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Unit 2: Task 2 - Quantitative Research

Step 1: Theoretical Perspective

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Theoretical Perspective (Sonia Marlen Castellanos Moscoso)

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Theoretical Perspective (Sonia Marlen Castellanos Moscoso)

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The theory that I will use is Socio-educational model or "SEM" by Gardner (1985). This theory could give lights to improve the low level of English language teaching for elementary students in Colombia. It was developed by Gardner and it was used to study the influence and importance of factors such as motivation and anxiety in the process of acquiring a second language. This theory indicates that the students must face oral practices such as conversations, roll plays, support in different topics, or talk about their daily life among others, making use of the foreign language, situations that develop several levels of anxiety and stress, especially when grammatical structures are not mastered, with Gardner's theory, anxiety should decrease as the level is advanced..  As applied to my study, this theory holds that I would expect my independent variable.  Having better-prepared teachers in the schools, is the independent variable, obtaining better results or not obtaining them in the area of English in the national tests is the dependent variable; we already have the results of the national test, before the intervention of better-qualified teachers in the teaching of English in the country's schools, which would allow a comparison after the intervention of better trained teachers in the country's schools, it is expected that after the intervention of the best prepared teachers, increase the level of English in elementary students, increasing their motivation and reducing stress and anxiety, which would eventually lead to the achievement of better results in national tests, or students continue to obtain the same results before the intervention of the teachers, everything depends on the data that would be obtained after this intervention, the data obtained would allow us to know if is the lack of a better quality of teaching the reason for the low results in the area of English in the national tests SABER PRO
References
ICFES. (29 de junio de 2018). ICFES Saber Pro. Obtenido de Balance. así les fue a los estudiantes del país en la prueba Saber: http://www.icfes.gov.co/item/2380-balance-asi-les-fue-a-los-estudiantes-del-pais-en-la-prueba-saber-11-icfes

GARDNER, R. y LAMBERT, W. (1974).Actitudes y motivación en el aprendizaje de una lengua extranjera. S.A .Newbury, House.

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Theoretical Perspective (Diego Alexander Castro Cardenas)

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Theoretical Perspective (Diego Alexander Castro Cardenas)

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The theory that I will use is the Social Exchange Theory, it was developed by Sociologist George C. Humans, and it was used to study human relationships based on the costs and benefits involved in those alliances, and not based on emotions alone. This theory indicates that “people expect as much from a relationship as they contribute to it, if not more. In other words, the rewards should be proportional to the costs. Positive relationships are those were the rewards outweigh the costs, and such relationships are likely to have a good future. Negative relationships represent the scenario where a relationship does not give the desired benefits, despite one putting up with the risks or costs” (PsycholoGenie, 2018). As applied to my study, this theory holds that I would expect my independent variable the best-looking male idealisation to influence or explain the loneliness afflicting gay people because when it comes to homosexual men relationships it seemed that the only reward expected from a relationship is having a good-looking person as a partner regardless of the costs the less attractive one in the relation is willing to incur, it is as if other great qualities such as tenderness, stability and charm were utterly dismissed, which bring about the emptiness feeling gay men go through.

References:

Hobbes, M. (2017, March 2). The epidemic of gay loneliness. Retrieved July 9, 2018, from https://highline.huffingtonpost.com/articles/en/gay-loneliness/

PsycholoGenie. (2018, February 24). Understanding the Social Exchange Theory With Real-world Examples. Retrieved July 9, 2018, from https://psychologenie.com/understanding-social-exchange-theory-with-examples

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Theoretical Perspective (Jeynny Carol Perez)

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Theoretical Perspective (Jeynny Carol Perez)

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The theory that I will use is Sociocultural theory. It was developed by Lev Vygotsky and was used to emphasize the fundamental role of social interaction in the development of cognition. This theory indicates that society has important contributions in the individual development. His main work took place in the area of ​​evolutionary psychology and has served as the basis for many investigations and subsequent theories related to cognitive development in recent decades. According to Vygotsky, individual development can not be understood without the social and cultural context in which one is immersed. The higher mental processes of the individual such as critical thinking, decision making and reasoning have their origin in social processes. This theory holds that the development processes are not autonomous of the educational processes, that the culture provides the members of society with the necessary tools to modify their physical and social environment. As applied to my study, this theory holds that teaching is reciprocal, that evaluation is dynamic and that through this a potential development is determined. Also,  having better prepared teachers in schools that understand that sociocultural development is an important part of education, is the independent variable because this would have better results in education and would become a quality education.

References:

-Quantitative theory use, Variables in Quantitative Research

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MD-uKDcn1eKRppZSTwQnRJtiPx3wXowu/view

-Lumen Educational Psychology, Mayor theories and models of learning

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/educationalpsychology/chapter/major-theories-and-models-of-learning/

-SimplypSYCHOLOGY, Lev Vygotsky by Saul McLeod, updated 2014 https://www.simplypsychology.org/vygotsky.html

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The theory that I will use is Collaborative Language Learning and Teaching. It was developed by David Nonan, and it was used to study the collaborative learning, creating a situation where all stake holders benefit in equal quantity and terms by sharing information and knowledge, making it a win-win situation, placing the learner at the Centre of the learning process instead of the traditional teacher centered process.

This theory indicates that a meaningful and effective collaboration between the learners and teacher can result in the following situation.

·      It can improve the learning of the students in addition to their learning about their learning.

·      It may improve their knowledge about the target language, about themselves as learners and about (their) learning.

·      It will improve their communication skills.

·      Learner has to deal with, understand and adjust with the differences between group needs and individual needs during language learning process, ‘both in social, procedural terms as well as linguistic, content terms’.  Learner will come to know that the curriculum subjects and learning methods are very much connected. Also he will know that the decision-making tasks are really communicative actions.

Collaborative learning will help students ‘to acquire common learning goals’. It encourages co-operation on the other hand traditional teaching methods pave way for competition. Meanwhile collaborative learning will give opportunities for learners to have occasions for a very healthy competition like competing with other groups and pairs of his class. The successes or failures here will not be personal and in this can they can have the benefits of competition like facing challenges, putting more effort, having a competitive spirit and avoid the ill effects of traditional competitive classroom practices.

As applied to my study, this theory holds that I would expect my independent variables the teachers and the learners, to influence or explain the dependent variables: classroom environment and social tasks; process tasks such as peer tutoring and goal setting and progress monitoring and evaluative tasks, because classrooms and social tasks are ideally suitable for creating cooperation which will lead to better learning. The learners can handle responsibilities like, arranging and maintaining of the classroom, keeping the attendance records, making announcements regarding any matters and get feedbacks regarding discipline matters. These duties are in addition to the more important work they have to do, they are: choosing the task activities, setting the goal for each task, developing the materials for pre, main and post tasks, assessing themselves and others and finally creating and maintaining progress charts.