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various ports and connectors are used to connect input, output, storange, and networking devices. Using standard ports allows hardware  devices to be compatible with many different system, saving  on cost s and manufactures

| VGA | Used for connecting a estándar and interactive White boards  also used VGA connections
| DVI | Digitalvideo interface and the newer hogh definition multimedia interface are used to connectors
| SATA and eSATA | For connecting players.eSATA is a version of SATA used for connecting external devices
| IDE | An older standar for convecting  hard disk. Used for devices like: CD and DVD  drives
| USB | Universal serial bus, for connecting a wide variety of peripherals including mice , keyboard,etc
| Firewire  | Used for different priphesal including digital videocam and external hard disk
| ethernet | Wired internet access, availed on virtually computers
| PS2 | A cble used to connect mice and keyboard generally supresed by USB

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A failover is one designed to keep a system running if the if the primary system fails .
A RAID array is failover system for hard disk. Althought RAID is very useful if hard disk fails, it is not a replacement for daya backups.UPS provides a redundant power source in case

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computers graphics are represented as bites and bytes just like all other computer data. each pixel in a image uses three bytes of storage space

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ASCII and unicode are both examples of plain text standars. Plain text files are usuallyt saved by programs known as text editors.

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unicode uses up to 4 bytes to represent each character, allowing many thousands of charaters to be represented .

Ex:Windows Vista, Windows 7, Mac OS X and Linux

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ASCII is a standar codin scheme for representing text using using the eanglish alphabet. Each byte of data represent a single character.

ASCII uses on bytes per character, the maximun numbers of characters ASCII can represen is 128

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representing all of its  data internally as binary digits-ones and zeroes. There ones and Zeroes are know as bits.

Eight bits are grouped together  are bytes. Bytes themselves are groped into increasingly larger units called killobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, and terabytes

A byte migh represent a letter in a document, or it might represent the colour of a pixel on the screen

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There only two ways  to ensure data is fully removed from your hard disk: By either physically destroying the heard disk, or by usinf spcial disk wiping software

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The MIT students above were able to recover data from hard disks because deleting a file on a computer does not normally remove the the file actually data.

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the security data becomes increasingly important, especially when computers are lost or stolen, or old  hardware is throw away

117 drives (74%) contained data that they could recover and read

12 drives (9%) had been correctly erased

29 drives failed to work

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Microscope:At the centre of all computers is processor. Also is responsible for forming all instructions
Clock speed.is a measure in megahertz or gigahertz
Mips:measure of proccesor performance
multicore processors:aditional procc¡¡essor cores.muilticores computers can truly run more than one task at the same time.

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Screen:all computers system .Monitors that use to be use on almost all deskopt computers
Speakers: is use as entretaiment  and have a busy enviroment
Printers:produce hard copies of documents and files

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Keyboard: Is present on virtually all laptop and desktop computers
Cocept Keyboards: Custom Function. Have a quick selection of choice
Soft Keyboard: Is presented by a series of buttons draw on a monitor or screen
Mice:Is the standar pointing on most desktop computers.Two buttons  and also have a scroll wheel in the centre
Trackballs:Large ball wich is fixed in place so that user can spin it around
Touch pads: Users use bars bars at the side to scroll text on the screen.
Touch Screens :Allow users to interact with computers using their hands or specially designed pen called stylus.
microphone:Allows sounds data to be input into the computers. Are used with video-conferencing and voice over IP
Game controllers:Unusual game controllers used by Nintendo, WII games consoles.Monitor sensors interpret ther users movements into actions in the game.
Barcodes scanners:Uses a laser to shine light onto a barcode label
Magnetic striperaders:have a small amount of data.
smartcards:higher storange capacity and embbed proccesor.The processor then controls access to the data store on the card
Optical mark recognition: is an input method for reading and counting multiple choice style answers papers.
Magnetic ink Character Recognition: uses ink containing iron particles making it magnetic.Text is written in a special font, making it human-redable
scanner: is a device for digitizing a pice of paper .the scanner measure in DPI determines the quality of theimage produce.
sensor and probes:are used for measuring some aspect of physical words.Analog data to digital data stored by computers
Digital cameras: produce image, video and sound into a computer. it can be using a USB or Firewire
Webcams: have low resolution video camera.this cameras are used to record the computers users of video conferencing.
Radio tags:are used for locating or tracking objects.They emite Very Frequency  radio signal.
Radio frequency identification:consist of two components:an RFID wich attached the surface and an RFID reader to queary the tag  and retrive information
Concern about RFID:each individual RFID tag is unique allows tracking of individual items.

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                                                                                                                Types of computers

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                                                                                                                Types of computers

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-Supercomputers: Are the largest, fastest, most powerful and most expensive computers available.achive a incredible high processing speed through multiprocessing
-Mainframes: Are very powerful computers. Are optimised data for high data throughput. Are able to read extremely large amounts of data
-Desktop computers: have a adjustable monitors and separate ketboards and mice. Are designed specially for multimedia entretaiment in the home
-Laptop computers : Generally feature a standar keyboard, an LCD screen of between 14 and 17 inches and a WIFI card
-Netbooks: Provide access to internet , have a very sloe processor and a small amount of RAM
-Smart phones : Make voice calls and send text messagers. Have digital camara, record video, sound ,and images. Also run aplications
-Embedde system: Are small portable devices. Have digital cameras, And GPS system