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Your endocrine system includes all the glands in your body that make hormones. These chemical messengers play a key role in making sure your body works the way it should.
If your endocrine system isn't healthy, you might have problems developing during puberty, getting pregnant, or managing stress. You also might gain weight easily, have weak bones, or lack energy because too much sugar stays in your blood instead of moving into your cells where it's needed for energy.

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What are hormones? How do they relate to the endocrine system?

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What are hormones? How do they relate to the endocrine system?

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The foundations of the endocrine system are the hormones and glands. As the body's chemical messengers, hormones transfer information and instructions from one set of cells to another. Many different hormones move through the bloodstream, but each type of hormone is designed to affect only certain cells.

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Exocrine hormones are secreted via a duct into the blood and usually effect a distant organ or tissue. Endocrine hormones are secreted within the tissue (rather than via a duct) and enter the blood stream via capillaries.

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Walking barefoot,you step on a piece of broken glass and immediately pull your foot back. Why is it important that the signal triggering this motion come from the nervous system and not from the endocrine?

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Walking barefoot,you step on a piece of broken glass and immediately pull your foot back. Why is it important that the signal triggering this motion come from the nervous system and not from the endocrine?

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The endocrine system delivers its command via hormones carried by the blood: this is a slow process.The nervous system uses rapid electrical messages that are much faster allowing you to raise your foot off the glass more quickly

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Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell to trigger physiological changes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, survival, and apoptosis. Secondary messengers are therefore one of the initiating components of intracellular signal transduction cascades. Examples of second messenger molecules include cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, inositol trisphosphate, diacylglycerol, and calcium.

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What are two important differences between endocrine and exocrine glands?

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What are two important differences between endocrine and exocrine glands?

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Generally speaking, exocrine glands are duct glands i.e;these glands are provided with ducts to transport their secretions. Whereas Endocrine glands are ductless glands i.e;they release their secretions directly into blood stream

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10.	What is oxytocin? When is it released?

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10.	What is oxytocin? When is it released?

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Oxytocin is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide. Oxytocin is normally produced by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. It plays a role in social bonding, sexual reproduction in both sexes, and during and after childbirth.

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Direct Gene Activation is when hormones diffuse into their target cells, to bind to a specific region of DNA.
1st Step- the steroid hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and binds to an intracellular receptor

2nd Step- the receptor-hormone complex enters the nucleus

3rd Step- the chaperone complex binds to a specific DNA region

4th Step- chaperone complex binding initiates transcription of the protein for mRNA

5th Step- the mRNA takes copied DNA to the ribosomes for translation of copied protein

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What are three ways in which endocrine glands are stimulated to secrete their hormones?

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What are three ways in which endocrine glands are stimulated to secrete their hormones?

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Hormonal stimuli refers to the release of a hormone in response to another hormone. A number of endocrine glands release hormones when stimulated by hormones released by other endocrine glands. For example, the hypothalamus produces hormones that stimulate the anterior portion of the pituitary gland.

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Describe the functional relationship between the hypothalamus, and the pituitary gland.

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Describe the functional relationship between the hypothalamus, and the pituitary gland.

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The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is attached to the bottom of the hypothalamus by a slender stalk called the infundibulum. The pituitary gland consists of two major regions: the anterior pituitary gland (anterior lobe or adenohypophysis) and the posterior pituitary gland (posterior lobe or neurohypophysis).

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What is the connection between drinking alcoholic beverages and ADH?

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What is the connection between drinking alcoholic beverages and ADH?

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Alcohol inhibits the pituitary secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), which acts on the kidney to reabsorb water. Alcohol acts on the hypothalamus/pituitary to reduce the circulating levels of ADH. When ADH levels drop, the kidneys do not reabsorb as much water; consequently, the kidneys produce more urine.

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What hormone decreases blood calcium levels, and which endocrine gland produces this hormone?

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What hormone decreases blood calcium levels, and which endocrine gland produces this hormone?

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When the calcium level is high in the bloodstream, the thyroid gland releases calcitonin. Calcitonin slows down the activity of the osteoclasts found in bone. This decreases blood calcium levels. When calcium levels decrease, this stimulates the parathyroid gland to release parathyroid hormone.

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Tropic hormones are hormones that have other endocrine glands as their target. Most tropic hormones are produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary.

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What is the thyroid gland? Where is it located?

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What is the thyroid gland? Where is it located?

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The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck just below the Adams apple. The gland wraps around the windpipe (trachea) and has a shape that is similar to a butterfly formed by two wings (lobes) and attached by a middle part (isthmus).

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How are the thyroid and parathyroid glands linked anatomically?

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How are the thyroid and parathyroid glands linked anatomically?

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The thyroid gland and parathyroid glands are a group of endocrine glands located in the base of the neck. These glands play a vital role in maintaining the body's homeostasis by producing hormones that regulate the body's metabolism and free calcium levels.

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What hormone increases blood calcium levels, and which endocrine gland produces this hormone?

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What hormone increases blood calcium levels, and which endocrine gland produces this hormone?

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The parathyroid hormone (PTH), secreted by the parathyroid glands, is responsible for regulating blood calcium levels; it is released whenever blood calcium levels are low. PTH increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts, which break down bone to release calcium into the blood stream.

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What effect would removal of the parathyroid glands have on blood calcium levels?

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What effect would removal of the parathyroid glands have on blood calcium levels?

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The calcium would no longer be regulated

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What hormone stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more sodium?

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What hormone stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more sodium?

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Aldosterone

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Which group of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex has some of the same effects as the hormones of the ovaries and the 🤬?

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Which group of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex has some of the same effects as the hormones of the ovaries and the 🤬?

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Sex hormones

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A disorder in which the adrenal glands don't produce enough hormones.

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A condition that occurs from exposure to high cortisol levels for a long time.

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The 🤬 of the male produce the most important male hormone known as_____________.

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The 🤬 of the male produce the most important male hormone known as_____________.

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testosterone

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What is the adrenal medulla? What two hormones does it release?

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What is the adrenal medulla? What two hormones does it release?

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Rather than releasing a neurotransmitter, the cells of the adrenal medulla secrete hormones. The adrenal medulla is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines; epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

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What hormone is called the sleep hormone?

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What hormone is called the sleep hormone?

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Melatonin

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Which gonadal hormone causes a young girl’s reproductive organs to mature at puberty?

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Which gonadal hormone causes a young girl’s reproductive organs to mature at puberty?

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estrogen

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Which endocrine organ produces the sleep hormone?

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Which endocrine organ produces the sleep hormone?

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The pituitary gland

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How do thymosin and other thymus hormones help protect the body?

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How do thymosin and other thymus hormones help protect the body?

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The thymus gland, located behind your sternum and between your lungs, is only active until puberty. After puberty, the thymus starts to slowly shrink and become replaced by fat. Thymosin is the hormone of the thymus, and it stimulates the development of disease-fighting T cells

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Which two digestive system organs are important sources of hormones associated with digestion?

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Which two digestive system organs are important sources of hormones associated with digestion?

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Stomach and small intestine

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What temporary organ produces the same hormones as the ovaries?

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What temporary organ produces the same hormones as the ovaries?

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Placenta

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Failure of which endocrine organs leads to menopause in women?

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Failure of which endocrine organs leads to menopause in women?

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ovaries

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In the elderly, the decline in levels of which hormone is associated with muscle atrophy?

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In the elderly, the decline in levels of which hormone is associated with muscle atrophy?

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Growth hormone decline results in muscle atrophy; estrogen decline leads to osteoporosis

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Which hormone is associated with osteoporosis in women?

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Which hormone is associated with osteoporosis in women?

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The leading cause of osteoporosis is a lack of certain hormones, particularly estrogen