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This artifact is about the bus diagram an what happen between whites an black during segregation on the montgomery bus. All of the buses that they had in the city all had rules on them. Like blacks could not sit with whites nor sit in the front of the bus. Claudette mom an some other people told her to never give up on herself and always belive in herself.

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This artifact is a movie ticket stub . The context I can provide is it was bought for a child . It was a colored theatre . It also showed how many taxes they charge. The stub shows ow much it cost. It adds to mu understanding because  blacks and whites had separate everything such as ( movie theatre´s , bathrooms , buses , etc ) . Claudette wanted blacks to be equal and not separate.

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If you were black but your skin looked like you were white. If that was possible then you could pass as a white person. If your hair was smooth then the whites would treat you like you were one of them and the blacks would also like you to. if you were black then some of them would wnst to smooth out there hair so they wernt like the others.

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Martin Luther King jr. By Jermaka and Jordan  

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Martin Luther King jr. By Jermaka and Jordan  

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This artifact is about Martin Luther King jr. he was born Jan. 15 1929-April 4, 1968. Martin Luther King was attending a Segregated public school in Georgia and he graduated form high school when he was fifteen. Martin Luther king went to More House College and he got a B.A. degree during 1948 Dr. king was a makeshift speaker and he also was elected as president of Montgomery Improvement Association and he was the main speaker. Thing he did was things Claudette was during in a way he help her and she help him to become the people they are to day.

https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-bio.html

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Martin Luther King, Jr., (January 15, 1929-April 4, 1968) was born Michael Luther King, Jr., but later had his name changed to Martin. His grandfather began the family's long tenure as pastors of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, serving from 1914 to 1931; his father has served from then until the present, and from 1960 until his death Martin Luther acted as co-pastor. Martin Luther attended segregated public schools in Georgia, graduating from high school at the age of fifteen; he received the B. A. degree in 1948 from Morehouse College, a distinguished Negro institution of Atlanta from which both his father and grandfather had graduated. After three years of theological study at Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania where he was elected president of a predominantly white senior class, he was awarded the B.D. in 1951. With a fellowship won at Crozer, he enrolled in graduate studies at Boston University, completing his residence for the doctorate in 1953 and receiving the degree in 1955. In Boston he met and married Coretta Scott, a young woman of uncommon intellectual and artistic attainments. Two sons and two daughters were born into the family.

In 1954, Martin Luther King became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. Always a strong worker for civil rights for members of his race, King was, by this time, a member of the executive committee of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the leading organization of its kind in the nation. He was ready, then, early in December, 1955, to accept the leadership of the first great Negro nonviolent demonstration of contemporary times in the United States, the bus boycott described by Gunnar Jahn in his presentation speech in honor of the laureate. The boycott lasted 382 days. On December 21, 1956, after the Supreme Court of the United States had declared unconstitutional the laws requiring segregation on buses, Negroes and whites rode the buses as equals. During these days of boycott, King was arrested, his home was bombed, he was subjected to personal abuse, but at the same time he emerged as a Negro leader of the first rank.

In 1957 he was elected president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization formed to provide new leadership for the now burgeoning civil rights movement. The ideals for this organization he took from Christianity; its operational techniques from Gandhi. In the eleven-year period between 1957 and 1968, King traveled over six million miles and spoke over twenty-five hundred times, appearing wherever there was injustice, protest, and action; and meanwhile he wrote five books as well as numerous articles. In these years, he led a massive protest in Birmingham, Alabama, that caught the attention of the entire world, providing what he called a coalition of conscience. and inspiring his "Letter from a Birmingham Jail", a manifesto of the Negro revolution; he planned the drives in Alabama for the registration of Negroes as voters; he directed the peaceful march on Washington, D.C., of 250,000 people to whom he delivered his address, "l Have a Dream", he conferred with President John F. Kennedy and campaigned for President Lyndon B. Johnson; he was arrested upwards of twenty times and assaulted at least four times; he was awarded five honorary degrees; was named Man of the Year by Time magazine in 1963; and became not only the symbolic leader of American blacks but also a world figure.

At the age of thirty-five, Martin Luther King, Jr., was the youngest man to have received the Nobel Peace Prize. When notified of his selection, he announced that he would turn over the prize money of $54,123 to the furtherance of the civil rights movement.

On the evening of April 4, 1968, while standing on the balcony of his motel room in Memphis, Tennessee, where he was to lead a protest march in sympathy with striking garbage workers of that city, he was assassinated.
Selected bibliography
Adams, Russell, Great Negroes Past and Present, pp. 106-107. Chicago, Afro-Am Publishing Co., 1963.

Bennett, Lerone, Jr., What Manner of Man: A Biography of Martin Luther King, Jr. Chicago, Johnson, 1964.

I Have a Dream: The Story of Martin Luther King in Text and Pictures. New York, Time Life Books, 1968.

King, Martin Luther, Jr., The Measure of a Man. Philadelphia. The Christian Education Press, 1959. Two devotional addresses.

King, Martin Luther, Jr., Strength to Love. New York, Harper & Row, 1963. Sixteen sermons and one essay entitled "Pilgrimage to Nonviolence."

King, Martin Luther, Jr., Stride toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story. New York, Harper, 1958.

King, Martin Luther, Jr., The Trumpet of Conscience. New York, Harper & Row, 1968.

King, Martin Luther, Jr., Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? New York, Harper & Row, 1967.

King, Martin Luther, Jr., Why We Can't Wait. New York, Harper & Row, 1963.

"Man of the Year", Time, 83 (January 3, 1964) 13-16; 25-27.

"Martin Luther King, Jr.", in Current Biography Yearbook 1965, ed. by Charles Moritz, pp. 220-223. New York, H.W. Wilson.

Reddick, Lawrence D., Crusader without Violence: A Biography of Martin Luther King, Jr. New York, Harper, 1959.

This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished inNobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.

* Note from Nobelprize.org: This biography uses the word "Negro". Even though this word today is considered inappropriate, the biography is published in its original version in view of keeping it as a historical document.

To cite this section
MLA style: Martin Luther King Jr. - Biography. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2021. Mon. 6 Dec 2021. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1964/king/biographical/>

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Martin Luther King, Jr., (January 15, 1929-April 4, 1968) was born Michael Luther King, Jr., but later had his name changed to Martin. His grandfather began the family's long tenure as pastors of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, serving from 1914 to 1931; his father has served from then until the present, and from 1960 until his death Martin Luther acted as co-pastor.

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This artifact is about how blacks want there hair to be like whites so they could fit in (pg22).I can tell that Claudette said whatever she tried or did it wouldn't fit or work and whatever she did about her hair it didn't work regardless because her hair would not become straight or flat (pg21,22). on page 22 I think she didn't get motivated she just felt disappointed about it because it stated that N- haired and it had meant nappy haired I think she also said when she had heard that word "she would just cry so this is not helping her or motivating her it making her feel bad about her self or less basically............and she also said when girls did certain thing and boys said things it b=made her hurt even more but when boys did it ,it had hurt a lot.so she was trynna please both genders to be just like them and fit in. but what had made it worse is when they had got judge about skin and how they hair was that had made them not win certain things like queen and king they would stay separated....... so moral of the story is that that colored and hair would effect them a lot in school and out of school because they was not light skin and didn't fit in with the big crew or light skin girls they would feel like a outcast something small to our time but big back then in there time

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This artifact is about Miss Geraldine Nesbitt. Miss Geraldine Nesbitt was one of Claudette"s favorite teacher (page 26). She always dressed sharp and looked like a saleslady (page 26)." She grew up in Montgomery and went to Alabama state college, but she had a masters degree education from Columbia university in New York "(page 26). She had used literature to teach life (page 26). Miss Nesbitt made them see that they had history
(page 27). She wanted everybody to feel the same, she thought nobody should be left out or treated differently  (page 28). She wanted them to love the color that they were (page 28). This artifact adds to my understanding of Claudette Colvins motivations by Miss Nesbitt and Miss Lawrence team taught negro History week (page 29). They spent the whole February talking about injustices the black people suffered everyday in Montgomery (page 29). Miss Nesbitt inspired Claudette to stand up for herself and to do what's right. (page 29). This all mostly happened in the 1950's. (there is no pictures of Miss Nesbitt I looked up newspapers and articles about her and nothing was found).

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This artifact is about Fred Gray.Fred Gray was Claudette Colvin's lawyer.
Fred Gray helped Claudette try to protest with martin Luther king jr   Fred Gray Claudette Colvin's lawyer

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The artifact was how there hair products was to straighten the hair so it can be like white folks and they spent hours trying to straighten. All this became important in the 1950's, but some products wouldn't work on some girls (pg 22)" she said that Claudette hair wouldn't stay straight or flat no matter how long she pressed it and her skin color was very dark so that made her different'')

I don't really think she had a motivation because she said on whatever she tried her hair wound not get straight and she got called " nappy head" and she felt bad about her self on (page 22") i heard the word nappy i started crying because she knew how much she wanted to fit in and it had not worked at all. and she also said they had hated there self because they had put down alot of stuff all the time . also on page 22."ttps://vintagedancer.com/1920s/1920s-mens-hairstyles-and-products-history/

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The Diagram of the bus         Bryan & Christian 

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The Diagram of the bus         Bryan & Christian 

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This Artifact Is About The Diagram inside of a bus of Blacks and whites segregation. The same Rules For Every bus In the City.The Context Of the artifact is all over the segregation of blacks and whites.Claudette Was Inspired to never quit and never give up in her case.] christian:)

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Emmett Till in a family photo in 1955 This artifact is named Emmett Till, this artifact is a understanding of how blacks were treated.Emmett Till was born in 1941 in Chicago,when he was visiting relatives in Mississippi, in 1955 when the fourteen-year-old was accused of whistling at Carolyn Bryant, a white woman who was a cashier at a grocery store an said 'bye  baby'. Three days later Emmett Till was found  floating the the river dead with barbed wire wrapped around him. It helps with the Caludette's cases because it showed how the whites lie and that they aren't always the good people.

It just shows how bad society was back then that blacks could not even wistle at whites but when whites wistled at blacks as much as they wanted to the whites were like making life hard for blacks and every day was a struggle for blacks.

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This is about Claudette Colvin and her police report. Claudette was sitting in a seat where the white people sit with her friend  and a white woman was standing beside Claudette and she knew Claudette knew to move behind her. The driver look up and told her ¨I needs the seats¨ rebellion was on her mind that day. She knew she had her rights and her friends got up and went to the back. the white woman still was standing up waiting for Claudette to get up and move. The driver yelled again ¨Why are you still sitting there¨  The driver came to a stop and called for a police man to make a arrest. The officer told Claudette to move and she did not move so 2 cops grabbed her by the arms and drug her off the bus.

This Police Report shows what Claudette did.

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Movie Ticket Stub. -Scarlett and Hezekiah

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Movie Ticket Stub. -Scarlett and Hezekiah

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This artifact is the Movie Ticket stubs from the 1950s.  You could get the stubs from football games or from the movies. This artifact contributes to Claudette Colvins motivation to refuse to give up her seat because it shows that Blacks are segregated from good movie theaters and good-quality movies, while whites get the good- quality stuff, the blacks get bad-quality movies and the poorly-built theaters. this artifact was understood as proof that they bought the ticket and they should be allowed to watch their movie of choice. This artifact was 69 cents for whites, and possibly more for blacks. this will create interest in Claudette´s story because it will show us what other things were segregated at that time.

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Rosa Parks was a tiny woman with a big heart. She was the secretary for the Montgomery branch of the NAACP and believed in civil rights. She wasn't the first to refuse to get up but she still made a difference. She wasn't rich, she was a seamstress at a department store so she didn't make a lot of money especially compared to whites. This artifact is from the day she got arrested on December 1st. 1955 and gives a biased description of why the police arrested her. They accused her of breaking a law, but she knew she didn't so she refused to pay the fine. Rosa Parks was a role model for Claudette Colvin to never give up, even if she got arrested after Claudette, she still helped her believe she could make a change.

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On December 1, 1955, during a typical evening rush hour in Montgomery, Alabama, a 42-year-old woman took a seat on the bus on her way home from the Montgomery Fair department store where she worked as a seamstress. Before she reached her destination, she quietly set off a social revolution when the bus driver instructed her to move back, and she refused. Rosa Parks, an African American, was arrested that day for violating a city law requiring racial segregation of public buses.

On the city buses of Montgomery, Alabama, the front 10 seats were permanently reserved for white passengers. The diagram shows that Mrs. Parks was seated in the first row behind those 10 seats. When the bus became crowded, the bus driver instructed Mrs. Parks and the other three passengers seated in that row, all African Americans, to vacate their seats for the white passengers boarding. Eventually, three of the passengers moved, while Mrs. Parks remained seated, arguing that she was not in a seat reserved for whites. James Blake, the driver, believed he had the discretion to move the line separating black and white passengers. The law was actually somewhat murky on that point, but when Mrs. Parks defied his order, he called the police. Officers Day and Mixon came and promptly arrested her.

In police custody, Mrs. Parks was booked, fingerprinted, and briefly incarcerated. The police report shows that she was charged with "refusing to obey orders of bus driver." For openly challenging the racial laws of her city, she remained at great physical risk while held by the police, and her family was terrified for her. When she called home, she spoke to her mother, whose first question was "Did they beat you?"

Mrs. Parks was not the first person to be prosecuted for violating the segregation laws on the city buses in Montgomery. She was, however, a woman of unchallenged character who was held in high esteem by all those who knew her. At the time of her arrest, Mrs. Parks was active in the local National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), serving as secretary to E.D. Nixon, president of the Montgomery chapter. Her arrest became a rallying point around which the African American community organized a bus boycott in protest of the discrimination they had endured for years. Martin Luther King, Jr., the 26-year-old minister of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, emerged as a leader during the well-coordinated, peaceful boycott that lasted 381 days and captured the world's attention. It was during the boycott that Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., first achieved national fame as the public became acquainted with his powerful oratory.

After Mrs. Parks was convicted under city law, her lawyer filed a notice of appeal. While her appeal was tied up in the state court of appeals, a panel of three judges in the U.S. District Court for the region ruled in another case that racial segregation of public buses was unconstitutional. That case, called Browder v. Gayle, was decided on June 4, 1956. The ruling was made by a three-judge panel that included Frank M. Johnson, Jr., and upheld by the United States Supreme court on November 13, 1956.

For a quiet act of defiance that resonated throughout the world, Rosa Parks is known and revered as the "Mother of the Civil Rights Movement."

The documents shown here relating to Mrs. Parks's arrest are copies that were submitted as evidence in the Browder v. Gayle case. They are preserved by the National Archives at Atlanta in Morrow, Georgia, in Record Group 21, Records District Courts of the United States, U.S. District Court for Middle District of Alabama, Northern (Montgomery) Division. Civil Case 1147, Browder, et al v. Gayle, et al.

Suggested Reading

Bass, Jack. Taming the Storm?The Life and Times of Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr. and the South's Fight over Civil Rights. NY: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc., 1993.

Branch, Taylor. Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-63. NY: Simon & Schuster, 1988.

Parks, Rosa. Dear Mrs. Parks: A Dialogue with Today's Youth.

Parks, Rosa and Jim Haskins (contributor). Rosa Parks: My Story.

Stevenson, Janet. "Rosa Parks Wouldn't Budge." American Heritage, Vol. XXIII, No. 2, February 1972.

Williams, Juan. Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965. New York: Viking Penguin Inc., 1987.

The Documents

Article Citation

Bredhoff, Stacey, Wynell Schamel, and Lee Ann Potter. "The Arrest Records of Rosa Parks." Social Education 63, 4 (May/June 1999): 207-211.

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An Act of Courage, The Arrest Records of Rosa Parks

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On December 1, 1955, during a typical evening rush hour in Montgomery, Alabama, a 42-year-old woman took a seat on the bus on her way home from the Montgomery Fair department store where she worked as a seamstress. Before she reached her destination, she quietly set off a social revolution when the bus driver instructed her to move back, and she refused.

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Alabama Journal newspaper article on page 50 of Claudette Colvin By Mrs. Godley

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Alabama Journal newspaper article on page 50 of Claudette Colvin By Mrs. Godley

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This newspaper article from the Alabama Journal was published on March 19, 1955, the day after Claudette’s hearing for her refusal to give up her seat. The article describes the courtroom, outlines the charges brought against Claudette, the ruling of Judge Hill, Fred Gray’s decision to appeal, and provides direct quotes from the hearing. This article is an example of the information many citizens of Montgomery would have had about Claudette’s actions at the time. Additionally, the article illustrates the normative nature of the segregation laws in Alabama in 1955. This artifact demonstrates that Claudette’s actions were a rebellion against the dominant system of racial segregation at the time because she was found guilty of violating segregation laws by Judge Hill.

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Claudette Colvin boarded a Montgomery, Alabama, bus and was arrested when she refused to give up her seat. Nine months later, Rosa Parks did the same. (Photo: Wikipedia)

February 28, 1879: African Americans living in the South fled political and economic exploitation in what came to be known as the "Exodus of 1879." A leader of this movement was Benjamin "Pap" Singleton, who led people from the South to Kansas and points west.

February 28, 2003: A U.S. District Court jury in Jackson, Mississippi, convicted Ernest Avants on federal murder charges - the first federal murder charges connected to the pursuit of unpunished killings from the civil rights era. Avants received a life sentence for joining other Klansmen in killing an African-American handyman, Ben Chester White, near Natchez, Mississippi. The Klansmen had hoped to lure Martin Luther King Jr., who was taking part in a march in Mississippi, to the area by killing White. The plot failed. White is among the 40 martyrs listed on the Civil Rights Memorial in Montgomery, Alabama.

February 29, 1940: Hattie McDaniel became the first African American to win an Oscar, playing the role of the servant Mammy in the film Gone With the Wind. In the years that followed, she drew criticism from some for playing such roles. She replied, "I'd rather play a maid and make $700 a week than be one for $7 a week."

March 1, 1875: President Ulysses S. Grant signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which guaranteed equal access to public accommodations regardless of race or color. The law was not enforced, however, and in 1883 the Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional.

March 1, 1914: Ralph Ellison was born in Oklahoma City. He went on to write one of the best English-language novels of the 20th century, the Invisible Man, which received the National Book Award in 1953. In his acceptance speech, he said, "Despite my personal failures there must be possible a fiction which, leaving sociology and case histories to the scientists, can arrive at the truth about the human condition, here and now, with all the bright magic of the fairy tale." It was the only novel Ellison wrote.

March 1, 1956: The University of Alabama expelled Autherine Lucy, the first African American ever admitted. Thousands of students rioted. She charged in court that university officials had been complicit in allowing the disorder, as a means of avoiding compliance with the court order. The trustees expelled her for making such "outrageous, false and baseless accusations." In 1980, the university overturned her expulsion, and a dozen years later, she earned a master's degree in elementary education at the university, which endowed a scholarship in her name. The institution also hung a portrait bearing this inscription: "Her initiative and courage won the right for students of all races to attend the university."

March 1, 1968: The Kerner Commission, investigating urban unrest, reported that "the nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white - separate and unequal."

March 2, 1807: After the sun set on the constitutional provision providing for the importation of slaves, Congress passed an act to end the practice. But the law was largely ignored, and another 250,000 were enslaved and illegally brought into the U.S. until 1860.

March 2, 1867: Overriding the vetoes of President Andrew Johnson, Congress passed Reconstruction Acts that created military districts in the former Confederate states (except for Tennessee, which had ratified the 14th Amendment) and required former Confederate states to give those freed from slavery the right to vote.

March 2, 1955: Nine months before Rosa Parks, 15-year-old Claudette Colvin refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama, telling the bus driver, "It's my constitutional right to sit here as much as that lady. I paid my fare." The NAACP considered using her arrest to challenge these laws, but decided against it because of her age and because she became pregnant. Other African-American women followed her lead, refusing to surrender their seats, including Mary Louise Smith, Aurelia Browder and Susie McDonald. They brought the groundbreaking Browder v. Gayle lawsuit that resulted in Montgomery's segregated bus system being declared unconstitutional.

March 3, 1821: Thomas Jennings became the first African American to receive a patent. He patented a dry cleaning process he invented and poured his newfound wealth into abolitionist causes.

March 3, 1865: Congress passed the bill that formed the Freedmen's Bureau to assist African Americans in the transition from slavery to freedom in the South. The bureau, initially authorized for one year, remained in operation until 1868.

March 3, 1960: Vanderbilt University expelled James Lawson for taking part in a sit-in in Nashville, Tennessee. Throughout the civil rights movement, he assisted Martin Luther King Jr. in teaching others the principles of nonviolence. In 2006, Lawson was welcomed by the same institution that expelled him, serving as its Distinguished University Professor.

March 4, 1861: President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated, inheriting a country on the brink of Civil War. Seven states had already seceded from the Union. After the War ended, he extended a hand to the conquered South, but before his dreams of a reunited America took place, he was assassinated.

March 4, 1877: Republican Rutherford B. Hayes took the oath of office after the Compromise of 1877 settled the disputed 1876 Presidential election. The trade-off with Southern Democrats was the withdrawal of federal troops from the remaining Southern states. Reconstruction ended, the troops left, and new "Jim Crow" laws aimed at subjugating and disenfranchising African Americans spread across the country. Within a year, Hayes expressed regret: "My task was to wipe out the color line, to abolish sectionalism; to end the war and bring peace... I am reluctantly forced to admit that the experiment was a failure." Much of the nation ignored the violation of African Americans' civil rights until after World War II.

March 4, 1901: George H. White gave up his congressional seat. No African American served in Congress again for 28 years.

March 4, 1908: Dr. T.R.M. Howard was born in Murray, Kentucky. His mother worked as a cook for Dr. Will Mason, a white physician so impressed with the young Howard that he helped pay for much of Howard's medical education. After getting involved in civil rights issues, he moved to the all-black town of Mound Bayou, Mississippi, where he became the first chief surgeon at the hospital. In 1951, he formed the Regional Council of Negro Leadership and mentored young civil rights activists Medgar Evers and Aaron Henry. Four years later, Howard drew national attention when he became involved in investigating the Emmett Till murder. Before the year ended, the death threats and economic pressure became too much, and Howard moved with his family to Chicago. In 1971, Jesse Jackson formed Operation PUSH in Howard's home. He died five years later.

March 5, 1770: Crispus Attucks, who had escaped slavery, was the first of five killed by British soldiers in the Boston Massacre, a precursor to the American Revolution. His ancestry included African and Native American roots. A Boston monument honoring Attucks bears John Adams' words: "On that night, the foundation of American independence was laid."

March 5, 1845: Macon B. Allen became the first licensed African-American lawyer after being admitted to the bar in Massachusetts and is believed to have been the first nationally. He later became the first African-American justice of the peace.

March 5, 1897: The Rev. Alexander Crummell and W.E.B. Du Bois founded The American Negro Academy in Washington, D.C. The academy was the first in the United States to bring intellectuals from all over the world together to foster scholarship. They aimed to serve as a "weapon to secure equality and destroy racism."

March 6, 1820: The Compromise of 1820 allowed Missouri into the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state. It also set the boundary between slave and free territory in the West at the 36th parallel.

March 6, 1857: In Dred Scott v. Sandford, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld slavery in a 7-2 vote. The court declared that Scott could not sue for his freedom in federal court because those of African descent could never be considered citizens but "as a subordinate and inferior class of beings."
Contact Jerry Mitchell at (601) 961-7064 or jmitchell@gannett.com. Follow him on Facebook and Twitter.
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History: Before Rosa Parks, there was Claudette Colvin

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Claudette Colvin boarded a Montgomery, Alabama, bus and was arrested when she refused to give up her seat. Nine months later, Rosa Parks did the same. (Photo: Wikipedia) February 28, 1879: African Americans living in the South fled political and economic exploitation in what came to be known as the "Exodus of 1879."