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If the cave is formed in a headland, it may eventually break through to the other side forming an arch.

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The arch keeps getting attacked by waves until it is so thin it can no longer hold its own weight. Then it collapses into a stack.

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Caves, arches, stacks, and stumps are formed through different forms of erosion

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Caves, arches, stacks, and stumps are formed through different forms of erosion

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The water will still attack the stack at the base until it collapses and becomes a stump.

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Bays are made out of soft rock that erodes easier

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Headlands are formed when the sea attacks a section of coast with alternating bands of hard and soft rock.

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Headlands are formed when the sea attacks a section of coast with alternating bands of hard and soft rock.

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Headlands are made of hard rock that is not as easily eroded!

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Caves occur when waves force their way into cracks in the cliff face. The water contains sand and other materials that grind away at the rock until the cracks become a cave. Hydraulic action is what mainly does this.

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A wave takes the shape of a discordant coastline. When it reaches shallow water it encounters frictional drag causing the bottom of the wave to slow down and become steeper/higher. On each side of the headland, the faster parts of the wave refract in towards the headland. This concentrates more wave energy on the headland which in turn increases the rate of erosion.

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There is a single stack of chalk standing furthest out to sea. There was once a stack known as Old Harry’s Wife, but erosion caused it to collapse into the sea, leaving just a stump.