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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvXU3vzHq8E

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOK1TMSyKcM

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https://www.loc.gov/item/mp76000069/

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOK1TMSyKcM

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https://www.biography.com/scholar/leon-trotsky

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The article finder  of soviet union   J.D Master of one

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The article finder  of soviet union   J.D Master of one

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https://www.history.com/topics/russia/history-of-the-soviet-union
During the 1960s and 1970s, the Communist Party elite rapidly gained wealth and power while millions of average Soviet citizens faced starvation. The Soviet Union’s push to industrialize at any cost resulted in frequent shortages of food and consumer goods. Bread lines were common throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Soviet citizens often did not have access to basic needs, such as clothing or shoes.

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Soviet union (USSR) Video      J.D Master of one 1:15

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Soviet union (USSR) Video      J.D Master of one 1:15

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kp9vGSTqWvI
The Soviet union started with the end of the Russian czaedom. In 1917, two back to back revolution first oused the cza, then replaced the interim government with local group of worker, known as soviets. After a cicil war between loyalists, known as the whites, and revolutionaries, called the reds, the reds won and unified under the communist ideology, creating the first socialist state: The union of soviet socialist replublis in 1922.

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Currents event of soviet union     J.D         

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Currents event of soviet union     J.D         

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https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2019-07-25/it-investments-seen-as-most-transparent-in-post-soviet-countries
At the begining of the  21st century, post-Soviet nations in Eastern Europe and Central Asia – a region with a long history of rewarding math skills – slowly started shifting resources toward STEM fields, boosting their information technology sectors and increasing their independence from Russian influence. With corruption on the rise in the area, information technology looks like the safest bet for foreign investors, regional experts say. "Transparency, which the IT industry stipulates, becomes an alternative means of combating corruption," says Anatoly Motkin, founder and president of StrategEast, a center that assesses legislation and intellectual property protection in Eurasian and Baltic countries.

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https://www.history.com/topics/russia/history-of-the-soviet-union
After overthrowing the centuries-old Romanov monarchy, Russia emerged from a civil war in 1921 as the newly formed Soviet Union. The world’s first Marxist-Communist state would become one of the biggest and most powerful nations in the world, occupying nearly one-sixth of Earth’s land surface, before its fall and ultimate dissolution in 1991. The United Socialist Soviet Republic, or U.S.S.R., was made up of 15 soviet republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.

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- Vladimir Lenin, Karl Marx, and Leon Trotsky

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- Vladimir Lenin, Karl Marx, and Leon Trotsky

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Even if you are unfamiliar with the ins and outs of Vladimir Lenin's personal story, you will no doubt have heard of his name and the political theory he developed - and which is named for him.

As the architect of the Soviet Union - or, as it was officially known, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) - he is an almighty historical figure whose actions determined the course of some of the biggest political events of the 20th century. Here are 10 facts about him.

1. He became exposed to radical political ideas at university

Lenin was born into a well-educated family and went on to study law at Kazan University in August 1887. But by the December he had been expelled for taking part in a student protest. He eventually enrolled as an external law student at Saint Petersburg University and completed his studies there in 1891.

2. His brother was executed

The killing of Lenin's elder brother, who had been a member of a revolutionary group, also influenced his politics. Alexander was hanged by the state in May 1887 after allegedly taking part in a plot to assassinate Tsar Alexander III.

3. He was exiled to Siberia

Lenin was arrested for his political activities in 1895 and served more than a year in jail before being sent to Siberia for three years. Many of his contemporaries suffered the same fate but in Lenin's case at least it wasn't all bad - it was in Siberia that he met and married his wife, Nadezhda Krupskaya.

4. Lenin wasn't his real name

Born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, he adopted the pseudonym "Lenin" in 1902. It was not uncommon for Russian revolutionaries to take aliases, partly as a way of confusing the authorities.

5. He developed his political theory from Marxism

A devout Marxist, Lenin believed that his interpretation of Marxism was the only authentic one. This interpretation was termed "Leninism" in 1904 by Russian revolutionary and Menshevik Julius Martov.

Leninism emphasised the need for a highly committed intellectual elite - the so-called "revolutionary vanguard" - who would drive the rest of the proletariat (working-class people) towards revolution and the eventual establishment of socialism.

6. He masterminded the Bolshevik takeover of Russia

Lenin spent much of the 17 years after his exile in Siberia in western Europe, during which time he became leader of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Worker's Party. After Russia's last Tsar, Nicholas II, was overthrown in 1917, Lenin returned home and began working against the provisional government that had replaced him.

Later that year he led a Bolshevik toppling of the provisional government - what has become known as the "October Revolution" - and a civil war ensued between the various combatant forces vying for power. By 1922, this war had mostly been won by the Bolsheviks.

7. He was ruthless

Lenin's ideology was authoritarian in nature and he showed little mercy for political opponents. Among the many instances of political repression and mass killings for which he is held responsible are the arrests and executions that constituted the so-called "Red Terror" campaign of the civil war. Hundreds of thousands of people are estimated to have been killed during this campaign.

8. He narrowly escaped an assassination attempt

Following a public speech in Moscow in August 1918, Lenin was shot and badly injured. The attack generated much sympathy for him amongst the public and boosted his popularity. But although he survived, he was seriously ill by the end of 1921, with some attributing his sickness to metal oxidation from the bullets that were lodged in his body from the assassination attempt.

8. He permitted some private enterprise

Though an ardent socialist, Lenin was also a pragmatist. And when his socialist model began to stall, he introduced the New Economic Policy in 1921. Under this policy, which continued until a few years after his death, peasants were allowed to sell some of their produce for profit, while small traders were allowed to set up businesses. The economy picked up but Lenin's critics accused him of selling out to capitalism.

10. He suffered three strokes

Lenin was plagued by ill health in the last few years of his life and suffered three strokes in the space of two years - two in 1922 and one in March the following year. After the third stoke, he lost his ability to speak. Although by May 1923 he appeared to be making a slow recovery, on 21 January 1924 he fell into a coma and died later that day.

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Even if you are unfamiliar with the ins and outs of Vladimir Lenin's personal story, you will no doubt have heard of his name and the political theory he developed - and which is named for him.

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Eric Arthur Blair aka "George Orwell" was born in 1903 at Motihari in British-occupied India. While growing up, he attended private schools in Sussex, Wellington and Eton. He worked at the Imperial Indian Police until 1927 when he went to London to study the poverty stricken. He then moved to Paris where he wrote two lost novels. After he moved back to England he wrote Down and Out in Paris and London, Burmese Days, A Clergyman's Daughter and Keep the Aspidistra Flying. He published all four under the pseudonym George Orwell. He then married Eileen O'Shaughnessy and wrote The Road to Wigan Pier. Orwell then joined the Army and fought in the Spanish civil war. He became a socialist revolutionary and wrote Homage to Catalonia, Coming Up for Air, and in 1943, he wrote Animal Farm. It's success ended Orwell's financial troubles forever. In 1947 and 48 despite Tuberculosis, he wrote Nineteen Eighty-Four. He died in 1950 (Williams 7-15). This essay will show and prove to you that George Orwell's life has influenced modern society a great deal.

In 1903, Eric Arthur Blair was born. Living in India until he was four, Blair and his family then moved to England and settled at Henley. At the age of eight, Blair was sent to a private school in Sussex, and he lived there, except on holidays, until he was thirteen. He went to two private secondary schools: Wellington(for one term) and Eton (for four and a half years). After Eton, Blair joined the Imperial Indian Police and was trained in Burma. He served there for nearly five years and then in 1927, while hom on leave, decided not to return. He later wrote that he had come to understand and reject the imperialism he was serving. He was struck...between hatred of the empire and rage against the native people who opposed it, and made his immediate job more difficult. Blair, on his first six months of release, traveled to the East End to research the English poor. In Spring of 1928, he took a room in a working-class district of Paris. He wrote two novels, which have been lost, as well as publishing a number of articles in French and English. He became ill with pneumonia, worked ten weeks as a dishwasher and kitchen porter, and returned to England at the end of 1929. He used his parents' home in Suffolk for writing and earned money from occasional articles and teaching. Blair then completed several versions of what was to become his first book, called, not by his choice, Down and Out in Paris and London. The book was a record of his experiences, but "If it's all the same to everybody, I would prefer [it] to be published pseudonymously". Discussing the publication of his first book with his agent, he decided on three possible pseudonyms: Keneth Miles, George Orwell and H. Lewis Always. He favored George Orwell. The Orwell is a river in Suffolk, south of his parents' home. "George Orwell" published his first book in 1933. Down and Out... was followed by the novel Burmese Days, published first in the United States rather than in England because of his English publishers fear of it's giving offence in Burma. After Burmese Days came two more novels: A Clergyman's Daughter, published in 1935; and Keep the Aspidistra Flying, published in 1936. In the Spring of 1936 he moved to Hertfordshire and married Eileen O'Shaughnessy, an Oxford graduate in English, a teacher, a journalist, and later a London graduate in psychology. Orwell's reputation at this time was based mainly on his accounts of poverty and depression. His next book, The Road to Wigan Pier was written for the Left Book Club and started his career as a political writer. Much of this book was composed of an essay on class and socialism, which was Orwell's first statement of his political position. In July, he left for Spain to fight (and write) in the Spanish civil war. For the next two or three years, Orwell became a revolutionary socialist. When he returned from war, he wrote Homage to Catalonia and in the winter of 1938, wrote Coming Up for Air. In 1941 he wrote London Letter's and in August joined the BBC as a talks producer in the Indian Section of the Eastern Service. Later in the year, he began writing Animal Farm. It did not appear until August 1945, at the end of the war. He and his wife adopted a son in 1944, but in 1945 his wife died during an operation. Animal Farm's success ended Orwell's financial worries that he had suffered from for twenty years. In 1946, he settled in Jura, Scotland, with his younger sister as housekeeper, though he returned to London for the winter. During 1947, in the early stages of renewed tuberculosis, he wrote the first drafts of Nineteen Eighty-Four. In 1948, amid several attacks, Orwell wrote the second draft. In September, 1949, he went into a hospital in London, and in October married Sonia Brownell. In January 1950, Eric Arthur Blair, aka "George Orwell", died. (Williams 7-15)

In 1933, Orwell wrote Down and Out in Paris and London. This was his first book. It is the record of a young man's (most-likely Orwell's) experiences with poverty in Paris and London. It did very well for a first novel. In most ways it was a long, autobiographical essay on poverty. (Wykes 71-72) Orwell's second novel was Burmese Days. It was an account of Orwell's experiences working for the Imperial Indian Police in Burma. For fear of insulting Burma, this novel was published first in the U.S. rather than in England. (Wykes 44) His next two novels were A Clergyman's Daughter and Keep the Aspidistra Flying. A Clergyman's Daughter, published in 1935, is the journey of Dorothy Hare. A journey of escape and self-exploration (Wykes 4). Keep the Aspidistra Flying, published in 1936, is a novel about middle-class decline and compromise (Wykes 7). Orwell regarded these novels as failures. The Road to Wigan Pier, written for the Left Book Club in 1936 was Orwell's fourth novel. This book started Orwell's life-long career change to political writing. The first part of this book is reporting on the poor and unemployed. The second part is an essay on class and socialism, as I mentioned before. It was the first statement of Orwell's political position. (Wykes 50-60) Homage to Catalonia, Orwell's fifth novel, completed his break with the orthodox left. It is an attempt to tell the truth about war from Orwell's point of view. The genre to which this book belongs was later defined by Orwell as the "Political book...a sort of enlarged pamphlet combining history with political criticism". Orwell came to believe that Homage to Catalonia was the best book he had ever written. During winter in 1938, Orwell wrote his sixth novel Coming Up for Air. It is the discovery of George Bowling, that his boy-hood home has changed like everything else. It is regarded as his best novel (with the exception of Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four). It illustrates in great detail, the fact that everything peaceful eventually becomes corrupt. After Coming Up for Air, Orwell wrote one of his most-loved novels, Animal Farm. It is the "fairy story" of an animal revolution on the Manor Farm, The animals create a socialistic republic in which "Some animals are more equal than others" (Orwell). The book an allegorical essay on the Russian Revolution. By the end of the book the pigs disobey the laws of "Animal Farm", but as they do so, they change the laws to fit their needs. Animal Farm is a spiritual parody of the Communist Manifesto (Calder 5-20) Animal Farm was followed by Orwell's eighth and last novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four. Another of Orwell's best novels, 1984 is the story of Winston Smith. Smith is a member of a totalitarianism party ruled by the god-like Big Brother. There is no freedom, privacy or choice. No friendship or love. There is only love for Big Brother. It is the story of Smith's secret rebellion from the party through love, sex, free-thought and choice. It is said to be Orwell's greatest achievement (Calder 74-88).

"This is the kind of book I like to read, where I get the truth in chapters of real life...", writes W.h. Davies about Down and Out in Paris and London. Daniel George for the tribune says, "Much of it is, I should judge, written from first-hand knowledge." Hames Farrell comments "[Orwell's] account is genuine, unexaggerated and intelligent" (Meyers 39-49) About Burmese Days, an anonymous author writes, "Burmese Days, by George Orwell is symptomatic of the reaction against conventional portrayals of Burma as a land of tinkling temples bells, gentle charming Burmans, and strong silent Englishman". For the Fortnightly, G.W. Stonier observes, "Burmese Days is another novel, and I recommend it to all those who enjoy a lively hatred in fiction" (Meyers 50-57) About Orwell's next novel, A Clergyman's Daughter, Peter Quennel writes "A Clergyman's Daughter is ambitious yet not entirely successful". Michael Sayers comments "George Orwell is a popular novelist sensitive to values that most other novelists are popular for ignoring". For the Commonweal, Geoffrey Stone reports, "...in A Clergyman's Daughter, [Orwell] arranges circumstance so that the pessimistic conclusion will seem inevitable" (Meyers 58-64) "Mr. Orwell's new book, bitter almost throughout and often crude is also all about money," writes William Plomer of Keep the Aspidistra Flying. Cyril Connoly, for the New Statesman and Nation, writes, "The book is the recital of [Orwell's] misfortunes interrupted by tirades against money and the spiritual evil it causes". An unsigned notice in the Times Literary Supplement states, "If this book is persistently irritating, this is exactly what makes it worth reading; few books have enough body in them to be irritants" (Meyers 65-90) Walter Greenwood writes about The Road to Wigan Pier, "Mr. Orwell has the gift of writing vividly, of creating in the mind's eye a picture of the scene described." "Of Mr. Orwell's book, there is little to say except praise...," comments Arthur Calder-Marshall. "It takes an ugly section of British life, and it forces us to confront it for what it is," writes H.J. Laski (Meyers 91-118) "Homage to Catalonia is... a book which is at the same time a work of first-class literature and a political document of the greatest importance," reports Geoffrey Gorer. John McNair for the New Leader, writes, "There have been many books written on the Spanish civil war, but none containing so many living, first-hand experiences as this" (Meyers 119-151) "Mr. Orwell writes with hard, honest clarity and un answering precision of feeling," states of Coming Up for Air, an unsigned notice in the Times Literary Supplement. John Cogley for the Commonweal, writes, "George Orwell, a hard man, is frankly sentimental about the world he knew as a boy". "Coming Up for Air, written in 1938, reverts to the journalistic style of ease and understatement, the disquietude of Burmese Days worked out of it (Meyers 152-190). "..it is as devastating attack on Stalin and his 'betrayal' of the Russian revolution, as seen by another revolutionary," writes Cyril Connoly on Animal Farm. "The story is very well-written, especially the Snowball episode#, which suggests that that the communist 'Trotskyite' is a conception on much the same plane as the Nazi 'Jew'...,"writes Northrup Frye for the Canadian Forum. Isaac Rosenfield for the Nation, writes, "George Orwell, to judge by his writing, is a man, not without imagination, who is never swept away by his imagination." Of Nineteen Eighty-Four, Fredric Warburg comments, "This is amongst the most terrifying books I have ever read". "Mr. Orwell's latest book, Nineteen Eighty-Four, can be approached either as a political argument or as an indictment of materialism cast in fictional form," writes Harold Nicolson. "Mr. Orwell is in every way similar to Huxley, especially in his contempt for people, in his aim of slandering man," reports Isaac Anisimov for the Pravda.

As you can see, George Orwell is one of the most beloved and respected authors in history. His works speak out against money, hypocrisy, poverty and injustice. His style has influenced many modern authors and will, most definitely, influence many more authors to come.

Calder, Jenni. Animal Farm & Nineteen Eighty-Four. Philadelphia: Milton Keynes, 1986. Meyers, Jeffery. George Orwell: The Critical Hertige. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975. Orwell, George. Animal Farm. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1982 Williams, Raymond. Orwell. London: Raymond Williams, 1991. Wykes, David. A Preface to Orwell. New York: Longman, Inc., 1987.

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George Orwell: Biography, Works, Critics

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Eric Arthur Blair aka "George Orwell" was born in 1903 at Motihari in British-occupied India. While growing up, he attended private schools in Sussex, Wellington and Eton. He worked at the Imperial Indian Police until 1927 when he went to London to study the poverty stricken.

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Nicholas II (May 18, 1868-July 17, 1918) was the last czar of Russia. He ascended to the throne following the death of his father in 1894. Woefully unprepared for such a role, Nicholas II has been characterized as a naïve and incompetent leader. At a time of enormous social and political change in his country, Nicholas held fast to outdated, autocratic policies and opposed reform of any kind. His inept handling of military matters and insensitivity to the needs of his people helped to fuel the 1917 Russian Revolution. Forced to abdicate in 1917, Nicholas went into exile with his wife and five children. After living more than a year under house arrest, the entire family was brutally executed in July 1918 by Bolshevik soldiers. Nicholas II was the last of the Romanov Dynasty, which had ruled Russia for 300 years.

Fast Facts: Czar Nicholas II

Nicholas II, born in Tsarskoye Selo near St. Petersburg, Russia, was the first child of Alexander III and Marie Feodorovna (formerly Princess Dagmar of Denmark). Between 1869 and 1882, the royal couple had three more sons and two daughters. The second child, a boy, died in infancy. Nicholas and his siblings were closely related to other European royalty, including first cousins George V (future king of England) and Wilhelm II, the last Kaiser (Emperor) of Germany.

In 1881, Nicholas' father, Alexander III, became czar (emperor) of Russia after his father, Alexander II, was killed by an assassin's bomb. Nicholas, at age 12, witnessed his grandfather's death when the czar, horribly maimed, was carried back to the palace. Upon his father's ascension to the throne, Nicholas became the Tsarevich (heir-apparent to the throne).

Despite being raised in a palace, Nicholas and his siblings grew up in a strict, austere environment and enjoyed few luxuries. Alexander III lived simply, dressing as a peasant while at home and making his own coffee each morning. The children slept on cots and washed in cold water. Overall, however, Nicholas experienced a happy upbringing in the Romanov household.

The Young Tsarevich

Educated by several tutors, Nicholas studied languages, history, and the sciences, as well as horsemanship, shooting, and even dancing. What he was not schooled in, unfortunately for Russia, was how to function as a monarch. Czar Alexander III, healthy and robust at 6-foot-4, planned to rule for decades. He assumed there would be plenty of time to instruct Nicholas in how to run the empire.

At the age of 19, Nicholas joined an exclusive regiment of the Russian Army and also served in the horse artillery. The Tsarevich didn't participate in any serious military activities; these commissions were more akin to a finishing school for the upper class. Nicholas enjoyed his carefree lifestyle, taking advantage of the freedom to attend parties and balls with few responsibilities to weigh him down.

Prompted by his parents, Nicholas embarked upon a royal grand tour, accompanied by his brother George. Departing Russia in 1890 and traveling by steamship and train, they visited the Middle East, India, China, and Japan. While visiting Japan, Nicholas survived an assassination attempt in 1891 when a Japanese man lunged at him, swinging a sword at his head. The attacker's motive was never determined. Although Nicholas suffered only a minor head wound, his concerned father ordered Nicholas home immediately.

Betrothal to Alix and the Death of the Czar

Nicholas first met Princess Alix of Hesse (daughter of a German Duke and Queen Victoria's second daughter Alice) in 1884 at the wedding of his uncle to Alix's sister Elizabeth. Nicholas was 16 and Alix 12. They met again on several occasions over the years, and Nicholas was adequately impressed to write in his diary that he dreamed of one day marrying Alix.

When Nicholas was in his mid-20s and expected to seek a suitable wife from the nobility, he ended his relationship with a Russian ballerina and began to pursue Alix. Nicholas proposed to Alix in April 1894, but she didn't immediately accept.

A devout Lutheran, Alix was hesitant at first because marriage to a future czar meant that she must convert to the Russian Orthodox religion. After a day of contemplation and discussion with family members, she agreed to marry Nicholas. The couple soon became quite smitten with one another and looked forward to getting married the following year. Theirs would be a marriage of genuine love.

Unfortunately, things changed drastically for the happy couple within months of their engagement. In September 1894, Czar Alexander became gravely ill with nephritis (an inflammation of the kidney). Despite a steady stream of doctors and priests who visited him, the czar died on November 1, 1894, at the age of 49.

Twenty-six-year-old Nicholas reeled from both the grief of losing his father and the tremendous responsibility now placed upon his shoulders.

Czar Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra

Nicholas, as the new czar, struggled to keep up with his duties, which began with planning his father's funeral. Inexperienced in planning such a grand-scale event, Nicholas received criticism on many fronts for the numerous details that were left undone.

On November 26, 1894, just 25 days after Czar Alexander's death, the period of mourning was interrupted for a day so that Nicholas and Alix could marry. Princess Alix of Hesse, newly converted to Russian Orthodoxy, became Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. The couple returned immediately to the palace after the ceremony as a wedding reception was deemed inappropriate during the mourning period.

The royal couple moved into the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoye Selo just outside of St. Petersburg and within a few months learned they were expecting their first child. (Daughter Olga was born in November 1895. She was followed by three more daughters: Tatiana, Marie, and Anastasia. The long-anticipated male heir, Alexei, was finally born in 1904.)

In May 1896, a year and a half after Czar Alexander died, Czar Nicholas' long-awaited, lavish coronation ceremony finally took place. Unfortunately, a horrific incident occurred during one of the many public celebrations held in Nicholas' honor. A stampede on the Khodynka Field in Moscow resulted in more than 1,400 deaths. Incredibly, Nicholas did not cancel the ensuing coronation balls and parties. The Russian people were appalled at Nicholas' handling of the incident, which made it appear that he cared little about his people.

By any account, Nicholas II had not begun his reign on a favorable note.

The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

Nicholas, like many past and future Russian leaders, wanted to expand his country's territory. Looking to the Far East, Nicholas saw potential in Port Arthur, a strategic warm-water port on the Pacific Ocean in southern Manchuria (northeastern China). By 1903, Russia's occupation of Port Arthur angered the Japanese, who had themselves recently been pressured to relinquish the area. When Russia built its Trans-Siberian Railroad through part of Manchuria, the Japanese were further provoked.

Twice, Japan sent diplomats to Russia to negotiate the dispute; however, each time, they were sent home without being granted an audience with the czar, who viewed them with contempt.

By February 1904, the Japanese had run out of patience. A Japanese fleet launched a surprise attack on Russian warships at Port Arthur, sinking two of the ships and blockading the harbor. Well-prepared Japanese troops also swarmed the Russian infantry at various points on land. Outnumbered and outmaneuvered, the Russians suffered one humiliating defeat after another, both on land and sea.

Nicholas, who had never thought the Japanese would start a war, was forced to surrender to Japan in September 1905. Nicholas II became the first czar to lose a war to an Asian nation. An estimated 80,000 Russian soldiers lost their lives in a war that had revealed the czar's utter ineptitude at diplomacy and military affairs.

Bloody Sunday and the Revolution of 1905

By the winter of 1904, dissatisfaction among the working class in Russia had escalated to the point that numerous strikes were staged in St. Petersburg. Workers, who had hoped for a better future living in cities, instead faced long hours, poor wages, and inadequate housing. Many families went hungry on a regular basis, and housing shortages were so severe that some laborers slept in shifts, sharing a bed with several others.

On January 22, 1905, tens of thousands of workers came together for a peaceful march to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. Organized by radical priest Georgy Gapon, protesters were forbidden to bring weapons; instead, they carried religious icons and pictures of the royal family. Participants also brought with them a petition to present to the czar, stating their list of grievances and seeking his help.

Although the czar was not at the palace to receive the petition (he had been advised to stay away), thousands of soldiers awaited the crowd. Having been informed incorrectly that the protesters were there to harm the czar and destroy the palace, the soldiers fired into the mob, killing and wounding hundreds. The czar himself did not order the shootings, but he was held responsible. The unprovoked massacre, called Bloody Sunday, became the catalyst for further strikes and uprisings against the government, called the 1905 Russian Revolution.

After a massive general strike had brought much of Russia to a halt in October 1905, Nicholas was finally forced to respond to the protests. On October 30, 1905, the czar reluctantly issued the October Manifesto, which created a constitutional monarchy and an elected legislature, known as the Duma. Ever the autocrat, Nicholas made sure the powers of the Duma remained limited-nearly half of the budget was exempted from their approval, and they were not allowed to participate in foreign policy decisions. The czar also retained full veto power.

The creation of the Duma appeased the Russian people in the short run, but Nicholas' further blunders hardened his people's hearts against him.

Alexandra and Rasputin

The royal family rejoiced at the birth of a male heir in 1904. Young Alexei seemed healthy at birth, but within a week, as the infant bled uncontrollably from his navel, it was clear that something was seriously wrong. Doctors diagnosed him with hemophilia, an incurable, inherited disease in which the blood will not clot properly. Even a seemingly minor injury could cause the young Tsesarevich to bleed to death. His horrified parents kept the diagnosis a secret from all but the most immediate family. Empress Alexandra, fiercely protective of her son-and his secret-isolated herself from the outside world. Desperate to find help for her son, she sought the help of various medical quacks and holy men.

One such "holy man," self-proclaimed faith healer Grigori Rasputin, first met the royal couple in 1905 and became a close, trusted advisor to the empress. Although rough in manner and unkempt in appearance, Rasputin gained the Empress' trust with his uncanny ability to stop Alexei's bleeding during even the severest of episodes, merely by sitting and praying with him. Gradually, Rasputin became the empress' closest confidante, able to exert influence upon her regarding affairs of state. Alexandra, in turn, influenced her husband on matters of great importance based upon Rasputin's advice.

The Empress' relationship with Rasputin was baffling to outsiders, who had no idea that the Tsarevich was ill.

World War I and the Murder of Rasputin

The June 1914 assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo set off a chain of events that culminated in World War I. The fact that the assassin was a Serbian national led Austria to declare war on Serbia. Nicholas, with the backing of France, felt compelled to protect Serbia, a fellow Slavic nation. His mobilization of the Russian army in August 1914 helped to propel the conflict into a full-scale war, drawing Germany into the fray as an ally of Austria-Hungary.

In 1915, Nicholas made the calamitous decision to take personal command of the Russian army. Under the czar's poor military leadership, the ill-prepared Russian army was no match for the German infantry.

While Nicholas was away at war, he deputized his wife to oversee affairs of the empire. To the Russian people, however, this was a terrible decision. They viewed the empress as untrustworthy since she had come from Germany, Russia's enemy in World War I. Adding to their mistrust, the Empress relied heavily on the despised Rasputin to help her make policy decisions.

Many government officials and family members saw the disastrous effect Rasputin was having on Alexandra and the country and believed he must be removed. Unfortunately, both Alexandra and Nicholas ignored their pleas to dismiss Rasputin.

With their grievances unheard, a group of angry conservatives soon took matters into their hands. In a murder scenario that has become legendary, several members of the aristocracy-including a prince, an army officer, and a cousin of Nicholas-succeeded, with some difficulty, in killing Rasputin in December 1916. Rasputin survived poisoning and multiple gunshot wounds, then finally succumbed after being bound and thrown into a river. The killers were quickly identified but were not punished. Many looked upon them as heroes.

Unfortunately, the murder of Rasputin was not enough to stem the tide of discontent.

The End of a Dynasty

The people of Russia had become increasingly angry with the government's indifference to their suffering. Wages had plummeted, inflation had risen, public services had all but ceased, and millions were being killed in a war they didn't want.

In March 1917, 200,000 protesters converged in the capital city of Petrograd (formerly St. Petersburg) to protest the czar's policies. Nicholas ordered the army to subdue the crowd. By this point, however, most of the soldiers were sympathetic to the protesters' demands and thus just fired shots into the air or joined the ranks of the protesters. There were still a few commanders loyal to the czar who forced their soldiers to shoot into the crowd, killing several people. Not to be deterred, the protesters gained control of the city within days, during what came to be known as the February/March 1917 Russian Revolution.

With Petrograd in the hands of revolutionaries, Nicholas had no choice but to abdicate the throne. Believing that he could somehow still save the dynasty, Nicholas II signed the abdication statement on March 15, 1917, making his brother, Grand Duke Mikhail, the new czar. The grand duke wisely declined the title, bringing the 304-year-old Romanov dynasty to an end. The provisional government allowed the royal family to stay in the palace at Tsarskoye Selo under guard while officials debated their fate.

Exile of the Romanovs

When the provisional government became increasingly threatened by the Bolsheviks in the summer of 1917, worried government officials decided to secretly move Nicholas and his family to safety in western Siberia.

However, when the provisional government was overthrown by the Bolsheviks (led by Vladimir Lenin) during the October/November 1917 Russian Revolution, Nicholas and his family came under the control of the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks relocated the Romanovs to Ekaterinburg in the Ural Mountains in April 1918, ostensibly to await a public trial.

Many opposed the Bolsheviks being in power; thus, a civil war erupted between the Communist "Reds" and their opponents, the anti-Communist "Whites." These two groups fought for control of the country, as well as for custody of the Romanovs.

When the White Army began to gain ground in its battle with the Bolsheviks and headed toward Ekaterinburg to rescue the imperial family, the Bolsheviks made sure that rescue would never take place.

Nicholas, his wife, and his five children were all awakened at 2 a.m. on July 17, 1918, and told to prepare for departure. They were gathered into a small room, where Bolshevik soldiers fired upon them. Nicholas and his wife were killed outright, but the others were not so fortunate. Soldiers used bayonets to carry out the remainder of the executions. The corpses were buried at two separate sites and were burned and covered with acid to prevent them from being identified.

In 1991, the remains of nine bodies were excavated at Ekaterinburg. Subsequent DNA testing confirmed them to be those of Nicholas, Alexandra, three of their daughters, and four of their servants. The second grave, containing the remains of Alexei and his sister Marie, was not discovered until 2007. The Romanov family's remains were reburied at the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg, the traditional burial place of the Romanovs.

It might be said that the Russian Revolution and the events that followed were, in a sense, the legacy of Nicholas II-a leader who was unable to respond to changing times by considering the needs of his people. Over the years, research into the final fate of the Romanov family has revealed a mystery: while the bodies of the Czar, Czarina, and several children were found, two bodies-those of the Alexei, heir to the throne, and Grand Duchess Anastasia-were missing. This suggests that perhaps, somehow, two of the Romanov children actually survived.

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Biography of Czar Nicholas II, Last Czar of Russia

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Nicholas II was the last czar of Russia. His autocratic leadership played a major role in the success of the Russian Revolution and its aftermath.

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Vladimir Lenin, Karl Marx, and Leon Trotsky

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Vladimir Lenin, Karl Marx, and Leon Trotsky

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"The working class must break up, smash the "ready-made state machinery," and not confine itself merely to laying hold of it."
The State and Revolution - The Marxist Theory of the State and the Tasks of the Proletariat in the Revolution

Lenin wrote The State and Revolution in August and September 1917, when he was in hiding. The need for such a theoretical work was mentioned by Lenin in the second half of 1916. It was then that he wrote his note on "The Youth International", in which he criticised Bukharin's anti-Marxist position on the question of the state and promised to write a detailed article on the Marxist attitude to the state. In a letter to A.M. Kollontai on February 17 (N.S.), 1917, he said that he had almost got ready material on that question (See Collected Works, Vol. 35, p. 286). This material was written in a small hand in a blue-covered notebook headed "marxism on the State". In it he had collected quotations from the works of Marx and Engels, and extracts from the books by Kautsky, Pannekoek and Bernstein with his own critical notes, conclusions and generalisations.

When Lenin left Switzerland for Russia in April 1917, he feared arrest by the Provisional Government and left the manuscript of "Marxism on the State" behind. When in hiding after the July events, Lenin wrote in a note:

"Entre nous, if I am knocked off, I ask you to publish my notebook 'Marxism on the State' (it got held up in Stockholm). It is bound in a blue cover. All the quotations from Marx and Engels are collected there, also those from Kautsky against Pannekoek. There are a number of remarks, notes and formulas. I think a week's work would be enough to publish it. I consider it important because not only Pkekhanov, but Kautsky, too, is confused...." When Lenin received his notebook from Stockholm, he used the material he had collected as a basis for his masterly book The State and Revolution.

According to Lenin's plan, The State and Revolution was to have consisted of seven chapters, but he did not write the seventh, "The Experience of the Russian Revolutions of 1905 and 1917", and only a detailed plan has remained. In a note to the publisher Lenin wrote that if he "was too slow in competing this, the seventh chapter, or should it turn out to be too bulky, the first six chapters should be published separately as Book One."

The name F.F. Ivanovsky is known on the first page of the manuscript as that of the author. Lenin intended to publish the book under that pseudonym, otherwise the Provisional Government would have confiscated it. The book, however, was not printed until 1918, when there was no longer any need for the pseudonym. The second edition appeared in 1919; Lenin added to Chapter II a new section "The Presentation of the Question by Marx in 1852" for this edition.

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"The working class must break up, smash the "ready-made state machinery," and not confine itself merely to laying hold of it." Lenin wrote The State and Revolution in August and September 1917, when he was in hiding. The need for such a theoretical work was mentioned by Lenin in the second half of 1916.

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In 1917, two revolutions completely changed the fabric of Russia. First, the February Russian Revolution toppled the Russian monarchy and established a Provisional Government. Then in October, a second Russian Revolution placed the Bolsheviks as the leaders of Russia, resulting in the creation of the world's first communist country.

The February 1917 Revolution

Although many wanted a revolution, no one expected it to happen when it did and how it did. On Thursday, February 23, 1917, women workers in Petrograd left their factories and entered the streets to protest. It was International Women's Day and the women of Russia were ready to be heard.

An estimated 90,000 women marched through the streets, shouting "Bread" and "Down With the Autocracy!" and "Stop the War!" These women were tired, hungry, and angry. They worked long hours in miserable conditions in order to feed their families because their husbands and fathers were at the front, fighting in World War I. They wanted change. They weren't the only ones.

The following day, more than 150,000 men and women took to the streets to protest. Soon more people joined them and by Saturday, February 25, the city of Petrograd was basically shut down -- no one was working.

Although there were a few incidents of police and soldiers firing into the crowds, those groups soon mutinied and joined the protesters.

Czar Nicholas II, who was not in Petrograd during the revolution, heard reports of the protests but did not take them seriously.

By March 1, it was obvious to everyone except the czar himself that the czar's rule was over. On March 2, 1917 it was made official when Czar Nicholas II abdicated.

Without a monarchy, the question remained as to who would next lead the country.

Provisional Government vs. The Petrograd Soviet

Two contending groups emerged out of the chaos to claim leadership of Russia. The first was made up of former Duma members and the second was the Petrograd Soviet. The former Duma members represented the middle and upper classes while the Soviet represented workers and soldiers.

In the end, the former Duma members formed a Provisional Government which officially ran the country. The Petrograd Soviet allowed this because they felt that Russia was not economically advanced enough to undergo a true socialist revolution.

Within the first few weeks after the February Revolution, the Provisional Government abolished the death penalty, granted amnesty for all political prisoners and those in exile, ended religious and ethnic discrimination, and granted civil liberties.

What they did not deal with was an end to the war, land reform, or better quality of life for the Russian people. The Provisional Government believed Russia should honor its commitments to its allies in World War I and continue fighting. V.I. Lenin did not agree.

Lenin Returns From Exile

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks, was living in exile when the February Revolution transformed Russia. Once the Provisional Government allowed back political exiles, Lenin boarded a train in Zurich, Switzerland and headed home.

On April 3, 1917, Lenin arrived in Petrograd at the Finland Station. Tens of thousands of workers and soldiers had come to the station to greet Lenin. There were cheers and a sea of red, waving flags. Not able to get through, Lenin jumped on top of a car and gave a speech. Lenin at first congratulated the Russian people for their successful revolution.

However, Lenin had more to say. In a speech made just hours later, Lenin shocked everyone by denouncing the Provisional Government and calling for a new revolution. He reminded the people that the country was still at war and that the Provisional Government had done nothing to give the people bread and land.

At first, Lenin was a lone voice in his condemnation of the Provisional Government. But Lenin worked ceaselessly over the following few months and eventually, people began to really listen. Soon many wanted "Peace, Land, Bread!"

The October 1917 Russian Revolution

By September 1917, Lenin believed the Russian people were ready for another revolution. However, other Bolshevik leaders were not yet quite convinced. On October 10, a secret meeting of the Bolshevik party leaders was held. Lenin used all his powers of persuasion to convince the others that it was time for an armed insurrection. Having debated through the night, a vote was taken the following morning -- it was ten to two in favor of a revolution.

The people themselves were ready. In the very early hours of October 25, 1917, the revolution began. Troops loyal to the Bolsheviks took control of the telegraph, power station, strategic bridges, post office, train stations, and state bank. Control of these and other posts within the city were handed over to the Bolsheviks with barely a shot fired.

By late that morning, Petrograd was in the hands of the Bolsheviks -- all except the Winter Palace where the leaders of the Provisional Government remained. Prime Minister Alexander Kerensky successfully fled but by the following day, troops loyal to the Bolsheviks infiltrated the Winter Palace.

After nearly a bloodless coup, the Bolsheviks were the new leaders of Russia. Nearly immediately, Lenin announced that the new regime would end the war, abolish all private land ownership, and would create a system for workers' control of factories.

Unfortunately, as well intended as Lenin's promises might have been, they proved disastrous. After Russia pulled out of World War I, millions of Russian soldiers filtered home. They were hungry, tired, and wanted their jobs back.

Yet there was no extra food. Without private land ownership, farmers began to grow just enough produce for themselves; there was no incentive to grow more.

There were also no jobs to be had. Without a war to support, factories no longer had vast orders to fill.

None of the people's real problems were fixed; instead, their lives became much worse.

In June 1918, Russia broke out in civil war. It was the Whites (those against the Soviets, which included monarchists, liberals, and other socialists) against the Reds (the Bolshevik regime).

Near the beginning of the Russian Civil War, the Reds were worried that the Whites would free the czar and his family, which would not only have given the Whites a psychological boost but might have led to the restoration of the monarchy in Russia. The Reds were not going to let that happen.

On the night of July 16-17, 1918, Czar Nicholas, his wife, their children, the family dog, three servants, and the family doctor were all woken up, taken to the basement, and shot.

The Civil War lasted over two years and was bloody, brutal, and cruel. The Reds won but at the expense of millions of people killed.

The Russian Civil War dramatically changed the fabric of Russia. The moderates were gone. What was left was an extreme, vicious regime that was to rule Russia until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.

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What Happened During the 1917 Russian Revolutions?

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In 1917, two revolutions completely changed the fabric of Russia. First, the February Russian Revolution toppled the Russian monarchy and established a Provisional Government. Then in October, a second Russian Revolution placed the Bolsheviks as the leaders of Russia, resulting in the creation of the world's first communist country.

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Russian (Bolshevik) Revolution October 1917 

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Russian (Bolshevik) Revolution October 1917 

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When Was the Russian Revolution?

In 1917, two revolutions swept through Russia, ending centuries of imperial rule and setting into motion political and social changes that would lead to the eventual formation of the Soviet Union.

However, while the two revolutionary events took place within a few short months of 1917, social unrest in Russia had been brewing for many years prior to the events of that year.

In the early 1900s, Russia was one of the most impoverished countries in Europe with an enormous peasantry and a growing minority of poor industrial workers. Much of Western Europe viewed Russia as an undeveloped, backwards society.

The Russian Empire practiced serfdom-a form of feudalism in which landless peasants were forced to serve the land-owning nobility-well into the nineteenth century. In contrast, the practice had disappeared in most of Western Europe by the end of the Middle Ages.

In 1861, the Russian Empire finally abolished serfdom. The emancipation of serfs would influence the events leading up to the Russian Revolution by giving peasants more freedom to organize.

What Caused the Russian Revolution?

The Industrial Revolution gained a foothold in Russia much later than in Western Europe and the United States. When it finally did, around the turn of the 20th century, it brought with it immense social and political changes.

Between 1890 and 1910, for example, the population of major Russian cities such as St. Petersburg and Moscow nearly doubled, resulting in overcrowding and destitute living conditions for a new class of Russian industrial workers.

A population boom at the end of the 19th century, a harsh growing season due to Russia's northern climate, and a series of costly wars-starting with the Crimean War -created frequent food shortages across the vast empire. Moreover, a famine in 1891-1892 is estimated to have killed up to 400,000 Russians.

The devastating Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 further weakened Russia and the position of ruler Czar Nicholas II. Russia suffered heavy losses of soldiers, ships, money and international prestige in the war, which it ultimately lost.

Many educated Russians, looking at social progress and scientific advancement in Western Europe and North America, saw how growth in Russia was being hampered by the monarchical rule of the czars and the czar's supporters in the aristocratic class.

Russian Revolution of 1905

Soon, large protests by Russian workers against the monarchy led to the Bloody Sunday massacre of 1905. Hundreds of unarmed protesters were killed or wounded by the czar's troops.

The Bloody Sunday massacre sparked the Russian Revolution of 1905, during which angry workers responded with a series of crippling strikes throughout the country. Farm laborers and soldiers joined the cause, leading to the creation of worker-dominated councils called "soviets."

In one famous incident, the crew of the battleship Potemkin staged a successful mutiny against their overbearing officers. Historians would later refer to the 1905 Russian Revolution as 'the Great Dress Rehearsal," as it set the stage for the upheavals to come.

Nicholas II and World War I

After the bloodshed of 1905 and Russia's humiliating loss in the Russo-Japanese War, Nicholas II promised greater freedom of speech and the formation of a representative assembly, or Duma, to work toward reform.

Russia entered into World War I in August 1914 in support of the Serbs and their French and British allies. Their involvement in the war would soon prove disastrous for the Russian Empire.

Militarily, imperial Russia was no match for industrialized Germany, and Russian casualties were greater than those sustained by any nation in any previous war. Food and fuel shortages plagued Russia as inflation mounted. The already weak economy was hopelessly disrupted by the costly war effort.

Czar Nicholas left the Russian capital of Petrograd (St. Petersburg) in 1915 to take command of the Russian Army front. (The Russians had renamed the imperial city in 1914, because "St. Petersburg" sounded too German.)

Rasputin and the Czarina

In her husband's absence, Czarina Alexandra-an unpopular woman of German ancestry-began firing elected officials. During this time, her controversial advisor, Grigory Rasputin, increased his influence over Russian politics and the royal Romanov family.

Russian nobles eager to end Rasputin's influence murdered him on December 30, 1916. By then, most Russians had lost faith in the failed leadership of the czar. Government corruption was rampant, the Russian economy remained backward and Nicholas repeatedly dissolved the Duma, the toothless Russian parliament established after the 1905 revolution, when it opposed his will.

Moderates soon joined Russian radical elements in calling for an overthrow of the hapless czar.

February Revolution

The February Revolution (known as such because of Russia's use of the Julian calendar until February 1918) began on March 8, 1917 (February 23 on the Julian calendar).

Demonstrators clamoring for bread took to the streets of Petrograd. Supported by huge crowds of striking industrial workers, the protesters clashed with police but refused to leave the streets.

On March 11, the troops of the Petrograd army garrison were called out to quell the uprising. In some encounters, the regiments opened fire, killing demonstrators, but the protesters kept to the streets and the troops began to waver.

The Duma formed a provisional government on March 12. A few days later, Czar Nicholas abdicated the throne, ending centuries of Russian Romanov rule.

Alexander Kerensky

The leaders of the provisional government, including young Russian lawyer Alexander Kerensky, established a liberal program of rights such as freedom of speech, equality before the law, and the right of unions to organize and strike. They opposed violent social revolution.

As minister of war, Kerensky continued the Russian war effort, even though Russian involvement in World War I was enormously unpopular. This further exacerbated Russia's food supply problems. Unrest continued to grow as peasants looted farms and food riots erupted in the cities.

Bolshevik Revolution

On November 6 and 7, 1917 (or October 24 and 25 on the Julian calendar, which is why the event is often referred to as the October Revolution), leftist revolutionaries led by Bolshevik Party leader Vladimir Lenin launched a nearly bloodless coup d'état against the Duma's provisional government.

The provisional government had been assembled by a group of leaders from Russia's bourgeois capitalist class. Lenin instead called for a Soviet government that would be ruled directly by councils of soldiers, peasants and workers.

The Bolsheviks and their allies occupied government buildings and other strategic locations in Petrograd, and soon formed a new government with Lenin as its head. Lenin became the dictator of the world's first communist state.

Russian Civil War

Civil War broke out in Russia in late 1917 after the Bolshevik Revolution. The warring factions included the Red and White Armies.

The Red Army fought for the Lenin's Bolshevik government. The White Army represented a large group of loosely allied forces, including monarchists, capitalists and supporters of democratic socialism.

On July 16, 1918, the Romanovs were executed by the Bolsheviks. The Russian Civil War ended in 1923 with Lenin's Red Army claiming victory and establishing the Soviet Union.

After many years of violence and political unrest, the Russian Revolution paved the way for the rise of communism as an influential political belief system around the world. It set the stage for the rise of the Soviet Union as a world power that would go head-to-head with the United States during the Cold War.

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Sources
The Russian Revolutions of 1917. Anna M. Cienciala, University of Kansas.
The Russian Revolution of 1917. Daniel J. Meissner, Marquette University.
Russian Revolution of 1917. McGill University.
Russian Revolution of 1905. Marxists.org.
The Russian Revolution of 1905: What Were the Major Causes? Northeastern University.
Timeline of the Russian Revolution. British Library.

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Russian Revolution: Causes, Timeline & Bolsheviks | HISTORY

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The Russian Revolution was a series of uprisings from 1905 to 1917 led by peasants, laborers and Bolsheviks against the failed rule of the czarist Romanovs.

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Eric Blair (George Orwell) was an English novelist who used his writing to spread his ideas and opinions within his novels.

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Russian Revolutionary in February 1917 was the most political and explosive events of the twentieth century. Vladimir Lenin obtained power and ruined the csarist rule.

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Czar Nicholas was know for being executed during the Russian revolution. He died July 17th, 1918 in Ekaterinburg, Russia. He had five kids, Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei.

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Vladimir Lenin was the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), the things he did are some of the biggest events to happen in the twentieth century. When he went to study in law he became exposed to radical political ideas. Due to his political activities he was imprisoned for a year then sent to Siberia for three years where he married his wife Nadezhda Krupskaya. His real name is Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. His political theory was inspired from Marxism. He became leader of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Worker’s Party. He was known for being ruthless, He never showed mercy for his opponents. He barely escaped and assassination attempt.