# data[].attributes.body
● Formal project proposal 

● Use of project management software in system planning

 Accountant role in system planning 

# data[].attributes.body
BB15110136

a) Definition of System Planning
Business systems planning (BSP) is a method of analyzing, defining and designing the information architecture of organizations. It was introduced by IBM for internal use only in 1981,[1] although initial work on BSP began during the early 1970s. BSP was later sold to organizations.[2] It is a complex method dealing with interconnected data, processes, strategies, aims and organizational departments.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_system_planning
b) Problem Identification
Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified herehttps://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx
c) System's Objective specification
To explain how dependability requirements may be identified by analyzing the risks faced by critical systems
To explain how safety requirements are generated from the system risk analysis.
To explain the derivation of security requirements
To describe metrics used for reliability specification
http://www.cs.umd.edu/~mvz/cmsc435-s09/pdf/slides6.pdf
d)System planning strategy
A strategic planning system is nothing more than a structured (that is, designed) process that organizes and coordinates the activities of the managers who do the planning. No universal, off-the-shelf planning system exists for the simple and obvious reason that companies differ in size, diversity of operations, the way they are organized, and managers’ style and philosophy. An effective planning system requires “situational design”; it must take into account the particular company’s situation, especially along the dimensions of size and diversity.
https://hbr.org/1976/09/how-to-design-a-strategic-planning-system
e) Identification of project feasibility
The first stage in project preparation is to undertake an identification and pre-feasibility study. The purpose of this is to identify if there are problems with the existing marketing system which might be solved by a planning and infrastructure project. An initial analysis should be made of facilities and accommodation requirements, alternative site development scenarios should be considered and an outline master plan and action programme prepared.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0521e/T0521E05.htm
f) Formal project proposal
A proposal is a request for financial assistance to implement a project. The proposal outlines the plan of the implementing organisation about the project, giving extensive information about the intention, for implementing it, the ways to manage it and the results to be delivered from it.
https://www.sswm.info/planning-and-programming/implementation/project-design/project-proposal-writing

g) Use of project management software in system planning
Project management software provides small to large businesses, who undoubtedly juggle a number of tasks, with a solution that helps keep them organized. There are a wide variety of project management software packages available, including web-based applications accessible from any location. Each software boasts its own set of features, but they all share common benefits businesses can appreciate
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-using-project-management-software-2196.html
h) Accountant role in system planning
The role of the accountant in a business environment has been evolving over the years. Besides traditional accounting knowledge, accountants need to possess other skills that are vital to their survival in an effective organization. Among those skills are knowledge sharing, the understanding of information systems design, systems development, and applications. One of the systems issues that accountants face is the implementation and maintenance of ERP (Enterprise resources planning) systems in the organization. ERP systems allow companies to integrate at all levels and to utilize important ERP application such as supply-chain management, accounting application, human resource and customer relationship management (Boubekri, 2001).
https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1168392

# data[].attributes.headline
NOORFARAH ASHYIKIN BINTI ROSLI BB15110470

# data[].attributes.subject
NOORFARAH ASHYIKIN BINTI ROSLI BB15110470

# data[].attributes.body
a)Definition of system planning
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089
b)Problem identification
Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified..
The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objective. These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

c)system's objective specification
-To explain how dependability requirements may be identified by analyzing the risks faced by critical systems
-To explain how safety requirements are generated from the system risk analysis
-To explain the derivation of security requirements
-To describe metrics used for reliability specification
http://www.cs.umd.edu/~mvz/cmsc435-s09/pdf/slides6.pdf

d)System planning strategy
A strategic planning system is nothing more than a structured (that is, designed) process that organizes and coordinates the activities of the managers who do the planning. No universal, off-the-shelf planning system exists for the simple and obvious reason that companies differ in size, diversity of operations, the way they are organized, and managers’ style and philosophy. An effective planning system requires “situational design”; it must take into account the particular company’s situation, especially along the dimensions of size and diversity.
https://hbr.org/1976/09/how-to-design-a-strategic-planning-system

e)Identification of project feasibility
The process of analyzing project alternatives and feasibility comes in the following steps:

Step 1. Option Identification

Describe a baseline scenario. It is a forecast of the future without reference to the project. In other words, this scenario identifies the “business as usual” projection. The baseline scenario explains a no-investment situation that comprises incurring operational and maintenance costs within already existing infrastructures.

Define the “do-minimum” option for the project. Now Describe a scenario that is obvious for the project and requires minimum effort and cost. This step assumes incurring certain insignificant investment outlays that go beyond the existing operational and maintenance costs.

Explore “do-something” options for the project.

look for other possible alternative solutions against the “do-nothing” scenarios. Such solutions are identified on the basis of technical, regulatory, compliance, and demand opportunities and constraints. The “do-something” options involves an amount of investment depending upon the project objectives.

Advice. An option that requires lower investment performance will be prevailing, as compared to other alternatives with higher cost requirements. In this context, the baseline scenario and the “do-minimum’ options will be evaluated and considered first.

Step 2. Feasibility Analysis

Carry out demand analysis. Such an analysis means you must evaluate the need for a project investment through assessing 1) Current demand and 2) Forecast demand of the project.

Check for available technology. Technology makes a project feasible. For example, availability of communication technology (e.g. virtual collaboration solutions) enables project participants to effectively communicate with other.

Review staff requirements When reviewing staff requirements of each alternative, focus on these items:

Role requirements

Personnel assigned to roles

Resource leading chart

Training needs

Determine broad scope. Every alternative is feasible within certain limits or boundaries which define brad scope. When determining and comparing broad scope of the available project options, try to figure out the following:

Inclusions, exclusions, assumptions, constraints

User requirements

Issues to be resolved

Deliverables

Step 3. Option Selection

Perform cost-effectiveness analysis. The goal is to select an option that either minimizes the net present value of costs, or maximizes the output level. The analysis is bets applied to projects with predictable expenses.

Perform multi-criteria analysisThis kind of project analysis lets you deal with a suite of different objectives that cannot be aggregated into a single benefit. You need to figure out if your project fits into the requirements of multi-criteria analysis, and if so you can use this analysis in option selection.

Evaluate economic impact. Along with the two previous analyses, you can try to use impact analysis as a way to select the best alternative to your project design. Such an analysis entails the identification and evaluation of the foreseeable impact of every option on the economic background of your project.

Make the final decision. At summarize all the steps taken and confirm whether the analysis has demonstrated that alternative feasible options have been adequately examined and considered and that the best option has been selected for your project design.

http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

f)Formal project proposal

A project proposal is a detailed description of a series of activities aimed at solving a certain problem.A full proposal should have the following parts:

Title page: The title page should indicate the project title, the name of the lead organisation (and potential partners, if any), the place and date of project preparation and the name of the donor agency to whom the proposal is addressed.

Project title: The project title should be short, concise, and preferably refer to a certain key project result or the leading project activity.

Abstract/Executive

It is therefore useful to insert a short project summary, an abstract or executive summary. The abstract should include: the problem statement, the project’s objectives, implementing organisations; key project activities; and potentially the total project budget. Theoretically, the abstract should be compiled after the relevant items already exist in their long form. For a small project the abstract may not be longer than 10 lines. Bigger projects often provide abstracts as long as two pages.

Context: This part of the project describes the social, economic, political and cultural background from which the project is initiated.

Project justification: A rationale should be provided for the project. Due to its importance, this section is sometimes divided into four or more sub-sections:

Problem statement: The problem statement provides a description of the specific problem(s) the project is trying to solve, in order to “make a case” for the project.

Priority needs: The needs of the target group that have arisen as a direct negative impact of the problem should be prioritised. An explanation as to how this decision was reached must also be included.

The proposed approach (type of intervention): The project proposal should describe the strategy chosen for solving the problem and precisely how it will lead to improvement.

The implementing organisation: This section should describe the capabilities of your organisation by referring to its capacity and previous project record.

Project aims: This information should be obtained from the Logframe Matrix, including the project goal (a general aim that should explain what the core problem is and why the project is important.

Target group: define the target group and show how it will benefit from the project.

Project implementation: The implementation plan should describe activities and resource allocation in as much detail as possible.

Budget: An itemised summary of an organisation’s expected income and expenses over a specified period of time.

Monitoring and evaluation: The basis for monitoring is set when the indicators for results are set.

Reporting: The schedule of project progressand financial report could be set in the project proposal.

https://www.sswm.info/planning-and-programming/implementation/project-design/project-proposal-writing

g)Use of project management software in system planning

Project management software is software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management. It allows project managers (PMs), stakeholders and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality management and documentation and also may be used as an administration system. Project management software is also used for collaboration and communication between project stakeholders.

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13132/project-management-software

h)Accountant role in system planning

The role of the accountant in a business environment has been evolving over the years. Besides traditional accounting knowledge, accountants need to possess other skills that are vital to their survival in an effective organization. Among those skills are knowledge sharing, the understanding of information systems design, systems development, and applications.

https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1168392

# data[].attributes.body
● System’s objective specification 

● System planning strategy 

● Identification of project feasibility 

● Formal project proposal 

● Use of project management software in system planning

 Accountant role in system planning 

# data[].attributes.headline
NURUL HIDAYAH BINTI ABDUL SUHUD BB15110588

# data[].attributes.subject
NURUL HIDAYAH BINTI ABDUL SUHUD BB15110588

# data[].attributes.body
1.  System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts.  Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
2.
Information System Planning (ISP) is a structured approach  to assist organizations in establishing a plan to satisfy their short and long term information requirements
3.

# data[].attributes.body
Providing Managers With Accurate Information

# data[].attributes.body
Providing Managers With Accurate Information

# data[].attributes.body
(BB15110347)
1)Definition of Business System Planning

Business System Planning

is a method of analyzing, defining and designing the information architecture of organizations .  It is a very complex method dealing with data, processes, strategies, aims and organizational departments which are interconnected.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_system_planning
https://kelasti.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/bsp2b.pdf

2) Problem identification

A problem occurs when there is a difference between what "should be" and what "is"; between the ideal and the actual situation.
A problem:
a)expresses the difference between the hoped for and the actual situation;
b)is directly or indirectly related to a desired outcome or standard of behavior.
Identifying a very clearly defined and specific problem is the first critical step to successfully implementing the problem-solving process.
http://www.mwftr.com/SD1415/B1221_Widdel_Problem%20Identification_EXAMPLE.pdf

3)System’s objective specification
A specific result that a system aims to achieve within a time frame and with available resources.
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/objective.html

4) System planning strategy
A strategic planning system is nothing more than a structured (that is, designed) process that organizes and coordinates the activities of the managers who do the planning. No universal, off-the-shelf planning system exists for the simple and obvious reason that companies differ in size, diversity of operations, the way they are organized, and managers’ style and philosophy. An effective planning system requires “situational design”; it must take into account the particular company’s situation, especially along the dimensions of size and diversity.

https://hbr.org/1976/09/how-to-design-a-strategic-planning-system

5) identification of project feasibility

An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated. Feasibility and option analysis ensures that selected options maintain the project objectives and contribute to successful delivery of the project product.  The process of analyzing project feasibility and options aims to explore all feasible alternative and provide evidence that the proposed project choice can actually be implemented with the best option available among all feasible alternatives. https://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

6) Formal project proposal
A project proposal is a request for financial assistance to implement a project. It outlines the plan and organization of that project in detail. It is a formal communications documents that exists  to convince your sponsor or boss that the project has a good reason for existing, in that it addresses a specific problem or exploits a unique opportunity.
https://www.projectmanager.com/templates/project-proposal-template

7)Use of project management software in system planning
Project management software is software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management. It allows project managers, stakeholders and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality management and documentation and also may be used as an administration system. Project management software is also used for collaboration and communication between project stakeholders.
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13132/project-management-software

# data[].attributes.body
BB15110554
Definition
Business system planning  is a very complex method dealing with data, processes, strategies, aims and organizational departments which are interconnected.
https://kelasti.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/bsp2b.pdf

Problem identification
Effectiveness considers whether the system meets its objectives.

Efficiency determines whether objectives are met at the lowest possible cost.

Evaluation of the system should also consider bottlenecks.  These are areas where small changes could result in major improvements.

www.jsu.edu/business/fea/faculty/zanzig/301/301_ch_10.ppt

System's Objective specifications
Helping organization to identify strategic applications and to align an organization’s strategy with effective information systems to achieve organization’s objectives.
http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCECS2014/WCECS2014_pp168-170.pdf

System Planning Strategy
A strategic planning system is nothing more than a structured (that is, designed) process that organizes and coordinates the activities of the managers who do the planning.
An effective planning system requires “situational design” whereby it must take into account the particular company’s situation, especially along the dimensions of size and diversity.

https://hbr.org/1976/09/how-to-design-a-strategic-planning-system

Identification of project feasibility
�Six Categories

›Economic

›Operational

›Technical

›Schedule

›Legal and contractual

›Political
plato.acadiau.ca/courses/comp/dsilver/3513/Slides/ch04.pptx

Formal project proposal
Project proposal is an initial document that transforms an idea or policy into details of an effective project. It includes the outputs, outcomes, costs, stakeholders, major risks and an estimate of the time & resource required. Other elements are also included in the proposals like technical background, survey results, recommendations, information about feasibility etc. The main aspect of the project proposals is to approve the funds or grant from the audience which ensures their permission to conduct the proposed project.
http://www.businessstudynotes.com/finance/project-management/project-proposals-definition-types/

Use of project management software in system planning
Project management software provides small to large businesses, who undoubtedly juggle a number of tasks, with a solution that helps keep them organized. There are a wide variety of project management software packages available, including web-based applications accessible from any location. Each software boasts its own set of features, but they all share common benefits businesses can appreciate.
Collaborate on Projects

Employees are often assigned individual tasks that are a part of a larger project an entire team is working to complete. Project management software gives employees a way to collaborate on projects by sharing documents, timelines and status updates.

Delegate Tasks

As a business owner, you likely weigh the knowledge, skills and abilities of employees before delegating tasks to them. Use project management software to easily delegate tasks to the appropriate employees. By assigning roles in the system, each employee has access to necessary information and knows who they should contact if they have questions or concerns, or need information about a particular topic.

Stay on Schedule

Project management software lets project managers add a start and expected completion date to projects and tasks they include in the system. This information alerts employees to upcoming deadlines, allowing them to manage their time appropriately to complete tasks before or on the listed due date.

Track Projects

Keep track of the progress of projects with project management software. The software will let you know what's been completed, as well as by whom, and what still needs to be done. Employees can provide updates as to what they're working on and share their updates with the project manager and team members. The software eliminates the need for status update meetings and emails.

Provide a Snapshot

When training new staff members and introducing them to projects your company works on, project management software offers a snapshot of the project you can share to get new staff up-to-speed. The snapshot allows you to show employees the project from start to finish, give them background information and let them know how the project will move forward.

Commuicate with Clients and Vendors

Project management software enables businesses to share and collaborate with clients and vendors in addition to employees. Companies using project management software can provide their clients with usernames and passwords giving them access to project files. Clients can give feedback, make edits and review progress. CNN Money asserts that, because businesses need to be connected to vendors and clients, project management technology is essential.
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-using-project-management-software-2196.html

Accountant role in system planning
Accountants in AIS summarize the results of a firm’s transactions and issue reports to help managers make informed decisions. The role of accountant has expanded due to the development of the accounting information of various business sectors, on the one hand, and the increase of the volume and the complexity of the information, on the other hand; the accountant shall play an active and effective role in the processes of designing the systems in order to achieve an effective internal system as well as the  needs of accounting information users (1). There is no doubt the success of developing the system requires the necessity of participation of accountants in establishing and developing that system. The effective method of applying the participation principle is represented by the ability of system to involve the accountants not only in one stage of the development of the system but all stages of system development , in particular that each stage has its own specificity which distinguishes it from other stages; the real participation requires that the accountant shall interact mentally and emotionally through an intellectual debate and consultation with the persons who are responsible for developing the accounting information system in a manner that encourages them to participate in bearing the responsibility and contributing to achieve the goals desired.(3)
http://bepls.com/beplsoctober2015/19.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
BB15110474
1) Definition of system planning
Business System Planning is a method for analyzing, defining and designing an information architecture of an organization.  It is a very complex method dealing with data, processes, strategies, aims and organizational departments which are interconnected. https://kelasti.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/bsp2b.pdf
2) Problem identification
Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified. The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives. These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives. https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx
3) System's objective specification
-To explain how dependability requirements may be identified by analyzing the risks faced by critical systems.
-To explain how safety requirements are generated from the system risk analysis
-To explain the derivation of security requirements
-To describe metrics used for reliability specification
http://www.cs.umd.edu/~mvz/cmsc435-s09/pdf/slides6.pdf

4) System planning strategy
The purpose of strategic planning for information systems (spis) is to provide a systematic process for developing a long-range plan for information systems on the basis of the organization’s overall strategic plan. For an organization to perform spis properly, it must consider both the organizational and the technical aspects of planning. The organizational aspect emphasizes the necessity of an integrated information systems plan and its close link to the organization’s objectives. The technical aspect emphasizes the necessity of planning for information systems architecture (isa).
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07421222.1988.11517805

5) identification of project feasibility

An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated. Feasibility and option analysis ensures that selected options maintain the project objectives and contribute to successful delivery of the project product.  The process of analyzing project feasibility and options aims to explore all feasible alternative and provide evidence that the proposed project choice can actually be implemented with the best option available among all feasible alternatives. https://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/
6) Formal project proposal
A project proposal is a document that presents a plan for a project to reviewers for evaluation. It is actually a road map showing clearly the location from where a journey begins, the methods of getting there and the destination to be reached. https://www.docsity.com/en/proposal-for-project-final-project-accounting-and-finance-handout/165744/#

7) Use of project management software in system planning
Project management software is software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management. It allows project managers (PMs), stakeholders and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality management and documentation and also may be used as an administration system. Project management software is also used for collaboration and communication between project stakeholders.
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13132/project-management-software

8) Accountant role in system planning
The role of the accountant in a business environment has been evolving over the years. Besides traditional accounting knowledge, accountants need to possess other skills that are vital to their survival in an effective organization. Among those skills are knowledge sharing, the understanding of information systems design, systems development, and applications. One of the systems issues that accountants face is the implementation and maintenance of ERP (Enterprise resources planning) systems in the organization. ERP systems allow companies to integrate at all levels and to utilize important ERP application such as supply-chain management, accounting application, human resource and customer relationship management (Boubekri, 2001).
https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1168392

# data[].attributes.body
1. definition of system business planning

Business System Planning It is a very complex method dealing with data, processes, strategies, aims and organizational departments which are interconnected.

BSP brings new approach to design an information architecture and its goals are to: understand the issues and opportunities with the current applications and technical architecture
develop a future state and migration path for the technology that supports the enterprise
provide business executives with a direction and decision making framework for IT capital expenditures
provide information system (IS) with a blueprint for development

https://kelasti.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/bsp2b.pdf

2. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address in the problems that have been identified.

https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

3) System’s objective specification

Specification Objectives

Provide a system overview of that  including definition, goals, objectives, context, and major capabilities.

For example in context of   Global Personal Marketplace (GPM) they do the objectives of this specification of the GPM whereby they are to formally specify its associated specification objectives such in:

-         Functional requirements.

-         Data requirements.
-         Quality requirements.

-         Constraints.

4) System planning strategy
A strategic planning system is nothing more than a structured (that is, designed) process that organizes and coordinates the activities of the managers who do the planning.
An effective planning system requires “situational design” whereby it must take into account the particular company’s situation, especially along the dimensions of size and diversity.

https://hbr.org/1976/09/how-to-design-a-strategic-planning-system

5) Identification of project feasibility

According to Westland, Jason (2006) the project identification and selection of the

project cycle is slotted in the Project Initiation Phase. Within the initiation phase, the

business problem or opportunity is identified, a solution is defined, a project is formed

and a project team is appointed to build and deliver the solution to the customer.

6) Formal project proposal
It summarizes the specific topic and goals of a document. It is typically included in the introduction to give the reader an accurate, concrete understanding what the document will cover and what be can gain from reading it.

7) Use of project management software in system planning
Project management software is software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management. It allows project managers (PMs), stakeholders and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality management and documentation and also may be used as an administration system. Project management software is also used for collaboration and communication between project stakeholders.
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13132/project-management-software

8) Accountant role in system planning
Accountants are primarily involved in three ways: as system users, designers, and auditors.

The responsibility for systems design is divided between accountants and IT professionals as follows: the accounting function is responsible for the conceptual system, and the IT function is responsible for the physical system.

Accountants in AIS summarize the results of a firm’s transactions and issue reports to help managers make informed decisions. The role of accountant has expanded due to the development of the accounting information of various business sectors, on the one hand, and the increase of the volume and the complexity of the information, on the other hand; the accountant shall play an active and effective role in the processes of designing the systems in order to achieve an effective internal system as well as the  needs of accounting information users.

( Hadi Saeidi,G.V. Bhavani Prasad,Hamid Saremi,2015)

# data[].attributes.body
BSP began during the early 1970s. BSP was later sold to organizations.[2] It is a complex method dealing with interconnected data, processes, strategies, aims and organizational departments. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_system_planning

 
● Problem identification and definition 

● System’s objective specification 

● System planning strategy 

● Identification of project feasibility 

● Formal project proposal 

● Use of project management software in system planning

 Accountant role in system planning 

# data[].attributes.body
BB15110759

1) Definition of System Planning
Business systems planning (BSP) is a method of analyzing, defining and designing the information architecture of organizations. It was introduced by IBM for internal use only in 1981,[1] although initial work on BSP began during the early 1970s. BSP was later sold to organizations.[2] It is a complex method dealing with interconnected data, processes, strategies, aims and organizational departments.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_system_planning

2) Problem identification and definition
Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here. The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives already identified. These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives. Problem statements are tested and refined through more detailed analysis undertaken as part of problem assessment and prioritisation
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

3) System’s objective specification
A structured document setting out detailed descriptions of the system’s functions, services and operational constraints. Defines what should be implemented so may be part of a contract between client and contractor.
ftp://ftp.gmu.edu/drine/cs_se2/CourseMaterials/PDFLectureNotes_InClassMaterials/LectureNotesClassHandout/Chapter6_SoftwareRequirements_Handout.pdf

4) System planning strategy
A strategic planning system is nothing more than a structured (that is, designed) process that organizes and coordinates the activities of the managers who do the planning. No universal, off-the-shelf planning system exists for the simple and obvious reason that companies differ in size, diversity of operations, the way they are organized, and managers’ style and philosophy. An effective planning system requires “situational design”; it must take into account the particular company’s situation, especially along the dimensions of size and diversity.

https://hbr.org/1976/09/how-to-design-a-strategic-planning-system

5) Identification of project feasibility
The necessity to produce short-term results in any given enterprise, there is a requirement to design and build large numbers of small systems. To avoid high costs of redesign for integration purposes, the small systems should be built in such a fashion that they are compatible and consistent at the outset, or so that they will fit together as they are completed. Therefore, an enterprise-level architecture is required to constrain the design and development activity such that the relationships and dependencies can be identified and protected. ( Zachman, 1982)
Source: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fbca/e5494e5f16fbea44a83e8fcf0c071c1f1c96.pdf

6) Formal project proposal
A project proposal generally includes a detailed description of the activities involved within a prospective project, and it is a formal way of proposing work before a project begins.

It includes information about :

Your company, what you do, etc.

Your company’s proficiencies

The potential client’s need

How you can meet the need

The timeframes & milestones

How much the project will cost

https://ithemes.com/2017/06/26/5-rules-for-writing-project-proposal/

7) Use of project management software in system planning
Project management software is software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management. It allows project managers, stakeholders and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality management and documentation and also may be used as an administration system. Project management software is also used for collaboration and communication between project stakeholders.
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13132/project-management-software

8) Accountant role in system planning
An accountant should select  accounting software is a major responsibility that takes a considerable amount of careful planning. After all, if the selected program fails to meet the organization's needs or the accountant is not adequately trained to operate it, the business could be thrown into turmoil, losing much time and money.
https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-12237340/planning-for-a-computerized-accounting-system

# data[].attributes.body
BB15160924
DEFINITION
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has 2 major outputs which embody its contributions. Firstly, proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Secondly, design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified.

The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives already identified. These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx
SYSTEM'S OBJECTIVE SPECIFICATION

report and provide the necessary information to the managers and supervisors at various levels to help them to discharge their functions of organising, planning, control and decision making
http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/management/management-information-system-definition-and-objectives/25758

SYSTEM PLANNING STRATEGY
The Strategic Planning System collects and stores strategic plan information, including information about implementation of strategic plans. For example, content included in publicly available strategic plans, such as the plan title, the years that the plan is active, a short description of the plan, goals, objectives and strategies.
https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/os-strategic-planning-system.pdf
IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT FEASIBILITY
A feasibility study/analysis aids in evaluating the suitability of a single or multiple proposed system solution(s to an identified business problem according to a set of criteria. The set of criteria may be explicitly or implicitly applied in the evaluation of the system proposals.
https://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/P_Palvia_Feasibility_1988.pdf
FORMAL PROJECT PROPOSAL
A project proposal is a detailed description of a series of activities aimed at solving a certain problem (NEBIU 2002). In order to be successful, the document should (REPOA 2007): provide a logical presentation of a research idea, illustrate the significance of idea, show the idea's relationship to past actions and articulate the activities for proposed project.

https://www.sswm.info/planning-and-programming/implementation/project-design/project-proposal-writing
USE OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE IN SYSTEM PLANNING
Using project management software can help system planning offers a snapshot of project and provide background information to employees to understand.
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-using-project-management-software-2196.html
ACCOUNTANT ROLE IN SYSTEM PLANNING

Accountants participate in systems development as members of the development team. Their involvement often extends beyond the development of strictly accounting information systems applications. Accountant may be consulted to provide advice or to determine if the proposed system constitutes an internal control risk.
http://www.engineering-bachelors-degree.com/business-information-management/uncategorized/managing-the-systems-development-life-cyclethe-accountants-role-in-managing-the-sdlc/

# data[].attributes.body
1) Definition of system planning
the examination and evaluation of an operation or task in order to identify and implement more efficient methods, usually through the use of computers. Systems planning can be broken down into three main areas: the production of a statement of objectives; determination of the methods of best achieving these objectives in a cost-effective and efficient way; and the preparation of a feasibility study http://www.financepractitioner.com/dictionary/systems-planning

2) Problem identification and definition
This step is to assess existing information and identify the problem that the RA is trying to address. The main outcome of the problem identification stage is to set the overall purpose and objectives of the RA and to determine the likely data requirements.

https://contamsites.landcareresearch.co.nz/problem_id.htm

3) System's objective specification

reporting and provide the necessary information to the managers and supervisors at various levels to help them to discharge their functions of organising, planning, control and decision making
http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/management/management-information-system-definition-and-objectives/25758
4) System planning strategy
The Strategic Planning System collects and stores strategic plan information, including information about implementation of strategic plans. This includes content included in publicly available strategy plans, such as the plan title, the years that the plan is active, a short description of the plan, goals, objectives, and strategies. The system also collects information on plan implementation, such as action steps, specific method of action, the agency responsible for implementing the action, performance measures, progress reports, dates of progress reports, individuals responsible for the reports, barriers to progress, solutions to address barriers, and additional notes.
https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/os-strategic-planning-system.pdf
5) Identification of project feasibility
The best way to find out whether your project is feasible is to complete a Feasibility Study.  A Feasibility Study needs to be completed as early in the Project Life Cycle as possible. Feasibility study include 5 simple steps, which are research the business drivers, confirm the alternative solutions, determine the feasibility, choose a preferred solution and lastly, reassess at a lower level.
https://www.tacticalprojectmanagement.com/five-steps-to-determine-project-feasibility/
6) Formal project proposal
A project proposal is a request for financial assistance to implement a project. It outlines the plan and organization of that project in detail. It is a formal communications documents that exists  to convince your sponsor or boss that the project has a good reason for existing, in that it addresses a specific problem or exploits a unique opportunity.
https://www.projectmanager.com/templates/project-proposal-template
7) Use of project management software in system planning
Project management software provides small to large businesses, who undoubtedly juggle a number of tasks, with a solution that helps keep them organized.  Project management software gives employees a way to collaborate on projects by sharing documents, timelines and status updates.

Use project management software to easily delegate tasks to the appropriate employees. By assigning roles in the system, each employee has access to necessary information and knows who they should contact if they have questions or concerns, or need information about a particular topic.
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-using-project-management-software-2196.html

8) Accountant role in system planning
Besides traditional accounting knowledge, accountants need to possess other skills that are vital to their survival in an effective organization. Accountants are primarily involved in three ways: as system users, designers and auditors.

http://bepls.com/beplsoctober2015/19.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
Matrix ID
2. Discuss the following

Definition of System Planning
Business systems planning (BSP) is a method of analyzing, defining and designing the information architecture of organizations. It was introduced by IBM for internal use only in 1981,[1] although initial work on BSP began during the early 1970s. BSP was later sold to organizations.[2] It is a complex method dealing with interconnected data, processes, strategies, aims and organizational departments. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_system_planning

 
● Problem identification and definition 

● System’s objective specification 

● System planning strategy 

● Identification of project feasibility 

● Formal project proposal 

● Use of project management software in system planning

 Accountant role in system planning 

# data[].attributes.body
It to identify and describe the problems that are preventing the goals and objectives defined in the previous step from being achieved.

# data[].attributes.body
BB15211035
1) DEFINITION OF SYSTEM PLANNING
System planning includes the integrated analysis, planning and design of complex logistics systems of a company.
https://www.iml.fraunhofer.de/en/fields_of_activity/enterprise_planning/system_planning.html

2) PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
A problem is anything within the business model which is not working or fulfilling it's stated purpose.  For instance, orders are delayed, product is not up to quality specifications, or billing is not sending correct information to buyers.
The aim of this stage of the Framework is to identify and describe the problems that are preventing the goals and objectives defined in the previous step from being achieved.
http://zomper.com/dl/Docs/Learning/SDLC.htm

3. SYSTEM'S OBJECTIVE SPECIFICATION
A structured document setting out detailed descriptions of the system’s functions, services and operational constraints. Defines what should be implemented so may be part of a contract between client and contractor.
ftp://ftp.gmu.edu/drine/cs_se2/CourseMaterials/PDFLectureNotes_InClassMaterials/LectureNotesClassHandout/Chapter6_SoftwareRequirements_Handout.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
BB15110474
1)Definition of business system planning. Business System Planning is a method for analyzing, defining and designing information architecture of an organization.  It is a very complex method dealing with data, processes, strategies, aims and organizational departments which are interconnected. https://kelasti.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/bsp2b.pdf
2)Problem Identification
Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options.  The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives.  These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.  Problem statements are tested and refined through more detailed analysis undertaken as part of problem assessment. https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx
3) system' objective specification

# data[].attributes.body
(BB15110546)

1) DEFINITION OF BUSINESS SYSTEM PLANNING

Business system planning is a strategy that calls for evaluating and structuring a platform for the processing of information throughout a business operation. The goal of this type of approach to the strategic management of a company is to make sure that all operations within the company structure make the most efficient use of information relevant to their areas of responsibility, and that communication between different levels of the business are operating at maximum efficiency .
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-business-system-planning.htm

2)  Problem identification and definition

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here. The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives already identified. These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives. Problem statements are tested and refined through more detailed analysis undertaken as part of problem assessment and prioritisation
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

3)  System’s objective specification

4)  System planning strategy

A strategic planning system is nothing more than a structured (that is, designed) process that organizes and coordinates the activities of the managers who do the planning. No universal, off-the-shelf planning system exists for the simple and obvious reason that companies differ in size, diversity of operations, the way they are organized, and managers’ style and philosophy. An effective planning system requires “situational design”; it must take into account the particular company’s situation, especially along the dimensions of size and diversity.
https://hbr.org/1976/09/how-to-design-a-strategic-planning-system

5) Identification of project feasibility

6) Formal project proposal

7)  Use of project management software in system planning

8) Accountant role in system planning

# data[].attributes.body
 Accountant role in system planning 
 add

# data[].attributes.body
This step is to assess existing information and identify the problem that the RA is trying to address 

# data[].attributes.body
1. definition of system business planning

Business System Planning It is a very complex method dealing with data, processes, strategies, aims and organizational departments which are interconnected.

BSP brings new approach to design an information architecture and its goals are to: understand the issues and opportunities with the current applications and technical architecture
develop a future state and migration path for the technology that supports the enterprise
provide business executives with a direction and decision making framework for IT capital expenditures
provide information system (IS) with a blueprint for development

https://kelasti.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/bsp2b.pdf

2. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address in the problems that have been identified.

https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

3) System’s objective specification

Specification Objectives

Provide a system overview of that  including definition, goals, objectives, context, and major capabilities.

For example in context of   Global Personal Marketplace (GPM) they do the objectives of this specification of the GPM whereby they are to formally specify its associated specification objectives such in:

-         Functional requirements.

-         Data requirements.
-         Quality requirements.

-         Constraints.

4) System planning strategy
A strategic planning system is nothing more than a structured (that is, designed) process that organizes and coordinates the activities of the managers who do the planning.
An effective planning system requires “situational design” whereby it must take into account the particular company’s situation, especially along the dimensions of size and diversity.

https://hbr.org/1976/09/how-to-design-a-strategic-planning-system

5) Identification of project feasibility

According to Westland, Jason (2006) the project identification and selection of the

project cycle is slotted in the Project Initiation Phase. Within the initiation phase, the

business problem or opportunity is identified, a solution is defined, a project is formed

and a project team is appointed to build and deliver the solution to the customer.

6) Formal project proposal

7) Use of project management software in system planning

8) Accountant role in system planning

# data[].attributes.body
BB15110320
Definition of Business System Planning
This is the first phase in the systems development process. It identifies whether or not there is the need for a new system to achieve a business"s strategic objectives. This is a preliminary plan (or a feasibility study) for a company"s business initiative to acquire the resources to build on an infrastructure to modify or improve a service. The company might be trying to meet or exceed expectations for their employees, customers and stakeholders too. The purpose of this step is to find out the scope of the problem and determine solutions. Resources, costs, time, benefits and other items should be considered at this stage.
https://www.innovativearchitects.com/KnowledgeCenter/basic-IT-systems/system-development-life-cycle.aspx

Problem Identification and Definition
Phase 1 is looking to identify problems or opportunities which exist and what the objectives or goals of the project should be.  Just because a problem or opportunity exists does not mean it should be addressed in this specific project.

A problem is anything within the business model which is not working or fulfilling it's stated purpose.  For instance, orders are delayed, product is not up to quality specifications, or billing is not sending correct information to buyers.
http://zomper.com/dl/Docs/Learning/SDLC.htm

System's Objective Specification
-develop information systems that satisfy an organization’s informational, operational, and management requirements. Note that this objective relates to the system being developed.
-develop information systems in an efficient and effective manner.

http://www.opentextbooks.org.hk/ditatopic/25323

System planning strategy
A plan can include adapting a current system to meet new needs or developing a completely new system. This phase defines user requirements, identifies needed features, functions, and customizations, and investigates overall capabilities
https://www.smartsheet.com/system-development-life-cycle-guide

Identification of project feasibility
-is conducted to determine how best with the proceed of project. By accessing the major constraint on the proposed system, management can evaluate the project's feasibility
https://books.google.com.my/books?id=MjRBBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA555&lpg=PA555&dq=formal+project+proposal+of+SDLC+in+accounting+information+system&source=bl&ots=u-0PLAOghB&sig=WY5ICZBvSjpx_EGVC7nqbujXkAU&hl=ms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizpNiz64zaAhXJqY8KHdLiByUQ6AEIRzAE#v=onepage&q=formal%20project%20proposal%20of%20SDLC%20in%20accounting%20information%20system&f=false

Formal Project Proposal
The project proposal is the attempt to respond to or take advantage of a particular situation and is an essential element for correctly launching the system analysis. Although there are no hard and fast rules as to the form and content of the project proposal, the proposal should address the following points:

The specifics of the business situation or problem.

The significance of the problem to the organization.

Alternative solutions.

The possible use of computer information systems to solve the problem.

The various people interested in or possessing knowledge relevant to the problem.

System projects that are to be shared by a number of departments and users are usually approved by a committee rather than an individual. A project proposal is submitted to a committee that determines the merits of the proposal and decides whether or not to approve it. The committee is made up of people from various functional areas of the organization who have an interest in the operation and information of the proposed system.
http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Str-Ti/Systems-Analysis.html#ixzz5AxqP28sR

Use of Project management system
Project management software helps managers control their costs and hit deadlines. It helps people deliver the projects they commit to. It even helps them track whether or not they’ve been paid on time and in the right amount.
https://www.mavenlink.com/resources/what-is-project-management-software

Accountant role in system planning
Accountants must provide a clear picture of their problems and needs to the systems professional. For example, accountants must specify accounting techniques to be used; internal control requirements, such as audit trails; and special algorithms, such as depreciation models.
http://www.engineering-bachelors-degree.com/business-information-management/uncategorized/managing-the-systems-development-life-cyclethe-accountants-role-in-managing-the-sdlc/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Business systems planning identifies the information systems a company needs.

Photodisc/Photodisc/Getty Images

Business systems planning looks at the whole organization to determine what information systems the business requires to fulfill its goals. For large businesses, this can be an expensive process involving consultants and specialists, but smaller businesses can often perform the analysis and planning in house. Prerequisites for effective business systems planning are the existence of a business plan that details the goals and strategies of the company and the communication of the plan to the people responsible for implementing the plan.

Goals and Strategies

The requirements for a company's information systems can only be integrated into a plan when it is clear where the company wants to go and how it plans to get there. A strategic plan lays out the company goals and the strategies it intends to implement to achieve them. In small businesses, such strategies often focus on financial goals and corresponding marketing plans. These business plans are the initial input for the information systems plan and influence the types of systems that the company will consider.

Corporate Processes

Once the overall orientation of the information system is clear from the strategic plan, the business systems planning process has to look at what the company does. If the company has manufacturing, the information system has to include production planning. If it is service oriented, the software has to have hourly billing and cost assignment features. The key corporate processes are a second step in defining the requirements for the proposed information systems. Sometimes the processes themselves require re-engineering to let them work with information systems.

Corporate Data

A key question for the planning of information systems is the nature of the company's data processing requirements. Large volumes of complex data need different systems than flat, simple databases or mailing lists. A company's data is a valuable asset and its nature can't easily be changed. As a result, the data has a major influence on the kind of information systems that are required.

Constraints

The strategies, company processes and data represent the major inputs to the planning of the information systems, but the systems themselves are subject to constraints. The most important limitation, especially for small businesses, is the cost. Other constraints may include technical, space, time and operational factors. The information system planning process has to consider that the ideal system may not be a realistic possibility, and alternatives must be situated within the constraints.

End-user Input

Once the planning process has established the overall concept and requirements for the information systems, it is important to involve the end users in the design for the interface. The people who carry out the work have the best knowledge of what is required to do their job. Not supplying what is required is a frequent planning failure, and getting end user input at this stage is vital to the success of the business systems plan.

Implementation

The final step for an information system is to plan for implementation. At this stage the plan becomes a project and the planners have to assign responsibilities and resources, ensure that the project plan matches the strategic and business plans and set completion, budget and performance targets. At this stage the business can expect to have functioning information systems at the project completion date, fulfilling the identified needs.

About the Author

Bert Markgraf is a freelance writer with a strong science and engineering background. He started writing technical papers while working as an engineer in the 1980s. More recently, after starting his own business in IT, he helped organize an online community for which he wrote and edited articles as managing editor, business and economics. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree from McGill University.

Photo Credits

Photodisc/Photodisc/Getty Images

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Business systems planning looks at the whole organization to determine what information systems the business requires to fulfill its goals. For large businesses, this can be an expensive process involving consultants and specialists, but smaller businesses can often perform the analysis and planning in house.

# data[].attributes.body
(bb15110366)

1)Definition of Business System
Planing
It identifies whether or not there is the need for a new system to achieve a business"s strategic objectives. This is a preliminary plan (or a feasibility study) for a company"s business initiative to acquire the resources to build on an infrastructure to modify or improve a service. The company might be trying to meet or exceed expectations for their employees, customers and stakeholders too. The purpose of this step is to find out the scope of the problem and determine solutions. Resources, costs, time, benefits and other items should be considered at this stage

2)Problem identification and definition
The first stage is to develop a clear and precise understanding of the research problem, to permit effective conduct of the research process. It is very important to analyse the problems to conduct the research effectively.

3) System’s objective specification
Developers know what to do through the design specification. To lay down exactly how the system is made up.

4)System planning strategy

strategic planning system is nothing more than a structured (that is, designed) process that organizes and coordinates the activities of the managers who do the planning. No universal, off-the-shelf planning system exists for the simple and obvious reason that companies differ in size, diversity of operations, the way they are organized, and managers’ style and philosophy. An effective planning system requires “situational design”; it must take into account the particular company’s situation, especially along the dimensions of size and diversity.

5) Identification of project feasibility
The purpose of this is to identify if there are problems with the existing system which might be solved by a planning and infrastructure project.

6)Identification of project feasibility
Identify if there are problems with the existing marketing system which might be solved by a planning and infrastructure project. An initial analysis should be made of facilities and accommodation requirements, alternative site development scenarios should be considered and an outline master plan and action programmer prepared.

7)Formal project proposal

They are essential for your sponsors since they’ll use them to evaluate your project and determine whether or not they’ll allocate funds for it. It’s a formal communications document that exists to convince your sponsor or boss that the project has a good reason for existing, in that it addresses a specific problem or exploits a unique opportunity.The project proposal is created to kick-off a new project. In it, you’ll collect details about what you need and why you need it in order to successfully initiate and execute the project. It must be in-depth, but clear as to convince the sponsor of its value.

8)Use of project management software in system planning

Project management software is software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management. It allows project managers (PMs), stakeholders and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality management and documentation and also may be used as an administration system. Project planning: To define a project schedule, a project manager (PM) may use the software to map project tasks and visually describe task interactions.

9)Accountant role in system planning

accountants are users. All systems that process financial transactions impact the accounting function in some way. Like all users, accountants must provide a clear picture of their problems and needs to the systems professional. For example, accountants must specify accounting techniques to be used; internal control requirements, such as audit trails; and special algorithms, such as depreciation models.

# data[].attributes.body
BB15110759
1) Definition of Business System Planning

Business systems planning looks at the whole organization to determine what information systems the business requires to fulfill its goals. For large businesses, this can be an expensive process involving consultants and specialists, but smaller businesses can often perform the analysis and planning in house. Prerequisites for effective business systems planning are the existence of a business plan that details the goals and strategies of the company and the communication of the plan to the people responsible for implementing the plan.

http://smallbusiness.chron.com/business-systems-planning-46505.html

2) Problem identification and definition
Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here. The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives already identified. These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives. Problem statements are tested and refined through more detailed analysis undertaken as part of problem assessment and prioritisation
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

3) System’s objective specification

4) System planning strategy

A strategic planning system is nothing more than a structured (that is, designed) process that organizes and coordinates the activities of the managers who do the planning. No universal, off-the-shelf planning system exists for the simple and obvious reason that companies differ in size, diversity of operations, the way they are organized, and managers’ style and philosophy. An effective planning system requires “situational design”; it must take into account the particular company’s situation, especially along the dimensions of size and diversity.

https://hbr.org/1976/09/how-to-design-a-strategic-planning-system

5) Identification of project feasibility

6) Formal project proposal

7) Use of project management software in system planning

8) Accountant role in system planning

# data[].attributes.body
BB15110382

1) Definition of Business System Planning
Business systems planning looks at the whole organization to determine what information systems the business requires to fulfill its goals. For large businesses, this can be an expensive process involving consultants and specialists, but smaller businesses can often perform the analysis and planning in house. Prerequisites for effective business systems planning are the existence of a business plan that details the goals and strategies of the company and the communication of the plan to the people responsible for implementing the plan.
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/business-systems-planning-46505.html

2) Problem identification and definition

The first step in the problem solving and decision making process is to identify and define the problem. A problem can be regarded as a difference between the actual situation and the desired situation. This means that in order to identify a problem the team must know where it is meant to be and have a clear understanding of where it currently is in relation to the perceived problem.
https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/leadership/toolbox/ip/ip_c08.html

3) System's objective specification
The system's objective specification is a set of documentation that describes the features and behavior of a system or software application. It includes a variety of elements  that attempts to define the intended functionality required by an organization.
https://www.inflectra.com/ideas/topic/requirements-definition.aspx

4) System Planning Strategy
Strategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decision on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy[1]. It may also extend to control mechanisms for guiding the implementation of the strategy.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_planning

5) Identification of project feasibility

6) Formal project proposal

7) Use of project management software in system planning

8) Accountant role in system planning

# data[].attributes.body
BB15211035

# data[].attributes.body
BB15110739

1.Definition of System Planning Business
Business systems planning looks at the whole organization to determine what information systems the business requires to fulfill its goals. For large businesses, this can be an expensive process involving consultants and specialists, but smaller businesses can often perform the analysis and planning in house. Prerequisites for effective business systems planning are the existence of a business plan that details the goals and strategies of the company and the communication of the plan to the people responsible for implementing the plan.
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/business-systems-planning-46505.html

2.Problem identification and definition
Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here. The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives already identified in Step 1. These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.

https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

3.System objective specification
Reporting and provide the necessary information to the managers and supervisors at various levels to help them to discharge their functions of organising, planning, control and decision making
http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/management/management-information-system-definition-and-objectives/25758

4. System Planing Strategy
Conceptually, the process is simple: managers at every level of a hierarchy must ultimately agree on a detailed, integrated plan of action for the coming year; they arrive at agreement through a series of steps starting with the delineation of corporate objectives and concluding with the preparation of a one- or two-year profit plan. However, the design of that process—deciding who does what, when—can be complex, and it is vital to the success of the planning effort.
https://hbr.org/1976/09/how-to-design-a-strategic-planning-system

5.Identification of Project Feasibility
The first stage in project preparation is to undertake an identification and pre-feasibility study. The purpose of this is to identify if there are problems with the existing marketing system which might be solved by a planning and infrastructure project. An initial analysis should be made of facilities and accommodation requirements, alternative site development scenarios should be considered and an outline master plan and action programme prepared.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0521e/T0521E05.htm

6.Formal Project Proposal

A technical proposal, often called a "Statement of Work,” is a persuasive document. Its objectives are to  identify what work is to be done,  explain why this work needs to be done, persuade the reader that the proposers (you) are qualified for the work, have a plausible management plan and technical approach, and have the resources needed to complete the task within the stated time and cost constraints. A strong proposal has an attractive, professional, inviting appearance. In addition, the information should easy to access. A second attribute is substance. A strong proposal has a well-organized plan of attack. A strong proposal also has technical details because technical depth is needed to sell your project. A proposal is a persuasive document.
http://writing.engr.psu.edu/workbooks/proposal_guidelines.pdf

7.Use of Project Management Software in System Planning
Project management software is software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management. It allows project managers (PMs), stakeholders and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality management and documentation and also may be used as an administration system. Project management software is also used for collaboration and communication between project stakeholders.
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13132/project-management-software

8. Accountant Role in System Planning
Accountants are major catalysts in the design of accounting information system. They are the most suitable and most equipped information measurement professionals to design the information system. It is generally believed that insiders in every area of life make better developmental instrument. This function of designing AIS includes the design of managerial accounting information system to aid management in decision making processes.
http://www.accountantnextdoor.com/accountants%E2%80%99-role-in-the-accounting-information-system/

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BB14110434

1. Definition
IBM's BSP (business systems planning)  is one of important techniques to develop a strategic plan for the information resource of an entire enterprise. BSP is rooted in the information resource management (IRM) approach, which considers data to be a fundamental corporate resource. The objectives of BSP are to ensure that data necessary to support a firm's business requirements are available and that a relatively stable information system architecture has been developed to serve the firm for years to come  (Lee, 1999).
Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377221798001258#BIB1

2. Problem identification
The strategies, company processes and data represent the major inputs to the planning of the information systems, but the systems themselves are subject to constraints. The most important limitation, especially for small businesses, is the cost. Other constraints may include technical, space, time and operational factors. The information system planning process has to consider that the ideal system may not be a realistic possibility, and alternatives must be situated within the constraints.
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/business-systems-planning-46505.html

3)System’s objective specification

Because of resource constraints and/or technology limitations, substantial gaps usually exist between what is desired, what is feasible, and what is implemented. Because of this situation, the management of a business is continually in a position of having to trade off between short-term investments and long-term investments. The short-term objective tends to be results-oriented, cost effective, quick and dirty, cheap, practical, etc. The long-term objective tends to be quality-oriented, flexible, long-lived, best and optimum. ( Zachman, 1982)

4) System planning strategy
With regard to the long-term versus short-term trade-off, the long term option is represented by the data rows of the matrix, whereas the short-term option is represented by the process columns of the matrix. The long-term strategy is to take a data-driven approach to information systems design, identifying the single data source and providing data design for multiple usages of the same data, some of which may not materialize until some time later. The short-term strategy is to take a process-driven approach, building application systems to support processes, serially supplying data (that is, ignoring the data problem), which is the more prevalent approach being used by the data processing community at this stage of its evolution. ( Zachman, 1982)

5)Identification of project feasibility

The necessity to produce short-term results in any given enterprise, there is a requirement to design and build large numbers of small systems. To avoid high costs of redesign for integration purposes, the small systems should be built in such a fashion that they are compatible and consistent at the outset, or so that they will fit together as they are completed. Therefore, an enterprise-level architecture is required to constrain the design and development activity such that the relationships and dependencies can be identified and protected. ( Zachman, 1982)
Source: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fbca/e5494e5f16fbea44a83e8fcf0c071c1f1c96.pdf

6)Formal project proposal

There is a requirement to select information system resource investment opportunities that hold the greatest relative potential benefit for the business unit as a whole. Therefore, some comprehensive identification of enterprise-wide opportunities for employing information technologies must be made in order to establish a context within which the relative assessment can be made.

7)Use of project management software in system planning

Project management software provides small to large businesses, who undoubtedly juggle a number of tasks, with a solution that helps keep them organized. There are a wide variety of project management software packages available, including web-based applications accessible from any location. Each software boasts its own set of features, but they all share common benefits businesses can appreciate.

http://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-using-project-management-software-2196.html

8) Accountant role in system planning

Accountants are major catalysts in the system planning. They are the most suitable and most equipped information measurement professionals to design the system. It is generally believed that insiders in every area of life make better developmental instrument. This function of designing the system includes the design of managerial accounting information system to aid management in decision making processes.

http://www.accountantnextdoor.com/accountants%E2%80%99-role-in-the-accounting-information-system/

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BB15110546

1) DEFINITION OF BUSINESS SYSTEM PLANNING

Business system planning is a strategy that calls for evaluating and structuring a platform for the processing of information throughout a business operation. The goal of this type of approach to the strategic management of a company is to make sure that all operations within the company structure make the most efficient use of information relevant to their areas of responsibility, and that communication between different levels of the business are operating at maximum efficiency .
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-business-system-planning.htm

2)  Problem identification and definition

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options.  It identify and describe the problems that are preventing the goals and objectives defined in the previous step from being achieved. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here. The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives already identified. These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives. Problem statements are tested and refined through more detailed analysis undertaken as part of problem assessment and prioritisation
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

3)  System’s objective specification

A System objective Specification  is a document or set of documentation that describes the features and behavior of a system or software application. It includes a variety of elements  that attempts to define the intended functionality required by the customer to satisfy their different users.
https://www.inflectra.com/ideas/topic/requirements-definition.aspx

4)  System planning strategy

A strategic planning system is nothing more than a structured (that is, designed) process that organizes and coordinates the activities of the managers who do the planning. No universal, off-the-shelf planning system exists for the simple and obvious reason that companies differ in size, diversity of operations, the way they are organized, and managers’ style and philosophy. An effective planning system requires “situational design”; it must take into account the particular company’s situation, especially along the dimensions of size and diversity.
https://hbr.org/1976/09/how-to-design-a-strategic-planning-system

5) Identification of project feasibility
A feasibility study is an analytical tool used during the project planning process, shows how a business would operate under an explicitly stated set of assumptions. These assumptions include

the technology used (the facilities, types of equipment, manufacturing process, etc.) and the

financial aspects of the project (capital needs, volume, cost of goods, wages etc.).  The feasibility study outlines and analyzes several alternatives or methods of achieving business

success. So, the feasibility study helps to narrow the scope of the project to identify the best

business model.

http://www.zainbooks.com/books/management/project-management_8_project-conception-and-project-feasibility.html

6) Formal project proposal

A Project Proposal is a document which you present to potential sponsors or clients to receive funding or get your project approved. Project Proposals contain key information about your project. They are essential for your sponsors since they’ll use them to evaluate your project and determine whether or not they’ll allocate funds for it. A Project Proposal is generally drafted during one of the early phases of your project (before detailed plans are made and resources are allocated). Therefore, often time and budget estimates are rough, at best.
https://project-proposal.casual.pm/

7)  Use of project management software in system planning

Project management software is software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management. It allows project managers (PMs), stakeholders and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality management and documentation and also may be used as an administration system. Project management software is also used for collaboration and communication between project stakeholders.  It help with planning by be able to easily plan projects while taking previous track record into account .
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13132/project-management-software.
https://blog.forecast.it/blog/benefits-of-using-project-management-software

8) Accountant role in system planning

THE ACCOUNTANT’S ROLE IN SYSTEMS STRATEGY

Auditors routinely review the organization’s systems strategy. History has shown that careful systems planning is a cost-effective activity in reducing the risk of creating unneeded, unwanted, inefficient, and ineffective systems.

THE ACCOUNTANT’S ROLE IN CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

The accountant plays an important role in the conceptual design of the system. He or she must recognize control implications of each alternative design and ensure that accounting conventions and legal requirements are understood. These issues need not be specified in detail at this point, but they should be recognized as items to be addressed during the construct phase of the system. The auditability of a system depends in part on its design characteristics. Some computer auditing techniques require systems to be designed with built-in audit features. Such features require resources and need to be considered at conceptual design

Managerial accountants record financial information for their companies that is used by the organization’s management team to aid in the decision-making process. Managerial accountants develop budgets, perform asset and cost management, and create important reports used by the management team. Managers depend greatly on the information provided by managerial accountants to develop effective business strategies.The information presented by managerial accountants affects the owner’s ability to make sound business decisions.

http://www.engineering-bachelors-degree.com/business-information-management/uncategorized/managing-the-systems-development-life-cyclethe-accountants-role-in-managing-the-sdlc/
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/managerial-accountants-role-business-planning-38322.html

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BB15110554

Business system planning  is a very complex method dealing with data, processes, strategies, aims and organizational departments which are interconnected.

Problem identification
Effectiveness considers whether the system meets its objectives.

Efficiency determines whether objectives are met at the lowest possible cost.

Evaluation of the system should also consider bottlenecks.  These are areas where small changes could result in major improvements.

System's Objective specifications

System Planning Strategy

Identification of project feasibility

Formal project proposal

Use of project management software in system planning

Accountant role in system planning

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BB15110197

●

Business systems planning (BSP)
Business Systems Planning is a system where all the business mission and objective will be pass down from top-down system planning. The top will manage the business process and business data that would be transfer into Information System Architecture that provide a blue print for information technology infrastructure in an organization.  It integrate business strategy and information system strategy. All the operational database and business application will pass by through down-top implementation back to the  business top management.
https://www.slideshare.net/laiprabhakar/mis-planning

●  Problem Identification

A problem occurs when there is a difference between what "should be" and what "is"; between the ideal and the actual situation.
A problem:
a)expresses the difference between the hoped for and the actual situation;
b)is directly or indirectly related to a desired outcome or standard of behavior.
Identifying a very clearly defined and specific problem is the first critical step to successfully implementing the problem-solving process.
http://www.mwftr.com/SD1415/B1221_Widdel_Problem%20Identification_EXAMPLE.pdf

● System objective specification

● System planning strategy

● Identification of project feasibility

● Formal project proposal

● Use of project management software in system planning

●  Accountant role in system planning

# data[].attributes.body
BB15110788
1)system planing
System planning includes the integrated analysis, planing and design of complex logistics systems of a company.
2)problem identification

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here.

The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives already identified in Step 1. These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.
3)System Objectives specification
set of documentation that describes the features and behavior of a system or software application. It includes a variety of elements  that attempts to define the intended functionality required by the customer to satisfy organisation needs
4. System planning Strategy
Strategic planning is an organizational management activity that is used to set priorities, focus energy and resources, strengthen operations, ensure that employees and other stakeholders are working toward common goals, establish agreement around intended outcomes/results, and assess and adjust the organization's direction in response to a changing environment.
5.Identification of project feasibility
Feasibility and Option Analysis in a project is a systematic assessment and evaluation of all possible alternative approaches available for achieving the project objectives to figure out which of the options appear to be most effective and providing the best solution for the project.
6.Formal project proposal
All proposal letters should motivate the reader to understand your plans, goals and needs.

Step1：Type your introductory paragraph in which you will describe the reason for your proposal
Step2：Present your objectives and specific plan of action for implementing and maintaining your project or business
Step3：Type the needs section of your proposal. Clearly explain the budget necessary to carry out the project
Step4: Type your conclusion paragraph. Reassure the bank or investor of your confidence to perform and succeed in your idea
Step5: Create a "References" section at the end of your proposal. You may list many references, but be sure to only include those relevant to the field, career or project you are proposing.
7.Use of project management software in system planning.
Project management software helps you track project costs, returns and deadlines — this makes planning and coordination much easier.
8.Accountant role in system planning
Auditors routinely review the organization’s systems strategy. History has shown that careful systems planning is a cost-effective activity in reducing the risk of creating unneeded, unwanted, inefficient, and ineffective systems. Both internal and external auditors have vested interests in this outcome.

# data[].attributes.body
BB15160923
1) System panning involves identifying subsystems within the information system that need special attention for development.
2) Problem identification used to identify and describe the problem that preventing the goal and objectives.Problem identification  provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options.
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

3) System’s objective specification
A condition or capability needed by a user to solve a problem or achieve an objective and that must be met or possessed by a system or system component to satisfy a contract, standard, specification, or other formally imposed document.
https://www.cs.umd.edu/~mvz/cmsc435-s09/pdf/slides5.pdf

4) System planning strategy

An organizational management activity that is used to set priorities, focus energy and resources, strengthen operations, ensure that employees and other stakeholders are working toward common goals, establish agreement around intended outcomes/results, and assess and adjust the organization's direction in response to a changing environment. It is a disciplined effort that produces fundamental decisions and actions that shape and guide what an organization is, who it serves, what it does, and why it does it, with a focus on the future. Effective strategic planning articulates not only where an organization is going and the actions needed to make progress, but also how it will know if it is successful.
https://www.ncoss.org.au/sites/default/files/public/resources/Strategic%20Planning.pdf
5) Identification of project feasibility
used dentify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable.
www.mymanagementguide.com

6) Formal project proposal
A project proposal is a core document used to sell a potential project to sponsors and stakeholders. A project proposal is unique to each project, of course, but the format is basically the same, if you follow a basic outline.

7) Use of project management software in system planning

Project management software is software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management. It allows project managers (PMs), stakeholders and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality management and documentation and also may be used as an administration system. Project management software is also used for collaboration and communication between project stakeholders.
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13132/project-management-software
8)Accountant role in system planning
The role of the accountant in a business environment has been evolving over the years. Besides traditional accounting knowledge, accountants need to possess other skills that are vital to their survival in an effective organization. Among those skills are knowledge sharing, the understanding of information systems design, systems development, and applications. One of the systems issues that accountants face is the implementation and maintenance of ERP (Enterprise resources planning) systems in the organization. ERP systems allow companies to integrate at all levels and to utilize important ERP application such as supply-chain management, accounting application, human resource and customer relationship management.
https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1168392

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BB15161020

# data[].attributes.body
1.  System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts.  Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
2. System’s objective specification

3. System planning strategy

4. Identification of project feasibility

5. Formal project proposal

6. Use of project management software in system planning

7. Accountant role in system planning

# data[].attributes.headline
Siti Noorazura Binti Ramsa     (BB15110691)

# data[].attributes.subject
Siti Noorazura Binti Ramsa     (BB15110691)

# data[].attributes.body
● Problem identification
Problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives already identified.
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

and definition of BSP
- Business system planning is a strategy that calls for evaluating and structuring a platform for the processing of information throughout a business operation. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-business-system-planning.htm

● System’s objective specification
A specific result that a system aims to achieve within a time frame and with available resources.
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/objective.html

● System planning strategy
Strategic Systems Planning is concerned with examining the entire organization, determining the strategic systems required by the organization, and developing a plan to implement the strategic systems. As part of the Strategic Systems Planning project, the current business functions are examined, and opportunities for improvement are identified.
https://it.toolbox.com/blogs/craigborysowich/strategic-systems-planning-methodology-073105

● Identification of project feasibility
Identification of project feasibility  is a process of identifying a detailed description of the project, followed by a set of different feasibility areas. These are aspects of the project that will drive the success or failure of the project. This study will provide the necessary information so that you can decide whether or not your project will begin or whether it has a shot at success.

● Formal project proposal
A project proposal is a detailed description of a series of activities aimed at solving a certain problem (NEBIU 2002)

The project proposal is the attempt to respond to or take advantage of a particular situation and is an essential element for correctly launching the system analysis. Although there are no hard and fast rules as to the form and content of the project proposal, the proposal should address the following points:

The specifics of the business situation or problem.

The significance of the problem to the organization.

Alternative solutions.

The possible use of computer information systems to solve the problem.

The various people interested in or possessing knowledge relevant to the problem.

System projects that are to be shared by a number of departments and users are usually approved by a committee rather than an individual. A project proposal is submitted to a committee that determines the merits of the proposal and decides whether or not to approve it. The committee is made up of people from various functional areas of the organization who have an interest in the operation and information of the proposed system

http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Str-Ti/Systems-Analysis.html

● Use of project management software in system planning
Project management software is software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management. It allows project managers (PMs), stakeholders and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality management and documentation and also may be used as an administration system. Project management software is also used for collaboration and communication between project stakeholders. https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13132/project-management-software

USE OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE:
1.Collaborate on Projects

Employees are often assigned individual tasks that are a part of a larger project an entire team is working to complete. Project management software gives employees a way to collaborate on projects by sharing documents, timelines and status updates.

2.Delegate Tasks

As a business owner, you likely weigh the knowledge, skills and abilities of employees before delegating tasks to them. Use project management software to easily delegate tasks to the appropriate employees. By assigning roles in the system, each employee has access to necessary information and knows who they should contact if they have questions or concerns, or need information about a particular topic.

3.Stay on Schedule

Project management software lets project managers add a start and expected completion date to projects and tasks they include in the system. This information alerts employees to upcoming deadlines, allowing them to manage their time appropriately to complete tasks before or on the listed due date.

4.Track Projects

Keep track of the progress of projects with project management software. The software will let you know what's been completed, as well as by whom, and what still needs to be done. Employees can provide updates as to what they're working on and share their updates with the project manager and team members. The software eliminates the need for status update meetings and emails.

5.Provide a Snapshot

When training new staff members and introducing them to projects your company works on, project management software offers a snapshot of the project you can share to get new staff up-to-speed. The snapshot allows you to show employees the project from start to finish, give them background information and let them know how the project will move forward.

6.Commuicate with Clients and Vendors

Project management software enables businesses to share and collaborate with clients and vendors in addition to employees. Companies using project management software can provide their clients with usernames and passwords giving them access to project files. Clients can give feedback, make edits and review progress. CNN Money asserts that, because businesses need to be connected to vendors and clients, project management technology is essential.
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/project-management-software-pros-cons-70003.html

● Accountant role in system planning
THE ACCOUNTANT’S ROLE IN SYSTEMS STRATEGY

Auditors routinely review the organization’s systems strategy. History has shown that careful systems planning is a cost-effective activity in reducing the risk of creating unneeded, unwanted, inefficient, and ineffective systems. Both internal and external auditors have vested interests in this outcome.

THE ACCOUNTANT’S ROLE IN CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

The accountant plays an important role in the conceptual design of the system. He or she must recognize control implications of each alternative design and ensure that accounting conventions and legal requirements are understood. These issues need not be specified in detail at this point, but they should be recognized as items to be addressed during the construct phase of the system. Furthermore, the auditability of a system depends in part on its design characteristics. Some computer auditing techniques require systems to be designed with built-in audit features. Such features require resources and need to be considered at conceptual design.

THE ACCOUNTANT’S ROLE IN SYSTEMS SELECTION

The economic feasibility of proposed systems is of primary concern to accountants. Specifically, the accountant should ensure that:

• Only escapable costs are used in calculations of cost-savings benefits.

• Reasonable interest rates are used in measuring present values of cash flows.

• One-time and recurring costs are completely and accurately reported.

• Realistic useful lives are used in comparing competing projects.

• Intangible benefits are assigned reasonable financial values.

Errors, omissions, and misrepresentations in the accounting for such items can distort the analysis and result in a suboptimal decision.
http://www.engineering-bachelors-degree.com/business-information-management/uncategorized/managing-the-systems-development-life-cyclethe-accountants-role-in-managing-the-sdlc/

# data[].attributes.body
BB15110088

1. Definition system planning
System planning is the evaluation of an operation or task in order to identify and implement more efficient methods, usually through the use of computers. Systems planning can be broken down into three main areas: the production of a statement of objectives, determination of the methods of best achieving these objectives in a cost-effective and efficient way, and the preparation of a feasibility study.
http://www.financepractitioner.com/dictionary/systems-planning

2. Problem Identification
and definition
A problem occurs when there is a difference between what "should be" and what "is"; between the ideal and the actual situation.  It must be straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives in organization.
http://www.mwftr.com/SD1415/B1221_Widdel_Problem%20Identification_EXAMPLE.pdf

3. Systems objective specification

To explain how dependability requirements may be identified by analyzing the risks faced by critical systems

To explain how safety requirements are generated from the system risk analysis

To explain the derivation of security requirements

To describe metrics used for reliability specification

http://www.cs.umd.edu/~mvz/cmsc435-s09/pdf/slides6.pdf

4. System Planning Strategy
A strategy driven planning system  is provided that includes a plan defining a scheduled operation of a user environment. An environment defines behavior and constraints of the user environment. The planning engine is operable to identify a plurality of problem by comparing the plan to the behavior and constraints defined by the environment and is operable to adjust the plan according to a selected strategy https://patents.google.com/patent/US5845258A/en

5. Identification of project feasibility
An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated. Feasibility and option analysis ensures that selected options maintain the project objectives and contribute to successful delivery of the project product.
http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

6) Formal project proposal

A Project Proposal is a document which company present to potential sponsors or clients to receive funding or get project approved. It contains key information about company's project. A Project Proposal is generally drafted during one of the early phases of company's project (before detailed plans are made and resources are allocated).

Project Proposal (10-12 pages excluding resumes)

- Memorandum

- Executive summary

- Provide an overview of the main problem/Problem definition

- How IS/overall systems design can be helpful in providing a solution
-What does your company recommend - what would you do - how much would it cost, deliverables, milestones, time schedule

- Preliminary feasibility

- Summary of project team qualifications and experience

- Project team - resumes
https://project-proposal.casual.pm/

7) Use of project management software in system planning
Project management software provides small to large businesses, who undoubtedly juggle a number of tasks, with a solution that helps keep them organized. There are a wide variety of project management software packages available, including web-based applications accessible from any location. Each software boasts its own set of features, but they all share common benefits businesses can appreciate.
a) Collaborate on Projects

Employees are often assigned individual tasks that are a part of a larger project an entire team is working to complete. Project management software gives employees a way to collaborate on projects by sharing documents, timelines and status updates.

b) Delegate Tasks

As a business owner, you likely weigh the knowledge, skills and abilities of employees before delegating tasks to them. Use project management software to easily delegate tasks to the appropriate employees. By assigning roles in the system, each employee has access to necessary information and knows who they should contact if they have questions or concerns, or need information about a particular topic.

c) Stay on Schedule

Project management software lets project managers add a start and expected completion date to projects and tasks they include in the system. This information alerts employees to upcoming deadlines, allowing them to manage their time appropriately to complete tasks before or on the listed due date.

d) Track Projects

Keep track of the progress of projects with project management software. The software will let you know what's been completed, as well as by whom, and what still needs to be done. Employees can provide updates as to what they're working on and share their updates with the project manager and team members. The software eliminates the need for status update meetings and emails.

http://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-using-project-management-software-2196.html

8) Accountant role in system planning

The role of the accountant in a business environment has been evolving over the years. Besides traditional accounting knowledge, accountants need to possess other skills that are vital to their survival in an effective organization. Among those skills are knowledge sharing, the understanding of information systems design, systems development, and applications. One of the systems issues that accountants face is the implementation and maintenance of ERP (Enterprise resources planning) systems in the organization. ERP systems allow companies to integrate at all levels and to utilize important ERP application such as supply-chain management, accounting application, human resource and customer relationship management (Boubekri, 2001)

https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1168392

# data[].attributes.body
1. Definition
Based on R.W House and J.N Warfield (1969), system planning is done by the people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning and it has two major outputs which embody its contribution, which is proposals and design concepts.

2. Problem identification
In system planning, the problems that may arise for those who aspire to become a system planners based on R.W House and J.N Warfield (1969) is as stated below:
a) Structures of organizations : Part of the planning might be exposed to let pertinent people begin to get used to the ideas.
b) Objectivity : Tend to become so attached to their plans that they are blinded to deficiencies will lead to an inability to accept needed changes or may be to discard their plans altogether.
c) Documentation : Planning needs the efforts of some of the most creative members of the organization. However, it seems that the most creative are often not to prone to documenting the efforts leading to their creation.
d) Scope : Scope of system planning may be much larger and greater than the scope of system engineering efforts.
e) Inadequate inputs : Much attention is required to insure that the inputs used are appropriate and correct and date needed are not available and outdated.

3. Systems objective specification
- To describe the activities associated with the development of  system in terms of a logical serial sequence of events, with system planning appearing quite early in this sequence.
- To offers a medium for communications. This is one of the major benefits of system planning, whereby system planning can provide a medium for those who were not involved in planning to judge, modify and react to that which has been produced.

4. System Planning Strategy
Based on Arwa, Abeer and Nuha (2014), Strategic Information Systems Planning (SISP) is an important activity for helping an organization to identify strategic applications and to align an organization's strategy with effective information systems to achieve organization's objectives.

5. Identification of project feasibility
The scope of system planning may be much larger than the scope of system engineering efforts and as a symptom of this problem, the word "feasibility" and "optimization" have been interpreted in narrow contexts. This both words must convey broad connotations.

6. Formal project proposal
The proposal in the system planning is addressed to the decision-maker.
- The proposal must contain a clear statement of the problem or need. It can be documented and disseminated to keep the attention of the organization while their work to meet their responsibilities.
- It can provide a standard against which decisions throughout the system engineering process can be judged.

7.Use of project management software in system planning
- Project management software is software that been used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management.
- Project management software caters to the following primary functions, such as project planning, task management, document sharing and collaboration.
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13132/project-management-software

8. Accountant role in system planning
Accountants plays some significant roles in system planning, such as :
a) Designers : Accountants are major catalyst in the design of accounting information system. This is because they are more suitable and most equipped with information measurement professionals to design the system.
b) Implementer : It is the role of accountants to ensure that accounting information system that designed are actually implemented. They also will be the one who will implemented the accounting information system.
http://www.accountantnextdoor.com/accountants%E2%80%99-role-in-the-accounting-information-system/

# data[].attributes.body
Definition of system planning
Business System Planning is a method for analyzing, defining and designing an information architecture of an organization. It is a very complex method dealing with data, processes, strategies, aims and organizational departments which are interconnected.
https://kelasti.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/bsp2b.pdf

Problem identification and definition
A problem occurs when there is a difference between what "should be" and what "is"; between the ideal and the actual situation.
A problem:
a) expresses the difference between the hoped for and the actual situation;
b) is directly or indirectly related to a desired outcome or standard of behavior.
Identifying a very clearly defined and specific problem is the first critical step to successfully implementing the problem-solving process.
http://www.mwftr.com/SD1415/B1221_Widdel_Problem%20Identification_EXAMPLE.pdf

System planning strategy
Based on Arwa A. Altameem , Abeer I. Aldrees and Nuha A. Alsaeed (2014), the system planning strategy is an important activity for helping organization to identify strategic applications and to align an organization’s strategy with effective information systems to achieve organization’s objectives.

Identification of project feasibility
According to Zachman (1982), the necessity to produce short-term results in any given enterprise, there is a requirement to design and build large numbers of small systems. To avoid high costs of redesign for integration purposes, the small systems should be built in such a fashion that they are compatible and consistent at the outset, or so that they will fit together as they are completed. Therefore, enterprise-level architecture is required to constrain the design and development activity such that the relationships and dependencies can be identified and protected.
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fbca/e5494e5f16fbea44a83e8fcf0c071c1f1c96.pdf

Formal project proposal
Formal project proposal is a document which the employee in an organization presents to potential sponsor or client to receive fund or to get project approval.
https://project-proposal.casual.pm/

Use of project management software in system planning
Project management software has the capacity to help plan, organize, and manage resource tools and develop resource estimates. Depending on the sophistication of the software, it can manage estimation and planning, scheduling, cost control and budget management, resource allocation, collaboration software, communication, decision-making, quality management and documentation or administration systems.

Accountat role in system planning
The accountant’s responsibility is to ensure that the systems apply proper accounting conventions and rules and possess adequate controls.
Therefore, accountants are concerned with the quality of the process that produces accounting information systems.
http://www.engineering-bachelors-degree.com/business-information-management/uncategorized/managing-the-systems-development-life-cyclethe-accountants-role-in-managing-the-sdlc/

# data[].attributes.body
(BB15110173)
1) Definition of system planning
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the consensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089
2) Problem identification and definition

The aim of this stage of the Framework is to identify and describe the problems that are preventing the goals and objectives defined in the previous step from being achieved.

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options.  The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives. https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx
3)System’s objective specification
● To explain how dependability requirements may be identified by analyzing the risks faced by critical systems
● To explain how
safety requirements are generated from the system risk analysis
● To explain the
derivation of security requirements
● To describe
metrics used for reliability specification
http://www.cs.umd.edu/~mvz/cmsc435-s09/pdf/slides6.pdf

4)System planning strategy
A strategy driven planning system  is provided that includes a plan defining a scheduled operation of a user environment. An environment defines behavior and constraints of the user environment. The planning engine is operable to identify a plurality of problem by comparing the plan to the behavior and constraints defined by the environment and is operable to adjust the plan according to a selected strategy https://patents.google.com/patent/US5845258A/en

5)Identification of project feasibility

An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated. Feasibility and option analysis ensures that selected options maintain the project objectives and contribute to successful delivery of the project product.
http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

6) Formal project proposal
There are no specific rules for the format of a formal proposal, but all proposal letters should motivate the reader to understand your plans, goals and needs.  The Project Proposal is usually the first document developed to introduce a project.  It expands the initial concept or idea to broadly define the scope of the proposed project (objectives, outcomes and outputs), and provide an estimate of the resourcing, time and costs associated with progressing the initiative.
https://bizfluent.com/how-7625060-write-formal-proposal.html

7) Use of project management software in system planning
Collaborate on Projects

Employees are often assigned individual tasks that are a part of a larger project an entire team is working to complete. Project management software gives employees a way to collaborate on projects by sharing documents, timelines and status updates.

Delegate Tasks

As a business owner, you likely weigh the knowledge, skills and abilities of employees before delegating tasks to them. Use project management software to easily delegate tasks to the appropriate employees. By assigning roles in the system, each employee has access to necessary information and knows who they should contact if they have questions or concerns, or need information about a particular topic.
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-using-project-management-software-2196.html

8) Accountant role in system planning
The role of the accountant in a business environment has been evolving over the years .

Accountants are primarily involved in three ways: as system users, designers, and

auditors.

THE ACCOUNTANT’S ROLE IN SYSTEMS STRATEGY

Auditors routinely review the organization’s systems strategy. History has shown that careful systems planning is a cost-effective activity in reducing the risk of creating unneeded, unwanted, inefficient, and ineffective systems. Both internal and external auditors have vested interests in this outcome.

THE ACCOUNTANT’S ROLE IN CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

The accountant plays an important role in the conceptual design of the system. He or she must recognize control implications of each alternative design and ensure that accounting conventions and legal requirements are understood

http://www.engineering-bachelors-degree.com/business-information-management/uncategorized/managing-the-systems-development-life-cyclethe-accountants-role-in-managing-the-sdlc/

# data[].attributes.body
System planning is the first phase in the systems development process. It identifies whether or not there is the need for a new system to achieve a business"s strategic objectives. This is a preliminary plan (or a feasibility study) for a company"s business initiative to acquire the resources to build on an infrastructure to modify or improve a service. The company might be trying to meet or exceed expectations for their employees, customers and stakeholders too. The purpose of this step is to find out the scope of the problem and determine solutions. Resources, costs, time, benefits and other items should be considered at this stage.
https://www.innovativearchitects.com/KnowledgeCenter/basic-IT-systems/system-development-life-cycle.aspx

2) Problem identification and definition

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options.It is to identify and describe the problems that are preventing the goals and objectives defined in the previous step from being achieved. The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives.

3) System's objective specification
A software requirements specification is a description of a software system to be developed. The software requirements specification document enlists enough and necessary requirements that are required for the project development. To derive the requirements, the developer needs to have clear and thorough understanding of the products to be developed or being developed. This is achieved and refined with detailed and continuous communications with the project team and customer till the completion of the software.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_requirements_specification

4) System Planning Strategy
The Strategic Planning System collects and stores strategic plan information, including information about implementation of strategic plans. This includes content such a short description of the plan, goals, objectives, and strategies. The system also collects information on plan implementation, such as action steps, specific method of action, and the objective of the action step best aligns with, the one who responsible for implementing the action and performance measures.
https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/os-strategic-planning-system.pdf

5) Identification of Project Feasibility
Feasibility and option analysis in a project is a systematic assessment and evaluation of all possible alternative for achieving the project objectives to figure out which of the options appear to be most effective and providing the best solution for the project.
http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

6) Formal project proposal
A project proposal generally includes a detailed description of the activities involved within a prospective project, and it is a formal way of proposing work before a project begins.

https://ithemes.com/2017/06/26/5-rules-for-writing-project-proposal/

7) Use of project management
software in system planning
Project management software is software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management. It allows project managers (PMs), stakeholders and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality management and documentation and also may be used as an administration system. Project management software is also used for collaboration and communication between project stakeholders.
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13132/project-management-software

8) Accountant role in system planning
An accountant should select  accounting software is a major responsibility that takes a considerable amount of careful planning. After all, if the selected program fails to meet the organization's needs or the accountant is not adequately trained to operate it, the business could be thrown into turmoil, losing much time and money.
https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-12237340/planning-for-a-computerized-accounting-system

# data[].attributes.body
1)Definition of system planning
Business systems planning looks at the whole organization to determine what information systems the business requires to fulfill its goals. For large businesses, this can be an expensive process involving consultants and specialists, but smaller businesses can often perform the analysis and planning in house. Prerequisites for effective business systems planning are the existence of a business plan that details the goals and strategies of the company and the communication of the plan to the people responsible for implementing the plan.
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://smallbusiness.chron.com/business-systems-planning-46505.html

2) Problem identification and definition
Problem identification requires a blend of critical and analytical thought. Although a problem might be complex, the processes used to solve a problem are not complex. The first step is properly defining the problem and this begins with challenging assumptions and breaking the problem down to ensure you are focused on the root problem
http://www.nscstrategies.com/strategic_problem_solving/simple-formula-good-strategy-dp-2pi-gs-part-2-problem-identification/

3) System’s objective specification
- Define project goals and scope.
- Develop specifications for the new or revised system’s functions.
http://www.opentextbooks.org.hk/ditatopic/25323
- Defining the problems, the objectives and the resources such as personnel and costs
- Studying the ability of proposing alternative solutions after meeting with clients, suppliers, consultants and employees
- Studying how to make your product better than your competitors’.
https://airbrake.io/blog/sdlc/what-is-system-development-life-cycle

4)System planning strategy
The requirements for a company's information systems can only be integrated into a plan when it is clear where the company wants to go and how it plans to get there. A strategic plan lays out the company goals and the strategies it intends to implement to achieve them. In small businesses, such strategies often focus on financial goals and corresponding marketing plans. These business plans are the initial input for the information systems plan and influence the types of systems that the company will consider.
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/business-systems-planning-46505.html

5) Identification of project feasibility
Expanding on the Initial Idea, the Feasibility Study involves drawing up the terms of reference, which state the objectives and scope of the project, how long it should take and how the results should be presented. The terms of reference are usually drawn up by senior management. The feasibility study must determine if the development of the project is justified in terms of economic and organisational terms.
http://azuliadesigns.com/system-development-life-cycles-sdlc/

6) Formal project proposal
A proposal is a request for financial assistance to implement a project such as a new system. The proposal outlines the plan of the implementing organisation about the project, giving extensive information about the intention, for implementing a new system, the ways to manage it and the results to be delivered from it.
https://www.sswm.info/planning-and-programming/implementation/project-design/project-proposal-writing

7) Use of project management software in system planning
- Better labor management

A project management system with resource management gives you complete, up-to-the-minute visibility into the division of your workforce on macro and micro levels. For example, visual resource planning shows where your team members are assigned and what tasks they’re working on. Most project management tools also give you the ability to drill down to the granular level, where you can assess individual skillsets and schedule availability. This helps you avoid overworking any one person or letting valuable talent fall through the cracks

- Intelligence-driven decisions

Some of a project manager’s toughest decisions are about how to prioritize all of the moving pieces in a project or portfolio of projects. Prioritization, of course, is directly tied to resource allocation. Allocation mistakes can be extremely costly to a company if they happen on a large scale. Project management software takes the guesswork out of resource allocation by helping you plan and prioritize based on data. Capacity and demand planning reconcile the volume of work that needs to be done with your team’s actual capacity (usually in hours). You can also test out “what-if” scenarios by plugging in variables and letting the system predict their impact (such as a material shortage, or illness). Once you’ve seen the data, you can decide how to best allocate resources to yield results instead of wasted money.

- Real-time resource optimization

Speaking of capacity and demand planning almost as soon as you define your ideal levels, you can expect them to change. This means your distribution of materials, labor and equipment will also need to change—and making this kind of end-to-end adjustment manually would be painstaking, if not impossible. Good software, on the other hand, gives you quick flexibility. With many project management solutions, you can drag and drop resource assignments with a few clicks, and if you’re using a cloud-based solution like LiquidPlanner, all of the relevant stakeholders will have access to the updated conditions, so no one gets left behind.
https://www.liquidplanner.com/blog/using-project-management-software-for-resource-planning/

8) Accountant role in system planning
- Analyse the current system at a high level.
Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) are used to describe how the current system performs and to illustrate known problems.
http://azuliadesigns.com/system-development-life-cycles-sdlc/
- Planning the basic project approach and to conduct product feasibility study in the economical, operational and technical areas.
- Planning for the quality assurance requirements and identification of the risks associated with the project
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/sdlc/sdlc_overview.htm

# data[].attributes.body
BB15110589
1)Definition of business system planning
Business systems planning looks at the whole organization to determine what information systems the business requires to fulfill its goals. For large businesses, this can be an expensive process involving consultants and specialists, but smaller businesses can often perform the analysis and planning in house. Prerequisites for effective business systems planning are the existence of a business plan that details the goals and strategies of the company and the communication of the plan to the people responsible for implementing the plan.
(http://smallbusiness.chron.com/business-systems-planning-46505.html)

2) Problem identification and definition
Problem Identification is expressed the difference between the hoped for and the actual situation. It is directly or indirectly related to a desired outcome or standard of behaviour. Identifying a very clearly defined and specific problem is the first critical step to successfully implementing the problem solving process https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMDPAmr4tec

3)System’s objective specification
To define the system rule and give a high level overview of the way the system are completed.
https://www.google.com/search?q=what+is+meant+by+system+objective+specification&rlz=1C1CHBF_enMY754MY754&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiuiovI-IvaAhVKo48KHcEmC8MQ_AUICigB&biw=1517&bih=735#imgrc=JTH7duEHrdaTlM:)

4) System planning strategy
The purpose of strategic planning for information systems is to provide a systematic process for developing a long-range plan for information systems on the basis of the organization’s overall strategic plan. For an organization to perform information system properly, it must consider both the organizational and the technical aspects of planning. The organizational aspect emphasizes the necessity of an integrated information systems plan and its close link to the organization’s objectives. The technical aspect emphasizes the necessity of planning for information systems.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07421222.1988.11517805

5)Identification of project feasibility
An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable.
http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

6)Formal project proposal
Although the prescribed format of any of these proposals will vary, all should be prepared in the same general manner. A formal proposal normally fits into one of the following categories which are Unsolicited Proposal, Solicited Proposal, Continuation or Non-Competing Proposals, Renewal or Competing Proposals and Supplemental Proposal.
https://ors.ou.edu/proposal/type.html

7)Use of project management software in system planning
Project management software are allows you to map out the entire life of a project.  It can be a general but robust software or a specialized solution that targets an industry, for example, construction or software development. This do-all software helps you to do the following:

define the critical path for the project and visualizes the tasks that are interdependent

outline the project schedule and set milestone deadlines

break down the completion of tasks and who is responsible for each task

allocate staff and resources to complete the tasks

https://financesonline.com/5-top-uses-project-management-software-benefit/

8) Accountant role in system planning
The role of the accountant in a business environment has been evolving over the years. Besides traditional accounting knowledge, accountants need to possess other skills that are vital to their survival in an effective organization. Among those skills are knowledge sharing, the understanding of information systems design, systems development, and applications. One of the systems issues that accountants face is the implementation and maintenance of ERP (Enterprise resources planning) systems in the organization. ERP systems allow companies to integrate at all levels and to utilize important ERP application such as supply-chain management, accounting application, human resource and customer relationship management (Boubekri, 2001).
https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1168392

# data[].attributes.body
BB15110103

Definition
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions.  These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the consensus of other responsible persons.

Problem Identification
Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified.  The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives. https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

System's objective specification
One is tempted to describe the activities associated with the development of a system in terms of a logical serial sequence of events, with system planning appearing quite early in this sequence.

System planning strategy
The purpose of strategic planning for information systems is to provide a systematic process for developing a long-range plan for information systems on the basis of the organization’s overall strategic plan. For an organization to perform properly, it must consider both the organizational and the technical aspects of planning. The organizational aspect emphasizes the necessity of an integrated information systems plan and its close link to the organization’s objectives. The technical aspect emphasizes the necessity of planning for information systems architecture. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07421222.1988.11517805

Identification project feasibility
An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated. Feasibility and option analysis ensures that selected options maintain the project objectives and contribute to successful delivery of the project product.The process of analyzing project feasibility and options aims to explore all feasible alternatives and provide evidence that the proposed project choice can actually be implemented with the best option available among all feasible alternatives.
http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

Formal Project Proposal
A formal proposal, such as one you would submit in response to an request for proposal, should always start with a title page, a table of contents, and an executive summary or abstract of the proposal. After this introduction, include the following main sections, titled as appropriate for the project and further subdivided.
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/what-to-include-in-formal-and-informal-proposals/

Use of project management software in system planning
Project management software is used is a variety of ways, its main purpose is to facilitate the planning and tracking of project components, stakeholders and resources.

Project management software caters to the following primary functions:

Project planning: To define a project schedule, a project manager (PM) may use the software to map project tasks and visually describe task interactions.

Task management: Allows for the creation and assignment of tasks, deadlines and status reports.

Document sharing and collaboration: Productivity is increased via a central document repository accessed by project stakeholders.

Calendar and contact sharing: Project timelines include scheduled meetings, activity dates and contacts that should automatically update across all PM and stakeholder calendars.

Bug and error management: Project management software facilitates bug and error reporting, viewing, notifying and updating for stakeholders.

Time tracking: Software must have the ability to track time for all tasks maintain records for third-party consultants.

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13132/project-management-software

Accountant role in system

Accounting information system (AIS) is that subsystem of overall management information system that provides information to an organization in the right format, size, time frame, and within a budget. Accountants have many rolesto play as far as accounting information system is concerned. Here they are :

AS DESIGNERS
Accountant are major catalysts in the design of accounting information system. They are the most suitable and most equipped information measurement professionals to design the information system. It is generally believed that insiders in every area of life make better developmental instrument. This function of designing AIS includes the design of managerial accounting information system to aid management in decision making process.

AS IMPLEMENTER

It is the role of accountants to ensure that AIS designed are actually implemented. It is not enough to just have procedures in place, implementation and enforcement is very important. The accountant while being involved in the implementation process of the AIS may discover an implementation problem that non accountants may find difficult communicating back to the systems designers.

AS AUDITORS
Accountants audit the already ‘acclaimed’ AIS to ensure that what is claimed to have been implemented is actually followed. Note that the role of auditors is not to fetch thieves in a system, but to ensure that rules claimed to be followed are backed up by documentation and where it is not possible for it to be documented, the auditors should observe the process take place.
http://www.accountantnextdoor.com/accountants%E2%80%99-role-in-the-accounting-information-system/

# data[].attributes.body
Definition of System Planning

The first phase in the systems development process is Planning. It identifies whether or not there is the need for a new system in order to achieve a business"s strategic objectives. This is a preliminary plan (or a feasibility study) for a company’s business initiative to acquire the resources to build on an infrastructure to modify or improve a service. The company might be trying to meet or exceed the expectations for their employees, customers and stakeholders. Therefore, the purpose of this step is to find out the scope of the problem and determine solutions. So, the items such as resources, costs, time, benefits should be considered at this stage.
https://www.innovativearchitects.com/KnowledgeCenter/basic-IT-systems/system-development-life-cycle.aspx

Problem Identification
The aim of this stage is to identify and describe the problems that are preventing the goals and objectives defined in the previous step from being achieved. Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. The organization should understand the problem before any solution can be taken.
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

System's objective specification

Software requirements specification. A software requirements specification(SRS) is a description of a software system to be developed. It lays out functional and non-functional requirements, and may include a set of use cases that describe user interactions that the software must provide.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_requirements_specification

System planning strategy
Strategic information systems planning (SISP) is based on two core arguments. The first is that, at a minimum, a firm’s information systems investments should be aligned with the overall business strategy, and in some cases may even become an emerging source of competitive advantage. The second core argument behind SISP is that companies can best achieve IS-based alignment or competitive advantage by following a proactive, formal and comprehensive process that includes the development of broad organizational information requirements. This is in contrast to a “reactive” strategy, in which the IS group sits back and responds to other areas of the business only when a need arises.
https://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/strategic-information-systems-planning-sisp-an-is-strategy-for-erp-implementation

Identification of project feasibility
Feasibility and Option Analysis in a project is a systematic assessment and evaluation of all possible alternative approaches available for achieving the project objectives to figure out which of the options appear to be most effective and providing the best solution for the project.
http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

Formal project proposal
A project proposal usually includes a detailed description of the activities involved within a prospective project, and is a formal way of proposing work before a project begins. In the typical project proposal includes information about the following:

Your company, what you do, etc.

Your company’s proficiencies

The potential client’s need

How you can meet the need

The time frames & milestones

How much the project will cost

https://ithemes.com/2017/06/26/5-rules-for-writing-project-proposal/

Use of project management software in system planning
Project management software is software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management. It allows project managers (PMs), stakeholders and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality management and documentation and also may be used as an administration system. Project management software is also used for collaboration and communication between project stakeholders.
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13132/project-management-software

Role of accountant in system planning
An accountant should select accounting software is a major responsibility that takes a considerable amount of careful planning. After all, if the selected program fails to meet the organization's needs or the accountant is not adequately trained to operate it, the business could be thrown into turmoil, losing much time and money.
https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-12237340/planning-for-a-computerized-accounting-system

# data[].attributes.body
1)Definition
Business systems planning looks at the whole organization to determine what information systems the business requires to fulfill its goals.
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/business-systems-planning-46505.html

2) Problem identification

On receiving a request from the user for systems development, an investigation is conducted to state the problem to be solved.
https://www.albany.edu/acc/courses/acc681.fall00/681book/node25.html

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

3)System’s objective specification
set of documentation that describes the features and behavior of a system or software application. It includes a variety of elements  that attempts to define the intended functionality required by an organization.
https://www.inflectra.com/ideas/topic/requirements-definition.aspx

4)System planning strategy
a document used to communicate with the organization the organizations goals, the actions needed to achieve those goals and all of the other critical elements developed during the planning exercise
http://www.balancedscorecard.org/BSC-Basics/Strategic-Planning-Basics

5)Identification of project feasibility
feasibility study is an analysis of the viability of an idea. The feasibility study focuses on whether the proposed project idea should be proceed.
http://www.zainbooks.com/books/management/project-management_8_project-conception-and-project-feasibility.html

6)Formal project proposal
Formal project proposal is a document which the employee in an organization present to potential sponsor or client to received fund or to get project approval.
https://project-proposal.casual.pm/

7)Use of project management software in system planning
Project management software is software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management. It allows project managers, stakeholders and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality management and documentation and also may be used as an administration system. Project management software is also used for collaboration and communication between project stakeholders.
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13132/project-management-software

8)Accountant role in system planning

provide expertise in evaluating the feasibility of projects

creating unneeded, unwanted, inefficient and ineffective systems.

http://www.engineering-bachelors-degree.com/business-information-management/uncategorized/managing-the-systems-development-life-cyclethe-accountants-role-in-managing-the-sdlc/

# data[].attributes.body
1. Write down your name & Matrix ID
2. Discuss the following

Definition of System Planning
Business systems planning (BSP) is a method of analyzing, defining and designing the information architecture of organizations. It was introduced by IBM for internal use only in 1981,[1] although initial work on BSP began during the early 1970s. BSP was later sold to organizations.[2] It is a complex method dealing with interconnected data, processes, strategies, aims and organizational departments.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_system_planning

● Problem identification and definition

● System’s objective specification

● System planning strategy

● Identification of project feasibility

● Formal project proposal

● Use of project management software in system planning

Accountant role in system planning