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Study tonight and write the FRQ today.

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Cochlear implant gives the ability to hear, cons of it are the risk of the surgery and possible unsatisfactory results.

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I am going to study for a long period of time and review all of the book examples in order to do well on the sections I don't know.

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prepare for the FRQ and multiple choice test.

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understand the other senses.

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pinna-outer ear
sound travels through auditory canal through air.
air hits eardrum and vibrates. protected by ear wax
vibrations through bones and open oval window where sound is transmitted from air to liquid which goes into cochlea into inner ear.

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gestalt= whole/form
we see things as a whole, sometimes aren't there.
figure-ground:we organize information into a figure seen against a ground.
Proximity- grouping nearby figures together
Similarity-group similar figures together
Muller-lyer illusion-- which line is longer? they are the same
continuity-see smooth continuous patterns
conectedness- where linked, we see spots, lines, or areas as a single unit.
depth perception- 2 dimensions fall on retina; perceive as 3-D, we estimate distance
visual cliff-Eleanor Gibson and Richard walk. test of depth perception, infants, toddlers.
visual constancy=perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal images. [ color, shape, size, location, brightness]
color constancy-perception of familiar objects as having consistent colors, even if changing illumination. [apples]
perceptual consistencies- tendency to perceive objects as relatively stable and unchanging
size constancy despite distance, objects don't change size [general idea of size]
example: shape constancy- see the same shape despite what angle it is viewed.
monocular cues- interpositon=1 object blocks view of another so ofeten referred to as superpoistion.
Relative size=assumption that 2 objects are similar size- one closer has larger retinal image
relative clarity aka aerial perspective= perception that hazy objects are farther away than sharp objects.
texture gradient- coarse, distinct texture is closer than finer, indistinct texture.
relative height=objects higher in field of vision appear farther away [vertical dimensions appear longer than the horizontal dimensions] IE. St.Louis arch
relative motion(motion parallax)- movement of self causes stable items to appear to move, nearest object appears to move faster.
linear perspective= parallel lines appear to converge in distance(people over estimate train's distance) exp- ponzo illusion
Light and Shadow aka shadowing-nearby objects reflect more light into eyes (dimmer objects appear farther away)
BINOCULAR CUES- require both eyes
retinal disparity=difference between sight/views of 2 eyes (pen with both eyes)
convergence- cue for perceiving depth; eyes converge inward towards object
stereoscopic vision=combine 2 retinal images to get 3-D perception
assumption- closer object gets larger
stoboscopic movement=motion pictures (cartoon flip book)
phi phenom=illusion of lights (blinking off and on)
auto kinetic illusion=slight movement of the eye makes the object move (perceive)
sound:
monaural cue- louder sound means closer sound
bin-aural cues-stereophonic-stereo: multi directional audio perspective

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differentiate between binocular and monocular cues.

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individual cones=trichromatic
opponent process- other layers of the retina
surrounding context- if an item is viewed with otehr colors then the color of the object changes.

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Transduction- signals are formed into neural impulses as light passes through retina
Parallel processing- processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously (color, form, and motion happen at the same time)
Hubel and Weisel-- neurons in the visual cortex respond to specific features responsible for motion in the brain (used cat)
wavelength- distance from one peak to another (light/sound)
High FREQ- short wave, bluish colors, high pitched sounds
Low FREQ- long wave, reddish colors, low-pitched sounds
large amp- tall wave, bright colors, loud sounds
Small amp- short wave, dull colors, soft sounds.
Young-helmohltz trichromatic theory-- each cone is maximally sensitive to 1 of 3 colors (red, green, or blue) combined stimulation of these cones cause other colors by mixing light waves (red and green=yellow)
afterimage- when you stare at 1 or 2 colors, cones become saturated, then when you look at a white piece of paper you see the opposite colors due to saturation of cones. Young-Helmhotz theory cannot explain after images.
Colorblindness- partial or total inability to perceive hues
monochromats (black and white)
Dichromats (r/g,y/b)
Trichromats- normal vision
2-opponent- process theory (hering). three kinds of cones that all work in pairs (r/g,b/y,b/w)
paired with opposites; if one is stimulated the other is inhibited.

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Learn color theories and visual cues.

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understand the parts and the path of vision.

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Understand the difference between absolute, subliminal, and difference thresholds.

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prosopagnosia- face blindness
sensation-bottom up process
perception- top down

1) top down
2) bottom up
3)it can change what they actually are or mean.

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perception changes with context

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bottom up processing- use features to form a perception
orange+cup=orange juice

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understand the difference between top down and bottom up processes of sensation and perception.