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Useful videos re: H&E for tissue samples

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Useful videos re: H&E for tissue samples

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Liver

https://youtu.be/KtFJvlEDE2I

Kidney

https://youtu.be/9Nh6RBK42qM

Lungs

https://youtu.be/U6LqEr4vVis

Spleen

https://youtu.be/Kl5L01BCYC8

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Inmunohistochemistry can be used for the assesment of HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) expression in human breast tumor cells in order to predict the response to Trastuzumab which is a monoclonal antibody. What is more, Trastuzumab targets the extracellular domain of HER2 receptor. HER2 is a member of the epidermal growth  factor receptor (EGFR) family of molecules and is encoded for by the HER2 proto-oncogene. It is showed that overexpression of HER2 receptors is present in 10-20% of primary breast cancer. Therefore, formalin-fixed paraffin sections immunostained are used to prove HER2 receptor overexpression. If those cells present HER2 overexpression, then the patient can be treated with Trastuzumab.

There are other alternative techniques which can be used for HER2 assessment such as FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) and CISH (Chromogenic in situ hydridization)

References

Suvarna, S., Layton, C., & Bancroft, J. (2013). Bancroft’s theory and practice of histological techniques (7th ed.). Oxford: Churchill Livingstone.

Martin, A.P., Downing, J., Cochrane, M., Collins, B., Francis, B., Haycox, A., Alfirevic, A., Pirmohamed, M. (2018). Trastuzumab uptake in HER2-positive breast cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 130, 92-107.

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IHC is commonly used in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Markers can be used to suggest the suitability of a treatment option.
Example in differentiating types of lung cancer could include biomarkers of p40, CK5/6 and TP63 which identify squamous cell carcinoma over non-squamous cell carcinoma.
Biomarkers determine which therapies should be used in lung cancer include Alk, ROS1 and EGFR.
(DOI: 10.3390/cancers10030072)

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Use of IHC in Disease example (Muscular Disease)

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Use of IHC in Disease example (Muscular Disease)

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A recent example of the usefulness of IHC in diagnosing certain diseases has been shown with muscular diseases. Certain proteins including those found in the extracellular matrix, cytosol, nucleus of muscle fibres have been found to be abnormal in patients suffering with muscular dystrophies. IHC has been used to identify these specific abnormalities and therefore assist in the diagnostics, which includes distinguishing between vascular dystrophy and non-dystrophic disorders in skeletal muscles. However, it is only useful for the dystrophies that have these known abnormal proteins, as the technique needs to be targeted to these markers.

Question from PS: Good example of application but can you give examples of specific markers?

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Biomarkers are probe for ALK and ROS1 gene. Other techniques that can also be used to detect this two genes are: FISH and RT- PCR

Question from PS: What do you look at with IHC? Think in terms of genes & proteins...

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Hello, Welcome to the BLT padlet wall. Please ask your questions here.

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Hello, Welcome to the BLT padlet wall. Please ask your questions here.

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BW

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https://youtu.be/uFu8aie4QFI

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https://youtu.be/CFCi5Q4rhOU

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The above is a useful guide re: flow cytometry