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https://www.preceden.com/timelines/177142-cold-war-canada

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Igor Gouzenko's memoir, "It Was My Choice"

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The Report of the Royal Commission document

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The Report of the Royal Commission document

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http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2014/bcp-pco/CP32-103-1946-1-eng.pdf

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https://historyofrights.ca/wp-content/uploads/statutes/CN_Official-Secrets-Act-1939.pdf

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“– 1946 Royal Commission on Espionage.” CANADA How The Communists Took Control, 4 Sept. 2017, nosnowinmoscow.wordpress.com/dominique-clement/1946-royal-commission-on-espionage/.

“Canada's Role During the Cuban Missile Crisis.” Canada's Role During the Cuban Missile Crisis - Diefenbaker Canada Centre - University of Saskatchewan, www.usask.ca/diefenbaker/virtual-exhibits/cuban-missile-crisis.php.

History.com Staff. “Cuban Missile Crisis.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2010, www.history.com/topics/cold-war/cuban-missile-crisis.

Potter, Mitch. “JFK's War with Diefenbaker.” Thestar.com, Toronto Star, 18 Nov. 2013, www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/11/18/jfks_war_with_diefenbaker.html.

“1945-46 Gouzenko Affair.” Canadas Human Rights History, historyofrights.ca/encyclopaedia/main-events/1945-gouzenko-affair/.

“Spy School Secrets.” Why Women Couldn't Vote - Canada's History, www.canadashistory.ca/explore/military-war/spy-school-secrets.

Wark, Wesley K. “Intelligence and Espionage.” The Canadian Encyclopedia, www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/intelligence-and-espionage/.

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John Kennedy in  Cuban Missile Crisis meeting recording

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John Kennedy in  Cuban Missile Crisis meeting recording

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https://www.history.com/470de28a-dc06-464b-85a8-364cd9a31e0f

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Igor Gouzenko appearing on TV, wearing a mask to protect his identity.

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A map in a 1950s newspaper that depicted distances from Cuba (the location of Soviet missiles) to major American cities.

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Photos taken by an American spy plane, identifying nuclear missiles being assembled in Cuba by the Soviet Union.

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Did PROFUNC violate Canadians’ human rights?

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Did PROFUNC violate Canadians’ human rights?

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No, PROFUNC did not technically violate any human rights, becuase it was activated. However, if it had been activated, many people who were not proven to be a threat to national security would have been arrested or at least detained.

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PROFUNC was a program created in 1950 by the RCMP. If activated, it would allow the arrest of a long list of suspected Bolsheviks and revolutionists.

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How was Canada involved in the Cuban Missile Crisis?

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How was Canada involved in the Cuban Missile Crisis?

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Canada was involved in the Cuban Missile Crisis because the Soviet missiles in Cuba were more than capable of reaching Canada. The prime minister Diefenbaker did not have great relations with the U.S. president Kennedy. At a meeting regarding the Cuban Missile Crisis, Diefenbaker picked up a memo that was accidently left behind by Kennedy. The memo was a reminder of what Kennedy was supposed to push Canada to promise to do during the meeting. It made it seem like Canada was merely a doll for America to play with. Diefenbaker did not return the memo, as diplomatic etiquette would have him do. This incident further degraded the relationship between Diefenbaker and Kennedy. When Kennedy announced that America would be forming a blockade around Cuba, Canada was slow to show full support, and by the time they did the crisis was averted.

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In October 1962, there was a 13-day political and military stand-off between America and the Soviet Union. This was due to Soviet nuclear missiles that had been installed in Cuba. The missiles in Cuba were discovered and photographed by an American spy plane. Oleg Penkovsky was a Soviet spy who passed information regarding the missiles to the CIA and British intelligence officials (he is believed to have been executed in Russia a year later). After the American Navy had created a blockade around Cuba to prevent the delivery of more missile parts, an American recon plane was shot down over Cuba. This almost ended in nuclear war; however, American President John Kennedy and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev agreed that the missiles would be removed if the U.S. promised not to invade Cuba. Secretly, Kennedy also agreed to remove nuclear missiles from Turkey. The situation was finally defused, and the two nations signed two treaties related to nuclear weapons. However, the crisis convinced the Soviet Union that they needed missiles that were capable of reaching the United States from their own territory, and so the Cold War continued for years.

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The Official Secrets Act is now known as the Security of Information Act. It addresses national security threats, including espionage and terrorists. It outlaws criminal acts such as economic espionage (conducted for commercial reasons, not national security), unauthorized communication of special operational information, unauthorized use of uniforms, and false documents.

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Camp X was a top secret facility near Oshawa, Ontario. It was dedicated to essentially training spies, both Canadian and from Allied countries during WWII. It was specifically used to train Special Operation Executive recruits, which often went overseas and assisted resistance efforts in France. Camp X also had a communications room called Hydra that was used to transmit sensitive information across the Atlantic.

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What were the international impacts of the Gouzenko affair?

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What were the international impacts of the Gouzenko affair?

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The Gouzenko Affair hit home the fact that the WWII Alliance between East and West was crumbling. Although Russia and America had been Allies in the war, they would be the primary enemies to each other over the next few decades, during the Cold War. The revelation of Soviet spy networks in Canada also brought to light how relatively inexperienced Canada was when it came to espionage.

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Igor Gouzenko was a Soviet cipher clerk that defected (abandoned his own country) to Canada on September 5, 1945. Cipher clerks regularly encrypt and decrypt top secret messages. He exposed major Soviet espionage rings operating in Canada to the Canadian government. These espionage rings had spies in very sensitive positions, including an important cipher room, the British High Commissioner's Office, and Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories. Two British scientists involved in the creation of the atomic bomb in a secret Montreal lab were identified as Russian spies.

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When did Canada develop an intelligence service?

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When did Canada develop an intelligence service?

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Canada doesn’t have and has never had a secret service that follows a similar model to other countries’, such as the American CIA or the Soviet KGB. However, Canada does have an intelligence community. In the 1860s, the Canadian government felt threatened by an exiled Irish group called the Fenians, and so created an intelligence organization. On both attempted (unsuccessful) Fenian raids, Canadians secret agents provided information that alerted the government and military to the raids before they happened. During World War One, Canada developed a more capable intelligence service. These organizations continued to conduct domestic intelligence activity following WWI, due to the possible Bolshevik threat that was sparked by the successful Bolshevik revolution in Russia. However, Canada’s intelligence system was still not up to international standards at the outbreak of World War Two. When France was captured in 1940, fears of German espionage set in motion major innovations.

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Espionage (n.) the practice of spying or of using spies, typically by governments to obtain political and military information. Intelligence is “information gathered to enhance the security of the state.” There are two categories: foreign intelligence (which enables the state to effectively conduct economic, diplomatic and military actions internationally), and domestic intelligence (used by the state to monitor suspected internal threats). Espionage is a small division of intelligence services that gathers intelligence through covert means.