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Large Dogs( Great Danes,Bull mastiffs,etc): 18-24 months old

Medium Dogs( Pitbulls, Bulldogs, Border Collie, etc): 15-18 months old

Small Dogs(Maltese, Boston Terrior,etc): 12-18 months old

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It is important to not rush this cycle because whether male or female, if used to breed prematurely it could cause things like exhaustion , hinder development, or even early death.

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When Female dogs are most fertile we refer to them as being in "Heat" the heating cycle lasts on average about 21 days.For the most part, the first 7 days is when the most blood is coming out and she is not willing to mount for any male dogs yet. As the days go by the bleeding slowly starts to stop & then this when she starts to accept mating partners and willing to mount. Around the 9th or 10th day is considered the best time mate and after that usually for the remainder of the Heat cycle she will accept no more mates.

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The male dog when breeding is usually named a Stud. The Stud that is able to breed is usually either the strongest of the males or the only male around and If done correctly, the stud should not be related to the female dog in order to avoid different health issues in the puppies due to inbreeding. Some people choose to inbreed when they want the pups to keep certain preferable traits but the likelihood of atleast some of the pups coming out unhealthy are way higher than if inbreeding was not the issue.

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During mating, the stud would mount on the female from the rear and clasps her midsection with his front legs. He will continue to insert his penis into her vagina until ejaculation. After ejaculation the male and female will not separate for up to 10-30 minutes in what is known as a "Tie". This is usually because of the swollen section of the penis called the bulbis glandis. During this, the stud may continue to move around until he and the female are rear to rear. It is also very important not to forcefully separate the two during this process because it could injure if not both than 1 of them and they usually separate eventually naturally.

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This, unlike regular mating is not as normal and only used when natural breeding is not possible for whatever reason. It's way more simple and less complicated than natural breeding because you skip all the steps of the female choosing a mate and whatnot and in a way pick it for her by injecting the semen inside of her.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4yYQl8dtQJE

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Canine Gestation(pregnancy) can last up to 70 days. Signs of pregnancy can include but arent limited to, increase in appetite, weight and nipple size. However, these signs could also be signs of a false pregnancy so it would be best to check with your local vet for confirmation

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Dogs giving birth is usually a pretty simple process with little to no help needed by humans. Each puppy comes out in their own "sack" which has to be removed in order for the puppy to breath whether by a human or the mother. The mother usually will either tear or eat the sack and severe the umbilical cord then proceed to lick the puppies in order to stimulate their breathing.

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After all the hard work both the male and female have put in or however the female got pregnant, this is the finished product :)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtGofcFupcE

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The puppies at birth are at their weakest and need to be handfed if their mother cant or refuses to nurse them since they are unable to get their own food. Cow milk is not recommended as a proper substitute for their mom's milk because its more concentrated has twice the amount of protein than needed. Which is why puppy formula milk is recommended as a good substitute.