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Transcendentalism taught that the process of spiritual discovery and insight would lead a person to truths more profound than he or she could reach through reason.

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An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption. This was the first and most widespread reform on social problems in the United States.

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That is, to not drink alcohol. Temperance societies members urged people to take pledges to practice abstinence.

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Separated according to race. African Americans were placed in inferior schools.

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Small societies dedicated to perfection in social and political conditions. The idea of a Utopia had appeared centuries earlier.

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The movement to end slavery. They continued their work in the face of southern opposition and even personal danger.

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freeing of enslaved persons. Benjamin Lundy favored stopping the spread of slavery to new states and ending the slave trade within the United States

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A network of escape routes that provided protection and transportation for slaves fleeing north to freedom. The term railroad referred to the paths that African Americans traveled.

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Congress succeeded in passing the so-called gag rule, which for the next eight years prohibited antislavery petitions from being read or acted upon in the House.