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Gastro-colonic reflex
distension of stomach will help clear the colon in preparation of food arriving in the colon

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sight or smell of food activates gaphalic reflex- vagus nerve stimulated projects to G cells- neurostimulation of gastrin release- release of acid

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colono-colonic reflexes -> food in higher parts of the colon will cause relaxation in more distal parts of the colon

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organs outside of the GIT cause paralytic ileus

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Positive neural feedforward - gastrin increases acid secretion by parietal cells  (vagus nerve)

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Positive neural feedforward - gastrin increases acid secretion by parietal cells  (vagus nerve)

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-ve feedback. neural. sight of food activates vagus which causes g cells to release gastrin. Gastrin causes parietal cells to release acid 

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-ve feedback. neural. sight of food activates vagus which causes g cells to release gastrin. Gastrin causes parietal cells to release acid 

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Negative feedback humoral mechanism when glucos or fat is detected in chyme. This leads to a release of enteroglucagon which decreases motility through the inhibition of peristalsis= increases absorbtion time.

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Negative feedback humoral mechanism when glucos or fat is detected in chyme. This leads to a release of enteroglucagon which decreases motility through the inhibition of peristalsis= increases absorbtion time.

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Gastro ileal reflex: distension of stomach causes ileal relaxation. Feed forward. Prepares ileum for food entry. 

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Gastro ileal reflex: distension of stomach causes ileal relaxation. Feed forward. Prepares ileum for food entry. 

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Nervous input to increase haustration and peristalsis in preparation for food moving through the intestine

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Ileo-gastric feedback -> distension in the small intestine will inhibit gastric motility (Neuronal –ve feedback)

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Vagal innervation of the upper 1/3 of the oesophagus, this is an example of a neural positive feedback mechanism as permits motility of the bolus via peristalsis contraction.

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Vagal innervation of the upper 1/3 of the oesophagus, this is an example of a neural positive feedback mechanism as permits motility of the bolus via peristalsis contraction.

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ileogastric reflex = overdistension of the ileum causes inhibition of motility in the stomach

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D cells = somatostatin = inhibits gastrin produciton. feedback, negative neural

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Over distension of the ileum: inhibits motility in the stomach and decreases gastric emptying. Feed-back mechanism. Stops release of chyme and more distension. neural. 

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Over distension of the ileum: inhibits motility in the stomach and decreases gastric emptying. Feed-back mechanism. Stops release of chyme and more distension. neural. 

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gastrin, secretin & CCK increase motility of the small intestine

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partial cells - produce gastric acid when you see / smell food. = feedforward   (
positive neural)

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Distension of the gut: activates pressure receptors causing relaxation of the gut and inhibition of motility. A feed forward mechanism. neural 

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Distension of the gut: activates pressure receptors causing relaxation of the gut and inhibition of motility. A feed forward mechanism. neural 

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Salivary response

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sight/smell of food causes salivary glands to increase

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Negative humoral  feedback via somatostatin release

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enteroglycin decreases motility

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Somatostatin is the primary negative feedback signal

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Somatostatin is the primary negative feedback signal

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parietal cells stimulates D cells to release somatostatin. This directly and indirectly inhibits acid secretion by
inhibiting the secretion of H+ by parietal cells ;inhibiting the secretion of histamine by ECL cells, which stimulates parietal cells;
inhibiting the secretion of gastrin by G cells, which stimulates ECL cells and parietal cells.
This prevents damage to the GI tract caused by excess H+ ions, as well as indirectly inhibits pepsinogen secretion by chief cells.

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Feedback via the myenteric plexus- increased secretion

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negative feedback of gastrin release- acid stimulates D cells which release somatostatin which inhibits G cells. reduces acid release when there is a decrease in stimuli

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Positive humoral feedforward control example would be the cephallic reflex. 

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Positive humoral feedforward control example would be the cephallic reflex. 

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hormonal

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Hormone release

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Feedforward mechanism- prepare the GIT for digestion

Feedback mechanism- stimulus modulates further release of hormones

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EQ: Stomach              feedforward  vagal nerve input activate the gastric secretion                                           feedback D-cell secrete somatostatin for the inhibition of gastric acid  secretion from parietal cell              

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EQ: Stomach              feedforward  vagal nerve input activate the gastric secretion                                           feedback D-cell secrete somatostatin for the inhibition of gastric acid  secretion from parietal cell              

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hormonal

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A mechanism that prepares the body for something

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feedforward = the modification or control of a process using its anticipated results or effects

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feedforward = the modification or control of a process using its anticipated results or effects

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Feedback controls refers to a mechanism which regulates a physiological parameter within given boundaries, e.g. negative feedback.

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Feedback controls refers to a mechanism which regulates a physiological parameter within given boundaries, e.g. negative feedback.

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In the GI tract this alters the degree of motility within the tract