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Gymnosperms are seed-producing plants, with has 3 classes: Cycadae, Ginkgoae, and Conifera. Gymnosperms have leaves that have evolved into scales. The cones that they produce, are in fact larger clusters of scales. Male cones produce pollen, while female cones produce eggs and hold the seeds. As opposed to angiosperms, a gymnosperm's seeds sit "naked" on the scales. When the pollen cones release pollen, they are carried by the wind and attach to the female cones' sticky secretions. Pollen produces sperm through the process of mitosis once it has landed, and will fertilize the female's ovules, eventually forming a zygote. These zygotes will then form into seeds and make seed cones.

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Angiosperms are flowering plants, which means that they reproduce sexually via pollination. Their seeds are not carried "naked" on the flower, as the seeds of an angiosperm are contained within a protective wall. Many angiosperms have adapted their tissues to survive under various weather conditions. There are 2 subclasses of angiosperms: Monocotyledonae (monocots) and dicotyledonae (dicots). Monocots have a single seed leaf, while dicots have 2. There are also difference in the number of petals that their flowers have, their root structure, leaf structure, and stem thickness depending on the subclass.

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Ferns are a part of the phylum Tracheophyta, and considered the first "true" land plants. They have adapted with vascular tissues that transport water and products of photosynthesis throughout the plant. Its vascular tissues are in the form of xylem, which transports water from the roots to all parts of the plant with the help of tracheid cells, and also phloem, which transports nutrients and products of photosynthesis throughout the plant. There is a vascular cylinder where the vascular tissues gather, veins in its true leaves, and a cuticle for protection. On the underside of fronds, the leaves of ferns, sporophytes produce haploid spores. Sporangia is grouped into clusters of sori.

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Mosses are a part of the phylum Bryophyta. They grow in clumps, containing individual moss plants. They are non-vascular, as they do not contain any tubes for transporting water and nutrients. Instead of roots, they have rhizoids that act as anchors. A moss's reproductive life is such that the antheridium produces sperm, while the archegonium produces eggs. When the sperm and eggs meet, fertilization occurs, and the germinating zygote grows into a sporophyte. The sporophyte depends on the gametophyte for maintaining its survival. When haploid spores are produced by meiosis, the spores are carried by wind and water. Soon, the spore will germinate into a mass of protonema.

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"Biology 1030 - Biological Diversity, Function & InteractionsPinus." Biology 1030 - Biological Diversity, Function & InteractionsPinus. N.p., n.d. Web.                    06 Apr. 2016.

"Colorado Blue Spruce." Colorado Blue Spruce. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2016.

"Idaho Blue Spruce Essential Oil - Relax Mind & Body." Idaho Blue Spruce Essential Oil - Relax Mind & Body. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2016

"Interesting Facts About the Western Sword Fern." Interesting Facts About the Western Sword Fern. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Apr. 2016.

Miller, Kenneth R., and Joseph S. Levine. Biology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000. Print.

Parish, Roberta, and S. M. Thomson. Tree Book: Learning to Recognize Trees of British Columbia. Victoria, B.C.: Canadian Forest Service, 1994. Web.                 07 Apr. 2016.

"Picea Pungens - Plant Finder." Picea Pungens - Plant Finder. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2016.

"Plants Profile for Prunus Subhirtella (winter-flowering Cherry)." Plants Profile for Prunus Subhirtella (winter-flowering Cherry). USDA, n.d. Web. 06                   Apr. 2016.

"Rhododendron Facts." Rhododendron Facts. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Apr. 2016.

"Sargent CherryPrunus Sargentii." Sargent Cherry on the Tree Guide at Arborday.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2016.

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Common name: Western white pine
Scientific name: Pinus monticola
Interesting facts/ecological notes: The Thompson people used western white pines as medicine to treat illnesses. These trees can grow in a variety of environments, particularly in low elevations. Due to its fine grain, it is often used for carving wood sculptures that require great detail. For this reason, it is a popular wood to use for making furniture.

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Common name: Blue spruce
Scientific name: Picea pungens
Interesting facts/ecological notes: Blue spruces are mostly found in Colorado, but also native to Canadian grounds. Due to its knotty wood, blue spruce is not often  used for lumber, but instead used for wood ornamental designs with its relatively malleable bark. Native Americans have used blue spruces as essential oils. It was often placed in baths to provide comfort after a physically strenuous day so that the body's muscles could be relaxed by the oils contained within its needles.

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Common name: Pink rhododendron
Scientific name: Rhododendren ferrugineum
Interesting facts/ecological notes: These plants have evergreen leafs. They can live up to many years, some with a lifespan lasting up to 20 years. Certain types of rhododendrens can be used to make teas with its petals, giving off a floral fragrance.

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Common name: Sargent cherry
Scientific name: Prunus sargentii
Interesting facts/ecological notes: The flowers' petals of a sargent cherry have transitioning colours, whereby their petals will first blossom with a pale pink colour, and eventually fade to white as it nears its blooming season. They are also widely adaptive in that the soil that they are planted in can be in various conditions, yet the tree will still be able to adapt to the soil and survive in it. Their total tree height can reach up from 20 to 30 feet.

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Common name: Perennial candytuft
Scientific name: Iberis sempervirens
Interesting facts/ecological notes: Perennial candytufts are relatively easy to grow at home from planting seeds or cuttings, as they can germinate quite quickly in about 2 weeks. In gardening uses, they are often used to cover dead foliage and are draped over walls in most cases. They can grow up to a wide 20 inches and have a height of 10 inches.

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Common name: Sword fern
Scientific name: Polystichum munitum
Interesting facts/ecological notes: The rhizomes of sword ferns can be cooked and used to cure diarrhea, and can also be rubbed on nettle stings to sooth the pain. Young ferns, called fiddleheads, can be picked and cooked by frying the plant. Aboriginal tribes in Canada and the United States have been known to also use these ferns as a natural cure for sore throats by ingesting the fronds.

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Common name: Tall cluster thread moss
Scientific name: Bryum pseudotriquetrum
Interesting facts/ecological notes: Peat moss is a common type of moss, and has several uses. It can be burned to use as fuel, while the smoke can be used to produce Scotch whiskey. Additionally, tribes in the Pacific Northwest in the United States and Canada have used moss to dry salmon meat prior to drying.