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DNA is everywhere among us. Every human on Earth is comprised of unique DNA which can make us special in comparison to everyone else. Scientists study and use DNA in the real world to determine an organisms offspring or children. We also use DNA in the real world to solve crimes and other cases. Police can find fingerprints or hair at the site of a crime scene and use the DNA found to determine the bad guy. DNA is a versatile tool that humans can use for almost anything. We can use it to study other organisms, ourselves, and to predict how certain things will go in the future.

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1. What two things must physically happen to a DNA molecule before the two strands can actually separate? DP - The two strands must unwind and the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs must break

2. Describe Griffith’s experiment. AS Injected mouse with harmful (S) bacteria → died. Injected mouse with harmless (R)  bacteria → lived. Injected mouse with heat-killed (S) bacteria → lived. Injected mouse with mixture of heat-killed (S) and living (R) bacteria → died.

3. Which combination of bacteria killed the mice in Griffith’s experiment? AS- Heat killed (S) + living ( R)

4. What did Griffith conclude? AS that R strain bacteria had been transformed into harmful bacteria by S strain bacteria, and that the transforming factor is a gene.

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Chapter 12

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What does Antiparallel mean when referring to Biology?

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What does Antiparallel mean when referring to Biology?

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Two biopolymers are antiparallel if they run parallel to each other but with opposite directionality.  An example is the two complementary strands of a DNA double helix, which run in opposite directions alongside each other.

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DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid, which is composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix which carries genetic information
Nucleotide- organic molecule that is the building block of DNA and RNA
Deoxyribose- sugar derived from ribose by replacing a hydroxyl group with hydrogen
Base pairing- fundamental unit of double stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds.
Watson and Crick- When adenine forms a base pair with thymine using two hydrogen bonds and guanine forms a base pair with cytosine using three hydrogen bonds. Thymine is replaced by uracil
Multicellular- consisting of many basic structural and functional units
Gene- part of DNA controlling physical characteristics and growth
Chromosome- a threadlike strand of DNA that carries genes
Biologist- a scientist who studies living organisms
Organism- a living thing that can act or function independently
Genome- the full DNA sequence of an organism
Protein- an organic compound essential to living cells