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in the first half of the 1800s, there were mostly canals for transportation

five years later, 30,000 miles of railroad and tracks were laid

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growing class of merchants, manufactures,  waye earners, and new business owners, brought new ideas to the north

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based on different industries like shipping, lumber, furs, and miningfamily farms found the land suitable for substance  for farming

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only 5% lived in cities

5 years later, 15% lived in cities

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population in the north rose up from 5 million to 19 million

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difficult for farming

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warm, humid summers

cold, snowy winters