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was Britain's unofficial policy, initiated by prime minister Robert Walpole , to relax the enforcement of strict regulations, particularly trade laws, imposed on the American colonies late in the seventeenth and early in the eighteenth centuries.

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Taxation without representation is the act of being taxed by an authority without the benefit of having elected representatives. The term became part of an anti-British slogan when the original 13 American colonies aimed to revolt against the British Empire.

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The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution. It was approved, after much debate, by the Second Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, and sent to the states for ratification.

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Common Sense was a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1775–1776 advocating independence from Great Britain to people in the Thirteen Colonies. Writing in clear and persuasive prose, Paine marshaled moral and political arguments to encourage common people in the Colonies to fight for egalitarian government.

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Natural rights are rights granted to all people by nature or God that cannot be denied or restricted by any government or individual. Natural rights are often said to be granted to people by “natural law.” Legal rights are rights granted by governments or legal systems.

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In moral and political philosophy, the social contract is a theory or model that originated during the Age of Enlightenment and usually concerns the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual.

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John Locke FRS was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism".

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Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French judge, man of letters, and political philosopher. He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world.

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a Genevan philosopher, writer and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political, economic and educational thought.

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the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, ratified in 1791 and guaranteeing such rights as the freedoms of speech, assembly, and worship.

the English constitutional settlement of 1689, confirming the deposition of James II and the accession of William and Mary, guaranteeing the Protestant succession, and laying down the principles of parliamentary supremacy.

a formal declaration of the legal and civil rights of the citizens of any state, country, federation, etc.

"international law and the New Zealand Bill of Rights say that everyone has the right to seek asylum if they are found to be persecuted"

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The Federalist Papers is a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pseudonym "Publius" to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution.

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The Federalist Party, referred to as the Pro-Administration party until the 3rd United States Congress as opposed to their opponents in the Anti-Administration party, was the first American political party. It existed from the early 1790s to the 1820s, with their last presidential candidate being fielded in 1816.

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the people are the source of the government power
the government can exist only with the consent of the people
example : we the people

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the executive ( president) legislative ( congress and judicial ) power are divided into 3 independent but equal branched of the government

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system of overlapping the 3 branches of government to allow each branch to check the actions of the other.

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a constitution divide power between a national government and  smaller regional  ( state) government.

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the restriction of the arbitrary exercise of power by subordinating it to well-defined and established laws.

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Expressed powers are those specifically named in the Constitution. They are sometimes called delegated powers or enumerated powers. Since the Framers envisioned the Congress as the most powerful branch, its powers are most clearly expressed in Article I, Section 8.

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Implied powers, in the United States, are powers authorized by the Constitution that, while not stated, seem implied by powers that are expressly stated

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Reserved powers, residual powers, or residuary powers are the powers which are neither prohibited or explicitly given by law to any organ of government. Such powers, as well as general power of competence, are given because it is impractical to detail in legislation every act allowed to be carried out by the state.

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Concurrent powers are powers of a federal system of government shared by both the federal government and each constituent political unit (such as a state or province)

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the power of a court to determine whether the government is following the rules/ laws of the constitution.