# data[].attributes.body
A national survey asked 1,000 U.S. adults to report the number of lies told in a 24-hour period. Sixty percent of subjects report telling no lies at all, and almost half of all lies are told by only 5% of subjects; thus, prevalence varies widely and most reported lies are told by a few prolific liars. The pattern is replicated in a reanalysis of previously published research and with a student sample. Substantial individual differences in lying behavior have implications for the generality of truth–lie base rates in deception detection experiments.

Human Communication Research  Department of Communication, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA

# data[].attributes.body
There is no reason to expect that a particular set of nonverbal behaviors is associated with every type of deceiver and every type of deceit. Deceptive contexts vary considerably in the emotions, motivations, and expectations that they engender in the deceivers, and they also impose different cognitive-processing demands. As these and other important dimensions of deceptive contexts vary so, too, may the specific behaviors that distinguish lies from truths.

The National Academies Press

In the Mind's Eye: Enhancing Human Performance (1991)

Chapter: 9 Hiding and Detecting Deception

# data[].attributes.body
The possibilities for detecting deception under noninvasive conditions depend either on the content of the supplied information or on nonverbal behaviors inadvertently “leaked” by the subject.

The National Academies Press

In the Mind's Eye: Enhancing Human Performance (1991)

Chapter: 9 Hiding and Detecting Deception

# data[].attributes.body
Liars may take their credibility for granted less than truth-tellers and, therefore, may control their behavior in an attempt to suppress signs of deception and also to simulate credible behaviors

The Journal of Psychology, 2015, 149(5), 517–534 Copyright C 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

# data[].attributes.body
Cues to deception  were more pronounced when people were motivated to succeed, especially when the motivations were identity relevant rather than monetary or material. Cues to deception were also stronger when lies were about transgressions.

Psychological Bulletin Copyright 2003 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 2003, Vol. 129, No. 1, 74–118 0033-2909/03/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.74

# data[].attributes.body
Lies can also generate emotions, ranging from the excitement and pleasure of “pulling the wool over someone’s eyes” to fear of getting caught to feelings of guilt .

Handbook of Science and Technology for Homeland Security, Vol. 5, Edited by John G. Voeller Copyright  2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

# data[].attributes.body
A lie conceals, fabricates, or distorts information; this involves additional mental effort.This extra effort tends to manifest itself with longer speech latencies, increased speech disturbances, less plausible content, less verbal and vocal involvement, less talking time, more repeated words and phrases, and so forth.

Handbook of Science and Technology for Homeland Security, Vol. 5, Edited by John G. Voeller Copyright  2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

# data[].attributes.headline
 SCIENTIFIC OVERVIEW—BEHAVIORAL SIGNS OF DECEPTION 

# data[].attributes.subject
 SCIENTIFIC OVERVIEW—BEHAVIORAL SIGNS OF DECEPTION 

# data[].attributes.body
Generally speaking, the research on detecting lies from behavior suggests that two broad families of behavioral clues are likely to occur when someone is lying—clues related to liar’s memory and thinking about what they are saying (cognitive clues), and clues related to liar’s feelings and feelings about deception (emotional clues)

Handbook of Science and Technology for Homeland Security, Vol. 5, Edited by John G. Voeller Copyright  2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Mark G. Frank and Melissa A. Menasco University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York Maureen O’Sullivan University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California

# data[].attributes.body
such as except, but or nor--words that indicate that writers distinguish what they did from what they did not do. Liars seem to have a problem with this complexity, and it shows in their writing.

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

RACHEL ADELSON

July/August 2004, Vol 35, No. 7

Print version: page 70

# data[].attributes.body
such as hate, worthless and sad. Liars, notes Pennebaker, are generally more anxious and sometimes feel guilty.

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

RACHEL ADELSON

July/August 2004, Vol 35, No. 7

Print version: page 70

# data[].attributes.body
Liars avoid statements of ownership, distance themselves from their stories and avoid taking responsibility for their behavior, he says.

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

RACHEL ADELSON

July/August 2004, Vol 35, No. 7

Print version: page 70

# data[].attributes.body
Polygraph tests- so-called "lie detectors"--are typically based on detecting autonomic reactions and are considered unreliable

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

RACHEL ADELSON

July/August 2004, Vol 35, No. 7

Print version: page 70

# data[].attributes.body
Some research links lying with such facial and bodily cues as increased pupil size and lip pressing but not with blinking or posture.

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

RACHEL ADELSON

July/August 2004, Vol 35, No. 7

Print version: page 70