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Play ball! How Sports Will Change in the 21st Century: a Sports-Minded Futurist Reveals How Politics, Celebrity, and Other Forces Have Undermined Organized Athletics and What the Playing Field Will Look Like in the Coming Decades (4)

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Play ball! How Sports Will Change in the 21st Century: a Sports-Minded Futurist Reveals How Politics, Celebrity, and Other Forces Have Undermined Organized Athletics and What the Playing Field Will Look Like in the Coming Decades (4)

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Money provides opportunities in sports.

'War without weapons' (George Orwell)

Technology improving accuracy

Technology gives advantage over one's competitors.

Gunston, R. (2005, January-February). Play ball! How sports will change in the 21st century: a sports-minded futurist reveals how politics, celebrity, and other forces have undermined organized athletics and what the playing field will look like in the coming decades. The Futurist, 39(1), 31+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A126317786/SUIC?u=vern39182&sid=SUIC&xid=13f02382

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Should technology be used to level the playing field in sports?

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Grounded Technology Integration: Physical Education (3)

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Grounded Technology Integration: Physical Education (3)

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Susana Juniu, Judi Harris and Mark Hofer talk about the benefits of using technology in a physical education setting.
However, they make it clear that the PE class should be planned prior to deciding which technology to implement rather than trying to plan lessons around the technological device itself.

The students are given resources to plan their workout and goals and then be able to access various technology in order to achieve these goals

This source may support the conclusion that technology in an educational sports setting allow students from all backgrounds to have access to technology to plan their workout, which also levels the playing field.

Juniu, S., Harris, J., & Hofer, M. (2012). Grounded technology integration: physical education. Learning & Leading with Technology, 40(2), 34+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A306240546/SUIC?u=vern39182&sid=SUIC&xid=329a34c0

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The Ethics of Using Engineering to Enhance Athletic Performance (6)

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The Ethics of Using Engineering to Enhance Athletic Performance (6)

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David James from Sheffield Hallam University, UK, looked to explain the difference between sports engineering and human enhancement technology(HET) as well as to debate the pros and cons of sports engineering.
Difference:

HET is mainly thought of as strictly biological or chemical ways to enhance one’s natural ability

sports engineering also includes equipment as part of the description

Cons to sports engineering:

the idea that tech could prevent the ‘best’ athlete from winning

there is a significant cost to some of this technology

using it could be diminishing the hard work and endurance associated with sports

the tech is causing athletes to do less work and therefore not ‘earning’ their wins.

Pros of sports engineering:

increased amount of safety with new technology

encouraging new sports that stem from the new technology

allowing for development within sports technology.

James D. The ethics of using engineering to enhance athletic performance. Procedia Eng. 2010;2:3405–3410. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2010.04.165.

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Warren R. Dunn, Michael S. George, Larry Churchill and Kurt P. Spindler talk about the ethics of sport medicine and how there are considerations made when choosing to use new technologies.

Doctors can be associated with a certain biomedical company

Athletes might also spring for the newest and most advanced treatment

Doctors to use a third-party opinion as well if the technology in question is experimental.

Dunn, W. R., George, M. S., Churchill, L., & Spindler, K. P. (2007). Ethics in sports medicine. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(5), 840+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A165764780/SUIC?u=vern39182&sid=SUIC&xid=1e220025

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Bill Bamberger, the photographer, has taken nearly 22,000 photographs since he launched the series in 2004.
Main argument of this exhibit is that basketball is universal and creates a sense of community worldwide.

This source may support the conclusion that with this equality fostered, basketball and sports are able to level the playing field.

Bamberger, B. (2019). Hoops [Photograph]. National Building Museum, Washington
DC, United States.

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Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka talks about how sports can promote gender equality  throughout the world.

One Win Leads to Another (OWLA), an organization that combines sports with life-skills education for girls in violent communities

gender inequalities

unequal pay

gender-based violence

negative stereotypes, and more.

Sexual harassment in the sports world, especially between coaches and young athletes.

Need for female role models in sports

so that girls can look on a screen and know that their dreams are possible.

This source may support the conclusion that sports and associate organizations can be used to level the playing field.

Mlambo-Ngcuka, P. (2019). Empowering Women Through Sport. Olympic Review, (110).

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Playing Hockey, Riding Motorcycles, and the Ethics of Protection (7)

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Playing Hockey, Riding Motorcycles, and the Ethics of Protection (7)

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Kathleen E. Bachynski, talks about the dangers of head injuries in sports, but in hockey and motorcycle riding, specifically.

She also talks about the concerns of autonomy relate to a debate on the use of protective equipment.  They believe that they are assuming the risk of riding a motorcycle or playing hockey altogether, so why wear a helmet or other protective gear.
She ends up concluding that due to the immense amounts of head injuries and deaths, it would be clear to conclude that safety would trump autonomy and choice of whether or not to wear a helmet.

This source may support the conclusion that using technology for safety levels the playing field in terms of head and other types of injuries.

Bachynski K. Playing hockey, riding motorcycles, and the ethics of protection. Am J Public Health. 2012;102:2214–2220. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300721.

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On the Argument that Enhancement is "Cheating" (8)

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On the Argument that Enhancement is "Cheating" (8)

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Dr. M Schermer of Erasmus Medical Center in the Netherlands talks about how technology is a positive resource, but it can be used negatively in order to ‘cheat’ to exceed and win prizes. However, his ultimate conclusion is that it is up to the players and whether they use the technology to enhance their sport or they use it to cheat.

These decisions are in the hands of the athletes. If they use technology or other resources to cheat, they will be effectively widening the gap between themselves and their competitors in a bad and unfair way.

Schermer, M. (2008). On the argument that enhancement is "cheating". Journal of Medical Ethics, 34(2), 85-88. Retrieved April 16, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27944561

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This source talks about Alan Adler of Stanford University and his "Aerobie SuperDisc". He claims that it flies farther and faster than the original ‘Frisbee.’ Adler’s "Aerobie Superdisc" does not flip over while flying and does not wobble in comparison to a ‘Frisbee.'

With use of this flying disc, it levels the playing field because it's better than the 'Frisbee' and is relatively accessible to the public.
Ashley, S. (1995, August). Flying farther than a Frisbee. Mechanical Engineering-CIME, 117(8), 89+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A17389513/SUIC?u=vern39182&sid=SUIC&xid=9bfad38d

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Using Safety Technology to Level the Playing Field

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Using Safety Technology to Level the Playing Field

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In a utopic society, there would be no advantages for people with more money. So, the world tries to level the playing field in order to diminish the effects of the lack of money and access to resources. This question is significant because there are clear ways that the playing field can be leveled, but also definitive ways that they can become even wider gaps.

Rethinking Enhancement in Sport (1)

He focuses on how technology enhances sports in positive and negative ways.
Positives:

safer for players and spectators

it can increase accessibility to sports such as skiing

Negatives:

devaluing certain activities and sports such as fishing

altering the kinds of skills required for activities such as golf

dehumanizing/super humanizing certain activities

Miah A. Rethinking enhancement in sport. US NY Acad Sci. 2006;1093:301–320. doi: 10.1196/annals.1382.020.

Have Technological Advances in Sports Such as Tennis, Golf, and Track and Field Supplanted the Athletic Achievements of the Participants in Those Sports (5)

Yes, advanced technology in sports has significantly narrowed the gap between world record holders and the way athletic achievement is perceived.’ and ‘No, technological advances in sports such as tennis, golf, and track and field have not supplanted the athletic achievements of the participants in those sports.’

Paradise, L. A., Imada, E., & Andrews, P. (2002). Have technological advances in sports such as tennis, golf, and track and field supplanted the athletic achievements of the participants in those sports. In Science in Dispute (Vol. 1, pp. 93-99). Gale. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3411400020/OVIC?u=vern39182&sid=OVIC&xid=740e3a68

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Leveling the playing field within the community

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Leveling the playing field within the community