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Two Minute Supreme Court Case Summary : Marbury v Madison

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A two minute summary of Marbury v Madison.

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The Lewis and Clark expedition was an expedition commanded by Jefferson to explore the new territory. It was led by Captain Meriwether lewis and his close friend, second lieutenant William Clark. The journey had lasted from May 1804 to September 1806. The purpose of this journey was to mainly maintain the territory as well as map it so that other European countries could not try to claim the land. This was a significant journey as it had contributed to the expansion of the United States as well as the enforcement of the army. Jefferson had bought a larger piece of land and had sent men to map, explore, and make treaties until Louisiana was prepared to be inhabited with citizens.

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The Louisiana Purchase was a land deal between the United States and France, signed by Thomas Jefferson, in which the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million. This impacted the amount of space America acquired. This gave much expansion. It altered the shape and the influence the country had. Since America was established small this increase in land helped for the Country to grow into the country we have today.

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In 1791 secretary of treasurer Alexander Hamilton decided to impose a tax on whiskey. Because it was the first show of governmental control, it went over badly. People were not used to an overarching rule that impacted everyone. This first domestic tax was resisted and had difficulty being collected. Finally president Washington called out the Militia to put an end to the rebellion, but the event is still significant today because it demonstrates how citizens have always resisted and resented taxation.

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The Alien and Sedition Acts were passed by the Federalist Congress in 1798 and signed by President Adams. Under the Alien act, anyone who seemed "dangerous" was deported from America. Under the Sedition portion, anyone who criticized the government was thrown into jail. These acts were the biggest violation of the personal rights in history. They eventually led to the passing of the Kentucky and Virginia resolution in which Jefferson and Madison were strongly against the law under the Federal control and were completely for the for the State policies. The acts caused great turmoil in the country because so many were being thrown into jail and fined for what they had just gained a right for. Jefferson labeled this time the "reign of witches", referring back to the Salem Witch trials, and showing how chaotic the time was under theses Acts.

http://www.history.com/topics/alien-and-sedition-acts/videos

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After the Revolutionary War, America was in a great deal of debt. Hamilton was tasked with fixing the national debt. He proposed that the federal government take on each state's individual debt and borrow money at a lower interest rate. For states that had already paid off their debt, this plan angered them. They felt it would especially benefit people who had purchased war bonds. A compromise was ordered, and the south voted in support in return for a capital on the Potomac River. Hamilton's debt plan made America seem like an attractive place for foreign investors. In addition, Hamilton wanted to create a national bank that would collect taxes, make loans, and hold government funds. Hamilton's plan, though it stewed a lot of controversy, was implemented and was the groundwork for the Federal Reserve System that is in use today. Hamilton also pushed for industrialization over agriculture. He sought to grow the small industries that America had, using high tariffs to protect them on the foerign market, and break Great Britain's hold on manufacturing in America.

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The late 18th century saw a rise of various political parties in America. Two parties, the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party, dominated the landscape, and their feuds set the tone for all of future American politics. The Federalists, led by Hamilton, wanted a commercially founded republic governed by a small group of elite, wealthy men, especially lawyers, who were not subject to the irrational tendencies of a mob. They thought that the safest route for the new country lay in a strong government that could hold together the colonies through the difficult times that were ahead of the new Republic. The Republicans, on the other hand, led by Jefferson and Madison, encouraged an agriculturally founded country, where the social and economic classes were more equal. They were supported primarily by Southern landowners, immigrants, and small farmers throughout New England and the Middle colonies. Their promotion of popular self-government was appealing to many American citizens, whose biggest complaint against Britain had been under-representation. Both parties used the language of Liberty inherited from the revolution, and each accused the other of wickedness. The tension between the groups rose over the next several decades. Although the political structure did not have to be a two party system, indeed, the Constitution made room for far more, the country's first years set the tone, and the precedent of strong disputes between parties has lasted to the present day.