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The Renaissance was a period in Europe that began around 1400, and lasted for 200 years. This was a period of ‘Enlightenment’
since philosophers, artists, writers, architect, and other humanities and scientific scholars began expressing their ideas through their works, and questioning the way the nations and societies functioned.

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https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/76735656/a98fdda36654ea981ec9c470ef14942e/Mercator_World_Map.jpg

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"The era known as the Age of Exploration, sometimes called the Age of Discovery, officially began in the early 15th century and lasted through the 17th century. The period is characterized as a time when Europeans began exploring the world by sea in search of new trading routes, wealth, and knowledge"

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The era known as the Age of Exploration, sometimes called the Age of Discovery, officially began in the early 15th century and lasted through the 17th century. The period is characterized as a time when Europeans began exploring the world by sea in search of new trading routes, wealth, and knowledge. The impact of the Age of Exploration would permanently alter the world and transform geography into the modern science it is today.

Impact of the Age of Exploration

The Birth of the Age of Exploration

Many nations were looking for goods such as silver and gold, but one of the biggest reasons for exploration was the desire to find a new route for the spice and silk trades.

When the Ottoman Empire took control of Constantinople in 1453, it blocked European access to the area, severely limiting trade. In addition, it also blocked access to North Africa and the Red Sea, two very important trade routes to the Far East.

The first of the journeys associated with the Age of Discovery were conducted by the Portuguese. Although the Portuguese, Spanish, Italians, and others had been plying the Mediterranean for generations, most sailors kept well within sight of land or traveled known routes between ports. Prince Henry the Navigator changed that, encouraging explorers to sail beyond the mapped routes and discover new trade routes to West Africa.

Portuguese explorers discovered the Madeira Islands in 1419 and the Azores in 1427. Over the coming decades, they would push farther south along the African coast, reaching the coast of present-day Senegal by the 1440s and the Cape of Good Hope by 1490. Less than a decade later, in 1498, Vasco da Gama would follow this route all the way to India.

The Discovery of the New World

While the Portuguese were opening new sea routes along Africa, the Spanish also dreamed of finding new trade routes to the Far East. Christopher Columbus, an Italian working for the Spanish monarchy, made his first journey in 1492. Instead of reaching India, Columbus found the island of San Salvador in what is known today as the Bahamas. He also explored the island of Hispaniola, home of modern-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

Columbus would lead three more voyages to the Caribbean, exploring parts of Cuba and the Central American coast. The Portuguese also reached the New World when explorer Pedro Alvares Cabral explored Brazil, setting off a conflict between Spain and Portugal over the newly claimed lands. As a result, the Treaty of Tordesillas officially divided the world in half in 1494.

Columbus' journeys opened the door for the Spanish conquest of the Americas. During the next century, men such as Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro would decimate the Aztecs of Mexico, the Incas of Peru, and other indigenous peoples of the Americas. By the end of the Age of Exploration, Spain would rule from the Southwestern United States to the southernmost reaches of Chile and Argentina.

Opening the Americas

Great Britain and France also began seeking new trade routes and lands across the ocean. In 1497, John Cabot, an Italian explorer working for the English, reached what is believed to be the coast of Newfoundland. A number of French and English explorers followed, including Giovanni da Verrazano, who discovered the entrance to the Hudson River in 1524, and Henry Hudson, who mapped the island of Manhattan first in 1609.

Over the next decades, the French, Dutch, and British would all vie for dominance. England established the first permanent colony in North America at Jamestown, Va., in 1607. Samuel du Champlain founded Quebec City in 1608, and Holland established a trading outpost in present-day New York City in 1624.

Other important voyages of exploration during this era included Ferdinand Magellan's attempted circumnavigation of the globe, the search for a trade route to Asia through the Northwest Passage, and Captain James Cook's voyages that allowed him to map various areas and travel as far as Alaska.

The End of the Era

The Age of Exploration ended in the early 17th century after technological advancements and increased knowledge of the world allowed Europeans to travel easily across the globe by sea. The creation of permanent settlements and colonies created a network of communication and trade, therefore ending the need to search for new routes.

It is important to note that exploration did not cease entirely at this time. Eastern Australia was not officially claimed for Britain by Capt. James Cook until 1770, while much of the Arctic and Antarctic were not explored until the 20th century. Much of Africa also was unexplored by Westerners until the late 19th century and early 20th century.

Contributions to Science

The Age of Exploration had a significant impact on geography. By traveling to different regions around the globe, explorers were able to learn more about areas such as Africa and the Americas and bring that knowledge back to Europe.

Methods of navigation and mapping improved as a result of the travels of people such as Prince Henry the Navigator. Prior to his expeditions, navigators had used traditional portolan charts, which were based on coastlines and ports of call, keeping sailors close to shore.

The Spanish and Portuguese explorers who journeyed into the unknown created the world's first nautical maps, delineating not just the geography of the lands they found but also the seaward routes and ocean currents that led them there. As technology advanced and known territory expanded, maps and mapmaking became more and more sophisticated.

These explorations also introduced a whole new world of flora and fauna to Europeans. Corn, now a staple of much of the world's diet, was unknown to Westerners until the time of the Spanish conquest, as were sweet potatoes and peanuts. Likewise, Europeans had never seen turkeys, llamas, or squirrels before setting foot in the Americas.

The Age of Exploration served as a stepping stone for geographic knowledge. It allowed more people to see and study various areas around the world, which increased geographic study, giving us the basis for much of the knowledge we have today.

Long-Term Impact

The effects of colonization still persist as well, with many of the world's former colonies still considered the "developing" world and the colonizers the First World countries, holding a majority of the world's wealth and receiving a majority of its annual income.

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Discover the history and impact of the Age of Exploration, which lasted from the early 15th century to the end of the 17th century.

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Feudalism was the dominant social system in medieval Europe, it was a mixture of military and legal customs between the 9th and 15th century. It went from King, Nobles, Knights and then Peasants.

By the end of the 12th century the papacy (authority of the pope) had more feudal vassals than any temporal ruler. Although feudalism developed as early as the 8th century, under the Carolingian dynasty (a Frankish noble family), it did not prevail widely in Europe until the 10th century. By 10th century virtually the entire continent was Christian, because of a ruler named Clovis who spread the boundaries of his kingdom as well as Christianity.

For many centuries Europe was ruled by the Roman empire; after it fell, many had to work hard to survive. Religious bans were made which angered many.  Charlemagne with Leo III found a way to lift the ban. Still, after that life was difficult and dangerous for the people. So the system of feudalism was created for protection of the citizens. People started working on the land when the lord promised them protection.

At the start of the middle ages trade began due to the improvement in agriculture. People could sell more goods and became permanent residents in towns. After this the system of feudalism started to become unnecessary.

Magna Carta was created, a charter which established the rights and liberties of the citizens which no king could break...

Feudalism was the social system in medieval Europe. Feudalism is divided in 4 different levels. Peasants were the 1st level of the pyramid. They made up 90%. They had to provide food and service to their superior classes on demand. They were not allowed to leave the Manor without prior permission. They had no rights and they were also not allowed to marry without the permission of their Lords! The vassals were placed on the 2nd level of the pyramid. They provided military service to the king. They also had to protect the nobles and his family. Their main job role was to give protection to the king and therefore they were paid quite well. 4% of nobles at the 3rd level of pyramid. The nobles leased lands from the kings. Nobles established their own legal systems, designed their own currency and set their own tax regulation schemes. Lastly, king was at the top of the pyramid. The king ruled the whole kingdom and owned all the land in the country. All the judicial power was in the hands of the king.

Citation-

Oh-Han, Da-Hye. “Feudalism Timeline.” Prezi.com, 22 Oct. 2010,

prezi.com/9a5thsye8gqa/feudalism-timeline/.

“Feudalism.” Medieval Times, 11 Sept. 2012, mt002406.wordpress.com/feudalism/.

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A geologic era is a subdivision of geologic time that divides an eon into smaller units of time. The Phanerozoic Eon is divided into three such time frames. The Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic(meaning is "new life", "middle life" and "recent life") that represent the major stages in the macroscopic fossil record.

The Hadean, Archean and Proterozoic eons were as a whole formerly called the Precambrian. This covered he four billion years of Earth history prior to the appearance of hard-shelled animals. The Archean and Proterozoic eons have been subdivided into eras of their own.

Paleozoic Era (542 million years ago – 250 million years ago)

The Paleozoic Era began with the Cambrian Explosion. This relatively rapid period of large amounts of speciation kicked off a long time span of flourishing life on Earth. This great amounts of life in the oceans soon moved onto land. First plants made the move and then invertebrates. Not long after that, vertebrates moved to land as well. Many new species appeared and thrived. The end of the Paleozoic Era came with the largest mass extinction in the history of life on Earth. The Permian Extinction wiped out about 95% of marine life and nearly 70% of life on land.

Mesozoic Era (250 million years ago – 65 million years ago)

The Mesozoic Era is the next era on the Geologic Time Scale. After the Permian Extinction caused so many species to go extinct, many new species evolved and thrived. The Mesozoic Era is also known as the "age of the dinosaurs" because dinosaurs were the dominant species for much of the era. Dinosaurs started off small and got larger as the Mesozoic Era went on.

The climate during the Mesozoic Era was very humid and tropical and many lush, green plants were found all over the Earth. Herbivores especially thrived during this time period. Besides dinosaurs, small mammals came into existence. Birds also evolved from the dinosaurs during the Mesozoic Era. Another mass extinction marks the end of the Mesozoic Era. All dinosaurs, and many other animals, especially herbivores, completely died off. Again, niches were needing to be filled by new species in the next era.

Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago – Present)

The last and current time period on the Geologic Time Scale is the Cenozoic Period. With large dinosaurs now extinct, the smaller mammals that survived were able to grow and become dominant life on Earth. Human evolution also all happened during the Cenozoic Era.

The climate has changed drastically over the relatively short amount of time in this period. It got much cooler and drier than the Mesozoic Era climate. There was an ice age where most temperate parts of the Earth was covered in glaciers. This made life have to adapt rather rapidly and increased the rate of evolution.

All life on Earth evolved into their present-day forms. The Cenozoic Era has not ended and most likely will not end until another mass extinction period.

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Martin Luther posting the 95 theses on the  the door of the Wittenburg Cathedral in protest at the Catholic doctrine of indulgences.

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What are ‘Ancient Civilizations’:
The term civilization is a society of people that are living in a developing community of settlements that live peacefully among each other. And the term ‘Ancient Civilization’ refers to the earliest of these developing settlements.Chronology: The chronology of ancient civilizations go all the way back to 3500 BC starting from the very first civilization being the Mesopotamian civilization, after which came Indus Valley civilization in 3300 BC, and then came the Egyptian civilization in 3100 BC, and so on.Characteristics of Ancient Civilization:The ancient civilizations from the past can be classified as civilizations because of the certain characteristics that  are required in a settlement to be classified as a civilization, these characteristics were a part of every ancient civilization. Some of the basic characteristics that are required in a settlement to be classified as a civilization are; Record keeping and writing, the Mesopotamian civilization developed the first writing system known as Cuneiform. Agriculture was also a big characteristic in ancient civilization because it was their source of stable food supply. Moving on, labour’s also played a great role in the development and functioning of these civilizations, as labour is required in almost every aspect of a civilization because proper functioning of civilizations is dependent on labour as an individual cannot maintain a civilization on it’s own. Finally, a governing system is critical in a civilization because without a leader and a governing system, running a civilization with proper functioning in every aspect is impossible.

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What is it?

The reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation, was a divide in Western Christianity.

The reformation was a cultural, spiritual, religious and political turbulence that took place in 16th century Catholic Europe and made way for the various structures and beliefs that in the modern era define the continent.

Reformers, for example Martin Luther, John Calvin and Henry VIII challenged the papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church's ability to define Christianity. They revolted against the totalitarian rule of the Roman Catholic Church and fought against the various unbiblical practices demonstrated. They promoted a redistribution of power and a return to Biblical doctrine.

Definitions:

Reformer- A reformer is a person who makes changes to something in order to improve it.

Papal Authority- The pope. As head of the Roman Catholic Church, he is the supreme spiritual leader. With over a billion followers, the pope's decisions affect government and societies all over the world.

Doctrine- A rule/belief that people follow as part of a religion.

Chronology:

Dates: 1517-1648

1517- 95 theses- Martin Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the Wittenburg Cathedral in protest at the Catholic doctrine of indulgences- Formally begins the Protestant Reformation.

1529- The first war of Kappel- Armed conflict between the Protestants and Catholics.

1530- Augsburg Confession- Publication of the Confessio Augustana or Augsburg Confession, outlining Lutheran theology and practice.

Characteristics:

The Reformation caused a massive turmoil that had a deep impact on European politics and led to warfare. Martin Luther, a monk in Germany challenged the Catholic Church which sold indulgences (ways to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins committed) , through his "95 Theses". He firmly believed that salvation (the state of being saved from evil) could only be achieved through faith and divine grace.

Catholics believed not only in the holy scripture of the Bible, but in other rules of the Roman Catholic Church as well. Protestants believed that belief in other belief in other sources of scripture took away authority from the Holy bible and salvation could only be achieved through Grace.

The Effects of the Reformation were that Europe became divided along the lines of faith in doctrines and territory.

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A 16th century Catholic Church

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Henry VIII receiving the 'Great Bible'

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It began in Italy because Italy had the wealth it gained by trading textiles and dye with the ottomans to fund the Renaissance. The Renaissance began began due to increase in exploration and discovery of various cultures that made the Europeans question their beliefs, some even questioned religion. The Renaissance marked the dawn of secularism, rationality, and individualism for

the Europeans. Artists such as Leonardo da Vince, Michelangelo, and Donatello were major figures during that era, many philosophy
and architecture works were inspired by the Greeks and Romans. As the Renaissance was preceded by the Dark Ages, the contrast between the two time periods is quite noticeable. The Renaissance had far reaching impacts on many societies, even today, our world functions the way it does because of the ideas that arose during the Renaissance.  Muslim scholars inspired them too ( Istanbul )

more about renaissance :

The renaissance only affected the rich people as art and literature was one of the subjects that only rich people could follow because in order to paint and make art, you need equipment which was very expensive at that time. 95% of people in Europe were peasants who were mostly focused on agriculture etc.

Since the Renaissance didn't effect 95% of the people, maybe people didn't think of it as an important part of history. But it is important to us as most of our current day principles are inspired by it.

The Renaissance began in history as Italy was very rich at that point because they used to trade with the ottomans.

Italians needed ottomans for the dye that they used in  textiles. So they were depended on Italians until Giovanni Da Castro found a mountain in Italy which provided them with the chemical and they used that instead.

Who was Copernicus? : he was the mastermind of the renaissance period, he was a doctor and a lawyer. He also discovered that the earth wasn’t the middle of the solar system.

relevant links :

https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance-art <- Art during the Renaissance.

http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/history/why-did-the-renaissance-begin-in-italy.html <- Why did the Renaissance happen in Italy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vufba_ZcoR0  <- Was the Renaissance actually real?

Few artworks made during the renaissance :

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Reformation (aka Protestant Reformation) was a religious, political, intellectual and cultural revolution that splintered Catholic Europe. It was when people started challenging the church's authority to decide practices for Christian religion.

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Reformation, also called Protestant Reformation, the religious revolution that took place in the Western church in the 16th century. Its greatest leaders undoubtedly were Martin Luther and John Calvin. Having far-reaching political, economic, and social effects, the Reformation became the basis for the founding of Protestantism, one of the three major branches of Christianity.

The world of the late medieval Roman Catholic Church from which the 16th-century reformers emerged was a complex one. Over the centuries the church, particularly in the office of the papacy, had become deeply involved in the political life of western Europe. The resulting intrigues and political manipulations, combined with the church's increasing power and wealth, contributed to the bankrupting of the church as a spiritual force. Abuses such as the sale of indulgences (or spiritual privileges) by the clergy and other charges of corruption undermined the church's spiritual authority. These instances must be seen as exceptions, however, no matter how much they were played up by polemicists. For most people, the church continued to offer spiritual comfort. There is some evidence of anticlericalism, but the church at large enjoyed loyalty as it had before. One development is clear: the political authorities increasingly sought to curtail the public role of the church and thereby triggered tension.

The Reformation of the 16th century was not unprecedented. Reformers within the medieval church such as St. Francis of Assisi, Valdes (founder of the Waldensians), Jan Hus, and John Wycliffe addressed aspects in the life of the church in the centuries before 1517. In the 16th century Erasmus of Rotterdam, a great humanist scholar, was the chief proponent of liberal Catholic reform that attacked popular superstitions in the church and urged the imitation of Christ as the supreme moral teacher. These figures reveal an ongoing concern for renewal within the church in the years before Luther is said to have posted his Ninety-five Theses on the door of the Castle Church, Wittenberg, Germany, on October 31, 1517, the eve of All Saints' Day-the traditional date for the beginning of the Reformation. ( See Researcher's Note.)

Martin Luther claimed that what distinguished him from previous reformers was that while they attacked corruption in the life of the church, he went to the theological root of the problem-the perversion of the church's doctrine of redemption and grace. Luther, a pastor and professor at the University of Wittenberg, deplored the entanglement of God's free gift of grace in a complex system of indulgences and good works. In his Ninety-five Theses, he attacked the indulgence system, insisting that the pope had no authority over purgatory and that the doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the gospel. Here lay the key to Luther's concerns for the ethical and theological reform of the church: Scripture alone is authoritative ( sola scriptura) and justification is by faith ( sola fide), not by works. While he did not intend to break with the Catholic church, a confrontation with the papacy was not long in coming. In 1521 Luther was excommunicated; what began as an internal reform movement had become a fracture in western Christendom.

The Reformation movement within Germany diversified almost immediately, and other reform impulses arose independently of Luther. Huldrych Zwingli built a Christian theocracy in Zürich in which church and state joined for the service of God. Zwingli agreed with Luther in the centrality of the doctrine of justification by faith, but he espoused a different understanding of the Holy Communion. Luther had rejected the Catholic church's doctrine of transubstantiation, according to which the bread and wine in Holy Communion became the actual body and blood of Christ. According to Luther's notion, the body of Christ was physically present in the elements because Christ is present everywhere, while Zwingli claimed that entailed a spiritual presence of Christ and a declaration of faith by the recipients.

Another group of reformers, often though not altogether correctly referred to as "radical reformers," insisted that baptism be performed not on infants but on adults who had professed their faith in Jesus. Called Anabaptists, they remained a marginal phenomenon in the 16th century but survived-despite fierce persecution-as Mennonites and Hutterites into the 21st century. Opponents of the ancient Trinitarian dogma made their appearance as well. Known as Socinians, after the name of their founder, they established flourishing congregations, especially in Poland.

Another important form of Protestantism (as those protesting against their suppressions were designated by the Diet of Speyer in 1529) is Calvinism, named for John Calvin, a French lawyer who fled France after his conversion to the Protestant cause. In Basel, Switzerland, Calvin brought out the first edition of his Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536, the first systematic, theological treatise of the new reform movement. Calvin agreed with Luther's teaching on justification by faith. However, he found a more positive place for law within the Christian community than did Luther. In Geneva, Calvin was able to experiment with his ideal of a disciplined community of the elect. Calvin also stressed the doctrine of predestination and interpreted Holy Communion as a spiritual partaking of the body and blood of Christ. Calvin's tradition merged eventually with Zwingli's into the Reformed tradition, which was given theological expression by the (second) Helvetic Confession of 1561.

The Reformation spread to other European countries over the course of the 16th century. By mid century, Lutheranism dominated northern Europe. Eastern Europe offered a seedbed for even more radical varieties of Protestantism, because kings were weak, nobles strong, and cities few, and because religious pluralism had long existed. Spain and Italy were to be the great centres of the Catholic Counter-Reformation, and Protestantism never gained a strong foothold there.

In England the Reformation's roots were both political and religious. Henry VIII, incensed by Pope Clement VII's refusal to grant him an annulment of his marriage, repudiated papal authority and in 1534 established the Anglican church with the king as the supreme head. In spite of its political implications, the reorganization of the church permitted the beginning of religious change in England, which included the preparation of a liturgy in English, the Book of Common Prayer. In Scotland, John Knox, who spent time in Geneva and was greatly influenced by John Calvin, led the establishment of Presbyterianism, which made possible the eventual union of Scotland with England. For further treatment of the Reformation, see Protestantism, history of. For a discussion of the religious doctrine, see Protestantism.

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Reformation | Definition, History, Summary, Reformers, & Facts

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Reformation, the religious revolution that took place in the Western church in the 16th century.

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SILK ROUTE

What is silk route?
When did it start? 

The Silk Route was a historic trade route with a network of roads in Eurasia connecting Eastern and Southern Asia with the Mediterranean world, stretching from Changan in China across the Taklamakan Desert, over the Pamir Mountains, through the grasslands of Central Asia, into Persia and then to the Mediterranean, with branches in the northern Eurasian steppes and India. It started from the second century BC until the 14th century AD and stretched from China to the Mediterranean. The Silk Route was so named because of the heavy silk trading during that period. In addition to silk, the route facilitated the trade of other fabrics, spices, grains, fruits and vegetables, animal hides, wood and metals, precious stones and other items of value.



Characteristics

The silk route contributed greatly for the exchange of cultures from east to west and new religion were also spread like buddhism and islam. New trade routes were also discovered. The chinese 4 great inventions (paper making, printing, gunpowder and compass) as well as the skills of silkworm breeding and silk spinning were transmitted to the West. This greatly sped up the development of the entire world.
The silk was imported at high costs from china  and to make the silk last longer it was re woven into thinner fabric. 



Chronology

In 4000-3500 BC evidence suggests horses were domesticated in the Eurasian Steppe asa mean of transport. 
In 4000-200 BC historical records suggest that sericulture (raising silkworms) developed as early as 4000 BC. by the 2nd Century BC, Silk-making had spread throughout Southern China. According to Confucian texts, silk production dates to about 2700 BC.   

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Citations

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Leonardo Da Vinci

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Michelangelo

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Trade routes change from the Silk Routes

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Sandro Botticelli

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One of the main reasons behind Pre-Industrial revolution was the development ancient civilisations.I all knew about how a civilisation or an ancient one works and it's characterstics. As the ancient civilisations developed people also developed and new societies and communities came up and development kept on happening and this lead to the pre-industrial revulution.

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I knew that the industrial revolution was a very long period in history, wherein major changes occured throughout the entire world. Various kinds of technology was created changing the methods which previously ran the world.

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Why didn't the other countries develop when Europe was. Was it because Europe didn't have one emperor making all the decisions which lead to many people trying new things and discovering their individuality

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The age of exploration was a part of the path that lead up to the Industrial revolution.

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I knew that the age of exploration, characterized, trading routes, wealth and knowledge.

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The industrial revolution was a period of drastic change in the economy, in which the production process changed and was now carried out by more power-based machinery.

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What was the beginning of the industrial revolution (if there was one)? What symbolized that a major change/revolution was beginning?
The foraging and pastoral society and how they lead up to the Industrial Revolution.

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I learnt about the conditions of people during the pre-industrial society, and how the increase in population lead to the need of more food being produced and more labor.

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There was a hierarchy where the population of the peasants was extremely huge and they had to work very hard. Actually they did all the work while the Kings, Nobles enjoyed the luxuries of life.

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All the other factors which effected development, which gradually lead to Pre-Industrial Revolution.The Renaissance is not clear to me.

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I have learnt that the pre-industrialization period was a lot more primitive than life today. People were illiterate. Diseases were spreading and healthcare was dismal. People had peculiar beliefs. Very few changes took place over the longest period of time before the industrial revolution (unlike the rapid changes that have taken place from then onward).

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industrial revolution also led to human revolution.

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I have gotten to know a lot about the pre-industrial society through the resources provided and I think I am happy with this amount of information only.

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I had a bit of information about feudalism, as I knew how exactly the hierarchy works. I also knew about certain ancient civilisations.

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I knew that pre industrial society was a period where all the production of food was done by the humans. There were hunting and gathering societies all around.

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the journey of the revolution -- how were humans inventing new things, where did they get the ideas for doing it, how did they looked for new angles to create more?

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I learnt about the age of Renaissance, about the artist that were involved. About how it influences our ethics today; be it individualism, rationality etc. I learnt about why exactly the renaissance started and what happened during the it.

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I knew that agriculture and hunting and gathering were predominant in the preindustrial area. I was also aware of the fact that many inventions such as trains etc were brought into the world because of industrialisation, and that because of this people started traveling more.

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I want to know more about ancient civilisations, I would like to research more about any particular civilisation and understand everything about it and how exactly the people lived.

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I learnt about the Ancient Civilization that refers to the earliest of these developing settlements. Mesopotamian civilization that developed the first writing system known as Cuneiform.

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I learnt that how people lived during the pre-industrialization era.I for to know people were illiterate as had no knowledge of science and did not know how to deal with diseases.I learnt about cottage industry and pre industrial society.

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I learnt the kind of lifestyle that existed in a pre-industrial society and how people survived.
There were various societies that existed under the broad categories of pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial. For example: horticultural, agricultural, foraging etc.
I also learnt how the economic activity was sub-divided in a pre-industrial society. (According to technology and methods of production.)

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Life was primitive. Fewer changes took place over a long period of time.  Cottage production (small-scale industries) was prominent during the pre-industrial society.
The industrial society experienced rapid changes, when the production of goods transitioned from domestic production to machine based production. Several innovations took place that facilitated this transition.

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I learnt about how people managed to get the solutions for almost everything without being literate or have the whole knowledge.

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I want to know more about the colonization and expansion of industrial settlements
from Europe to all around the world.

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I would like to know about the political and social aspect of the industrial revolution. How it was funded, and the views the rural people during the industrial revolution had about the sudden growth and development that was changing their world.

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I want to know more about Renaissance who was Copernicus and what Copernicus do and about the history.

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I would only like  to know how the society was governed during  pre-industrialisation. Rest all the information was provided to me by those sources and I am pretty happy with the information I got.

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I learnt a whole lot about the pre-industrial society and why it was important. The sources were very descriptive about the conditions and events that took place.

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Technology advanced, methods through which the world progressed developed, social structures, cultures and religions were affected.

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I would like to know about the role the individual monarchs that ruled during the reformation had on the event. Plus, it would be interesting to know more details on the lives of the commoners during feudalism.
Also, I would like to have some brief information on the ancient civilisations that were small scale, and therefore, there is limited information about.

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I would like to know:
what was the cause of the Industrial Revolution?
Why did people choose to work in factories?
Why did they so willingly quit agriculture and move to cities to work for companies which who were solely interested in profit?

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-The different types of preindustrial societies the roles of people in them and how exactly they work.
-Various things invented during the pre industrial era
-The difference between pre and post industrial society.
-Life of the people in pre industrial era (life expectancy, their income etc.)
-how the society and economy worked in preindustrial societies.

And many more such facts about the preindustrial society.

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I knew that age of exploration and agricultural revolution were both major factors that led to the industrial revolution

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I was aware about the fact that hunting-gathering and agriculture were the major means of food production in the pre-industrial era. Furthermore, I also knew that the industrial revolution resulted in a population burst in the urban areas. Also, I knew about the importance of the industrial revolution, and the abundance of resources it led to.

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I have learnt a lot about pre-industrial society.The source was of a great value as it provided a lot of information about the conditions, status of the people and how they worked.These sources were filled with knowledge.

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These sources were relevant, as I wanted to learn about the pre-industrial period. I have learnt in detail about the pre-industrial society and how the world transitioned to the industrial revolution.

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The resources were very informative, but I would want to know more about innovations that existed in the pre-industrial societies.

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I would like to know more about how were there advancements in crafts like furniture and goods made from them? How did they got ideas related to it.

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The sources were very informative and while we can't know for sure whether they are 100% authentic or not, we can definitely say that they are valuable, because they are giving us information that we know is accurate.

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I have learnt these sources which I used for learning about geological eras. The sources I didn't seen before, it was all new things and that sources help me for understanding.

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I would like to know about how the society was during the industrial revolution. How the customs changed? How did people live? How was agriculture practiced during this period?

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I would like to know about the inception of the industrial revolution more in detail- How drastic the changes were? (was the transition drastic or gradual?)

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I knew how people gathered food or how they did agriculture. I also knew that due to industrial revolution population increased and what were the factors which led to the development.

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Through the sources, I was able to learn the various roles people had in the pre industrial revolution era. Also how sailors back then navigated using the north star. Lastly, I learned about the technology used before the industrial revolution.

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I knew about what lead to ancient civilisations being created, how they functioned and about the silk routes. I also knew what the Renaissance period was about, the major figures involved, and the impact that era had. Lastly, I knew about the Age of Exploration and how it played out.

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I learned about how looking at all the time periods we researched about form a broader perceptive gave us the bigger picture, and allowed us to interpret the major aspects like trade, government, religious controversies, etc, shaped our history and still continues to do so. I also learnt how the renaissance mostly impact only the rich and why it originated in Italy. Moreover, I learned quite a lot about feudalism.

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KaeunI knew that the pre-industrial society refers to social attributes and forms of political and cultural organization that were prevalent before the advent of the industrial revolution, which occurred from 1750 to 1850.

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KaeunI knew that the pre-industrial society refers to social attributes and forms of political and cultural organization that were prevalent before the advent of the industrial revolution, which occurred from 1750 to 1850.

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Kaeun
I would like to know many of inventions and there inventor during industrial revolution.

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kaeunI learnt about the preindustrial society, and the roots of industrialization in preindustrial society from these resources.

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kaeunI learnt about the preindustrial society, and the roots of industrialization in preindustrial society from these resources.

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kaeunI learnt about lifestyle of peoples during the preindustrial revolution. And also I understood strong religion during renaissance and many trade during industrial revolution.

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kaeunI learnt about lifestyle of peoples during the preindustrial revolution. And also I understood strong religion during renaissance and many trade during industrial revolution.

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kaeunI would like to know about important person or some government during industrial revolution.

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kaeunI would like to know about important person or some government during industrial revolution.

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I would like to know about more resources for the pre-industrial societies.

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I knew that how the Italians needed ottomans for the dye and dominant social systems and the other agriculture and gathering.