process twice in a row.

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A conference committee is a joint committee of the United States Congress appointed by the House of Representatives and Senate to resolve disagreements on a particular bill.

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member of a constituency.
An example of constituent is a registered voter.

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is the power to unilaterally stop an official action, especially the enactment of legislation.
withheld his signature from a measure during an intersession recess period but returned both measures to the House, which proceeded to reconsider them.

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a permanent committee that meets regularly.

Energy and Natural Resources.

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the power, right, or authority to interpret and apply the law a matter that falls within the court's jurisdiction
a family law court has the authority to hear and decide matters related to divorce, child custody, child support, and other related issues, if the family lives in its geographical region.

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an appeal is the process in which cases are reviewed by a higher authority, where parties request a formal change to an official decision.
an appeal is the process in which cases are reviewed by a higher authority, where parties request a formal change to an official decision.

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Due process is the legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person.
for example, state law gives students a right to a public education, but doesn't say anything about discipline.

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Recidivism is one of the most fundamental concepts in criminal justice. It refers to a person's relapse into criminal behavior,
a petty thief who is released from jail promptly steals something else the first day.

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punishment imposed for purposes of repayment or revenge for the wrong committed.
court order extended to a white-collar criminal who stole funds from his or her employer.

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Restitution involves the court, as part of a sentence in a criminal case, ordering a defendant to compensate the victim for losses suffered as a result of the crime.
if a defendant is convicted of stealing a person's stereo, the defendant may be sentenced to reimburse the victim for the value of the stereo, in addition to punishment such as jail time and monetary fines.

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Incapacitation refers to the restriction of an individual's freedoms and liberties that they would normally have in society.
Examples of incapacitation are incarceration, house arrest, or execution pursuant to the death penalty.

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Deterrence is a strategy intended to dissuade an adversary from taking an action that has not yet started by means of threat of reprisal, or to prevent it from doing something that another state desires.
deterrence dictates that, if an armed robber receives a harsh sentence of eight years in prison, he will be less likely to commit armed robbery again when he eventually gets out.

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The Supreme Court relies on precedents—that is, earlier laws or decisions that provide some example or rule to guide them in the case they're actually deciding.
An example of precedent is the legal decision in Brown v. Board of Education guiding future laws about desegregation.

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A plea bargain is an agreement between a defendant and a prosecutor, in which the defendant agrees to plead guilty or "no contest"
The prosecution charges Andrew with burglary, but he pleads guilty to trespassing and the prosecution dismisses the burglary charge.

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Bail is the conditional release of a defendant with the promise to appear in court when required.
John is arrested. The court set John's bail at $10,000. John wants to be released from jail but he does not have $10,000 in cash, so he seeks help from a Bailbondsman to post a Bail Bond for him.

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Extradition is an action wherein one jurisdiction delivers a person accused or convicted of committing a crime in another jurisdiction, over to the other's law enforcement.
suspected serial killer Charles Ng fled from the United States to Canada, which had banned capital punishment in 1976, Canada hesitated to extradite him to the United States, where he could be sentenced to death.

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Constitutionality is the condition of acting in accordance with an applicable constitution; the status of a law, a procedure, or an act's accordance with the laws or set forth in the applicable constitution.
This court passes on the constitutionality of all laws, decrees and regulations.

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put forward an idea for consideration or discussion by others.
The mayor proposed a plan for a new bridge.

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sign or give formal consent
When all the delegates sign a constitution, this is an example of a situation where they ratify the constitution.