# data[].attributes.body
Siti Nurfahani Binti Abdu
 Siti Nurfahani Binti Abdul Rauf (50964)
Siti Nurfahani Binti Abdul Rauf (50964)
Traffic Light Sensor 
 
Every traffic light signal has either a timer or sensor which helps it direct traffic flow. In large cities where vehicles cross road intersections across the clock, traffic is usually dictated by traffic lights that use timers. But in the suburbs and up county roads, traffic signal sensors (detectors) are usually preferred because they not only manage the inconsistent traffic flow effectively, but also detect when cars arrive at intersections, when several cars are stacked at an intersection and when cars have entered turn lanes.These sensors use different technologies, from induction loops, microwave radar, cameras, lasers to rubber hoses filled with air.


Siti Nurbaya Binti Abdul Rahman (53891)
Siti Nurbaya Binti Abdul Rahman (53891)
Fire Detector
This sensor will detect the carbon monoxide and measures the levels of CO release in the air. The alarm will ring to alert people. Since the CO is odorless, this can be a lifesaver.

Khairunnisa Zainudin [ 41680 ]
Khairunnisa Zainudin [ 41680 ]
Electromyography sensor (EMG) 
Measuring muscle activity by detecting its electric potential, referred to as electromyography (EMG), has traditionally been used for medical research. However, with the advent of ever shrinking yet more powerful microcontrollers and integrated circuits, EMG circuits and sensors have found their way into all kinds of control systems.

This sensor will measure the filtered and rectified electrical activity of a muscle; outputting 0-Vs Volts depending the amount of activity in the selected muscle, where Vs signifies the voltage of the power source.

Mohd Nor Arifin Bin Adam (45695)
Mohd Nor Arifin Bin Adam (45695) 
Temperature Sensor (Thermistor)
 Thermistor is a type of temperature sensor, whose name is a combination of the words THERM-ally sensitive res-ISTOR. A thermistor is a special type of resistor which changes its physical resistance when exposed to changes in temperature.
Thermistors are generally made from ceramic materials such as oxides of nickel, manganese or cobalt coated in glass which makes them easily damaged. Their main advantage over snap-action types is their speed of response to any changes in temperature, accuracy and repeatability.

Image of Thermistor 
Puteri Noorazimah Bt. Mohamed @ Mahmood (45980)
Puteri Noorazimah Bt. Mohamed @ Mahmood (45980)
Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV)
An automated guided vehicle (AGV) can be built with as little as two components: a magnetic guide sensor and a dual-channel motor controller. The AGV will follow a track made of an adhesive magnetic tape affixed on the floor. The magnetic sensor will measure how far from the center of the tape it is and provide the information to the motor controller, which will then adjust the steering so the vehicle remains at the center of the track.
Magnetic markers positioned on the left and right side of the track give the AGV location information that will be used to make stop and fork left/right decisions.
The sensor should be placed as shown in the diagrams for each chassis design. For the first two chassis types, the sensor must be placed near the front edge of the chassis. On long AGVs, this means that a little steering will cause a wide swing at the front and will make the steering control more difficult.
On the steerable drive wheel design, the sensor can be placed on the chassis. Or it may be made part of the wheel assembly and turn with it.
For best results, place the sensor at 30 mm above the floor and ensure that the height fluctuates within +/-10 mm at most as the AGV moves along the track.
Puteri Noorazimah Bt. Moh
 Puteri Noorazimah Bt. Mohamed @ Mahmood (45980)
Puteri Noorazimah Bt. Mohamed @ Mahmood (45980)
Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV)
An automated guided vehicle (AGV) can be built with as little as two components: a magnetic guide sensor and a dual-channel motor controller. The AGV will follow a track made of an adhesive magnetic tape affixed on the floor. The magnetic sensor will measure how far from the center of the tape it is and provide the information to the motor controller, which will then adjust the steering so the vehicle remains at the center of the track.
Magnetic markers positioned on the left and right side of the track give the AGV location information that will be used to make stop and fork left/right decisions.
The sensor should be placed as shown in the diagrams for each chassis design. For the first two chassis types, the sensor must be placed near the front edge of the chassis. On long AGVs, this means that a little steering will cause a wide swing at the front and will make the steering control more difficult.
On the steerable drive wheel design, the sensor can be placed on the chassis. Or it may be made part of the wheel assembly and turn with it.
For best results, place the sensor at 30 mm above the floor and ensure that the height fluctuates within +/-10 mm at most as the AGV moves along the track.
SYAMMIL MOHD ISHAK (50981)
SYAMMIL MOHD ISHAK (50981)
Infrared Tyre Temperature Sensor

Tyres are critical to lap time in Formula One. Taking temperature readings from the surface of a rotating tyre clearly requires a non-contact sensor. Black rubber tyres have high emissitivity, which is the amount of radiated heat they reflected. There is also an optical means of infrared temperature sensing, which was first used by McLaren. These types of temperature sensor use convection and radiation to monitor changes in temperature. They can be used to detect liquids and gases that emit radiant energy as heat rises and cold settles to the bottom in convection currents or detect radiant energy being transmitted from an object in the form of infrared radiation.
Chai Cheng Ying (51391
Chai Cheng Ying (51391
TV Remote Control
The main technology used in home remote controls is infrared (IR) light. The signal between a remote control handset and the device it controls consists of pulses of infrared light, which is invisible to the human eye, but can be seen through a digital camera, video camera or a phone camera. The transmitter in the remote control handset sends out a stream of pulses of infrared light when the user presses a button on the handset. A transmitter is often a light emitting diode (LED) which is built into the pointing end of the remote control handset. The infrared light pulses form a pattern unique to that button. The receiver in the device recognizes the pattern and causes the device to respond accordingly.
Elatta Bin Odita (50473)
Elatta Bin Odita (50473)
Engine sensors
A modern car’s Engine Management consists of a wide range of electronic and electrical components. It comprises of engine sensors, relays, and actuators. They work together to provide the car’s Engine Control Unit with vital data parameters essential to govern various engine functions effectively. Generally speaking, Engine sensors are electro-mechanical devices which monitor various engine parameters.


ABDUL AZIZ BIN ROSLI (45412)
ABDUL AZIZ BIN ROSLI (45412)
Thermometer
sensors are tools that detect specific biological, chemical, or physical processes and then transmit or report this data.

I choose digital thermometer as a chosen sensors because it's typically can be found around us. This sensors detect heat in the body to give exact reading of body temperature.
This device use thermoresistor or thermistor. This device changes its resistance with changes in temperature. A computer or other circuit measures the resistance and converts it to a temperature, either to display it or to make decisions about turning something on or off 
Fadzil J. (50669)
Fadzil J. (50669)              
My Samsung Tab 8 "Directional Sensor"

Sensor is a device to sense (and displays or indicates the sensed matter) and there are various types of them have been invented for the sake of human convenience. 

In my case , I have chosen my Samsung Tab 8 to present an example of sensor that is "around me". This Tab 8 is equipped with several remarkable features (not that I have intention of promoting the product...but realistically speaking..) such as accelerometer, gyro or gyroscope, and smartphone compass (or might also be known as magnetic field sensor).

These 3 components work together for the tablet's "directional sensor". The mechanism is simple.

When I use a compass app in my Tab 8, the tablet somehow knows the direction of me pointing the tablet. The presence of accelerometer allows the tablet to identify the orientation made up of axis-based motion sensing. On the other hand, the gyroscope is used to help along the accelerometer senses motion from six axes i.e. right, left, up, down, forward and backward. It also detects the roll, pitch and yaw motions. Yaw, Roll and Pitch are the angular moments seen from three axes which are X, Y and Z and therefore contributing great helps in navigation purpose and detecting the gesture recognition systems used in the tablet 8. Lastly, the magnetic field sensor, in this case, helps in reducing the error caused by nearby magnetic fields as to enhance the accuracy of "compass direction : North and South" sensing. To even more enhance the quality of the sensor, the directions measured by accelerometer and gyro usually connected with Global Positioning System (GPS), which, however, requires internet connection.

Per the use in its application, this directional sensor allows muslim user to obtain Qiblah direction for prayer purposes.
 
Attached is the image of my Samsung Tablet 8 , illustrated gyroscope and accelerometer components in conventional smartphones.
Ivan Ho Chia Haw (54637)
Ivan Ho Chia Haw (54637)
Speed Sensor
It is a type of small object that mostly used in nowadays vehicles which to detect the speed of a car. Speed sensors are usually installed on four sides located at the car wheels. It is very important element because it relates to the safety of a car. It will monitor every of the speed of each wheels and send an output to the ABS if one or two wheels are turning faster than the others, which in turn provides the braking control to maintain a safe vehicle deceleration. Nowadays vehicles were usually installed with this element to ensure that the drivers are always safe while daily driving. For European cars such as Volkswagen and Audi are always common to have this element installed on their vehicles. When ABS checklight indicator appear on the dashboard speedometer, most possibilities is that there might be problem with the speed sensor which may need to replace with a new one. This advance technology is convenient that allows drivers to know that they are in safe condition when driving.

Brian Egan (54521) Door position sensing in refrigerator
Brian Egan  (54521)  Door position sensing in refrigerator

Refrigerators equipped with a noncontact-type sensing technologies such as reed switches/sensors and Hall effect sensors to detect the door position. A reed sensor is mounted to the frame of the appliance and a permanent magnet actuator is mounted to the door. Each reed switch or Hall effect sensor and magnet actuator is positioned in such a way that the reed switch or Hall effect sensor is activated when the door is closed, and the light will turn off.


KAMARUL AZIZI BIN WAHAP (50562)
KAMARUL AZIZI BIN WAHAP (50562)
Door Sensor
(Contact Sensor)
Have you ever opened a door and notice this little thing on top of it? 
This is actually one of the common home security system, a door sensor. It works on a simple principle called "reed switch". Basically, it is used to determine when a protected area has been breached. 

A reed switch consists of a set of electrical connectors placed slightly apart. When a magnetic field is placed parallel to the electrical connectors, it pulls them together, closing the circuit.
To simplify, if someone opens an armed door, the magnet is pulled away from the switch, which breaks the circuit and triggers an event. Depending on your setup, this could be a chime alert or full-blown alarm.
Hawa anak Ringkai (50534)
Hawa anak Ringkai (50534)
- DIGITAL THERMOMETER -

Digital thermometer is slowly replacing the conventional mercury thermometer due to the ease of taking reading. It is mercury free and provides quick and highly accurate results over the body temperature range. Besides that, it is equipped with beep alarm and memory function and can record a wide range of temperature. It works on the principle that changes in temperature cause the resistance of a sensor to change allowing a computer to convert the difference to a digital read-out. The sensor is a thermoresistor, commonly called a thermistor. Thermistor elements are the most sensitive temperature sensors available. A thermistor is a semiconductor device with an electrical resistance that is proportional to temperature. There are two types of products: Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) and Positive temperature coefficient (PTC). Advantages include their small size and high degree of stability. NTCs are also long lasting and very accurate.  Disadvantages include their non-linearity, and unsuitability for use in extreme temperatures.

JOHNNY AK EMBAN (52056)
JOHNNY AK EMBAN (52056)
Capacitive sensor in laptop touch pad.

Have you been wondering how your laptop touch pad work? Well, your touch pad actually using either conductive or capacitive sensor but the most common sensor that being used is capacitive sensor. Capacitive sensors detect anything which is conductive or has dielectric properties. Since our body has the conductive properties, hence it works.  The capacitive sensitive touch pad has two parts; ground and sensor. When the finger is brought close to the touch pad, then capacitance of the system increases. From the position of capacitors which are charging and discharging at any point of time, the coordinates of point of touch is determined.
DOMINIC LASOO ANAK SEBASTIAN (51634)
DOMINIC LASOO ANAK SEBASTIAN (51634)
Radio-frequency identification (RFID)

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically-stored information. Passive tags collect energy from a nearby RFID reader's interrogating radio waves. Active tags have a local power source (such as a battery) and may operate hundreds of meters from the RFID reader. Unlike a barcode, the tag need not be within the line of sight of the reader, so it may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method for Automatic Identification and data capture (AIDC).

RFID tags are used in many industries, for example, an RFID tag attached to an automobile during production can be used to track its progress through the assembly line; RFID-tagged pharmaceuticals can be tracked through warehouses; and implanting RFID chips in livestock and pets allows for positive identification of animals.

The RFID tag can be affixed to an object and used to track and manage inventory, assets, people, etc. For example, it can be affixed to cars, computer equipment, books, mobile phones, etc.

RFID offers advantages over manual systems or use of bar codes. The tag can be read if passed near a reader, even if it is covered by the object or not visible. The tag can be read inside a case, carton, box or other container, and unlike barcodes, RFID tags can be read hundreds at a time. Bar codes can only be read one at a time using current devices.

MOHAMAD HISYAM BIN SUFFIAN - 45661
MOHAMAD HISYAM BIN SUFFIAN - 45661
(piezoelectric sensor)

A piezoelectric effect is detected by a sensor and from this measurements can be made on changes in pressure, acceleration, and force that are displayed in the form of an electrical charge. Piezoelectric crystals such as barium titanate and ceramic material such as lead zirconate titanate are considered smart materials for the purpose of generating a piezoelectric effect and are built in piezoelectric sensor technology. There are two types of pressure sensors (mechanical and electrical) that are typically used to measure the piezoelectric effect. Mechanical sensors are made of a sensing element known as a diaphragm, a rod, a three-terminal resistor that acts as a voltage divider, and a direct current voltage source. During the application of pressure, the diaphragm component to the piezoelectric sensor displaces the connecting rod which activates the potentiometer component to the sensor that generates an output voltage.
The second type of pressure sensor works by a slightly different principle. The diaphragm to this type of piezoelectric sensor is made up of polymer polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and works as a sensing and transducing element. Upon application of pressure to the diaphragm, instead of using a potentiometer, the pressure is directly converted into a voltage
NURUL FATINI BINTI FATHI (534599)
NURUL FATINI BINTI FATHI (534599)
RIP SENSOR (Pyroelectric sensor)
This type of sensor detect level of infrared radiation. Every object or moving object that has a temperature above absolute zero can emit heat energy in form of radiation that are invisible to the human eyes, but can easily detected by this special purpose electronic device such as PIR motion detector.  Whenever object is detected in the field of view of the sensor, then positive differential change will be produced between two halves with the interception of the first half of the PIR sensor, seen from the PIR is originally split into halves.  Same goes to when the object is leaving the field view of the sensor, but negative differential change will be produced. It is also known as the Passive Infrared sensor because it does not emit any energy or radiation for detecting the radiation. 
Sif Fowel Tami (50936)
Sif Fowel Tami (50936)
Torque Sensor
A Torque Sensor is a transducer that converts a torsional mechanical input into an electrical output signal. The picture below shows the Rotating dual Shaft Torque sensors, RST series. It is a low range rotating torque sensors that are available in eleven full scale ranges of 10 through 30K inch pounds. The sensing element incorporates bonded foiled strain gages of highest quality along the coined silver slip ring and silver brushes for data transmission.
MARK PHILLAY ANAK PHILIP (50587
MARK PHILLAY ANAK PHILIP (50587
electric linear actuator
Electric Linear Actuators are electrically powered, mechanical devices consisting of motors, linear guides, and drive mechanisms, which are used to convert electrical energy into linear displacement through mechanical transmission, electro-magnetism, or thermal expansion to provide straight line push/pull motion. Key specifications include the intended application, drive type, motor type, the mounting configuration, as well as other physical dimensions and electrical characteristics. Electric linear actuators are used primarily in automation applications when a machine component, tool, etc. requires a controlled movement to a particular position. They are used in a wide range of industries where linear positioning is needed. The actuators are driven by several means including ball or lead screws, belts, or voice coils, among others. Typical applications include opening and closing dampers, locking doors, braking machine motions, etc.
Nazmus Shakib (54389
Nazmus Shakib (54389
Ultrasonic Level sensor 
Ultrasonic waves are used to measure level of liquids and solid objects in industries. Ultrasonic level measurement is contact less principle and most suitable for level measurements of hot, corrosive and boiling liquids. The normal frequency range used for ultrasonic level measurements is within a range of 40-200 KHz. Ultrasonic waves detect an object in the same way as Radar does it. Ultrasonic uses the sound waves, and Radar uses radio waves. When ultrasonic pulse signal is targeted towards an object, it is reflected by the object and echo returns to the sender. The time traveled by the ultrasonic pulse is calculated, and the distance of the object is found. Bats use well known method to measure the distance while travelling. Ultrasonic level measurement principle is also used to find out fish positions in ocean, locate submarines below water level, also the position of a scuba diver in sea.

Patrick Renaldo Richard (50889)
Patrick Renaldo Richard (50889)
Phone Gyroscope sensor
It is a sensor that tells the orientation information of the phone. Due to this sensor, Android's Photo Sphere camera feature can tell how much a phone has been rotated also used by Google's Sky Map for telling what constellation the phone is pointing at.

Ng Sze Lam (52836)
Ng Sze Lam (52836)
Facial Detection Sensor / Face ID in i Phone X
Face ID uses a combination of light projectors and sensors to take several images of facial features.
To set up Face ID, move the head in a circular motion so that the camera able to take multiple shots of face for a 3D map. It uses Infrared light to clarify the face while capturing images, to work day or night, outdoor or indoor. Therefore, infrared illumination helps in enabling the face recognition to work in non-favorable condition.

Desmond Ngeraman Anak Stephen Lee (51611)
Desmond Ngeraman Anak Stephen Lee (51611)
Linear Actuator
This is the image of the actuator in my printer. It is a type of linear actuator which is stepper motor-driven linear actuator. Digital printers make use of linear actuator in printing automation processes. The linear actuator will move the ink cartridge in horizontal linear motion while it sprays ink to produced desired image on the paper.

Azieana binti Pendita (50426)
Azieana binti Pendita (50426)
Drone Distance Sensors
Distance measurement sensors provide an accurate distance reading to the closest object on their way. They are basically lightweight and handy to be used especially by drones. Distance measurement sensors can be divided into multiple categories that include acoustic (SoNAR), laser, radio (RaDAR), infrared, time of flight cameras and mono/stereo cameras. However, it is RaDAR that has been used widely for drones. Radio Detection And Ranging (RaDAR) has a transmitter that emits a particular signal and a receiver antenna detects its Eco. The object's speed and direction can be estimated by the Doppler effect. It applies the same as the Doppler concept of a moving car. While the car approaches, the sound waves get compressed, so their wavelength reduces and the pitch increases. 
Charmaine Joanna ak Stephen Cornet (50442)
Charmaine Joanna ak Stephen Cornet (50442)
Passive Infrared Sensors (PIR)
This sensors are mostly used for security applications and motion detection. PIR sensors is a pyroelectric sensor, and these sensor are divided into 2 halves such that whenever it detects moving object that emits infrared radiation, the sensor would sense it.The function of these halves depends on the infrared radiation as in if it detects any less or more infrared radiation, the PIR sensor would sense the movement. If it detects the same infrared radiation, the halves will cancel each other and the sensor would not sense the motion. The only drawback of this sensor is that it cannot detect any stationary or slow moving objects.
Raja Nurul Amira Bt Raja Jamam (50905)
Raja Nurul Amira Bt Raja Jamam (50905)
Parking sensor
Parking sensors are labelled by various vehicle manufacturers under many different brand names, such as Park Distance Control, Park Assist, Parktronic, or EPS, but they only come in two varieties: ultrasonic and electromagnetic.

Some parking sensors can detect moving objects as well, but they will react in much the same fashion regardless. In the case of an ultrasonic system, once a sensor receives a signal or wave that the computer determines is close, all sensors on the rear of the vehicle will then send a signal or wave simultaneously. Depending on which sensor receives the returned wave, the computer can determine if the object is moving or not. However, the system will still sound the alarm the entire time the object is within the sensory area.

Electromagnetic sensors will also register a moving obstruction in the same manner as a non-moving one if it's close enough. These sensors actually only react to objects approaching the bumper, so fixed accessories like tow bars don't perpetually set off the alarm, so a moving object, like a person, will set off the alarm until it leaves the field if it is in close enough proximity.

Comments


Luke Teo Ngim Yeu ( 54711)
Luke Teo Ngim Yeu ( 54711) 
VVT Actuator and VVT oil control valve and sensor. 
VVT stand for variable valve timing. These both sensor can found new modem car especially very common for Japanese car maker such as Toyota and Mitsubishi. VVT actuator and VVT oil control valve and sensor are use to retard or advance the intake valve timing and exhaust valve for optimal performance and fuel efficiency. However, in order for VVT actuator to work in correct timing, all have to control by car on-board ECU program and sensor around engine, transmission and the power demand from driver foot ( accelerator ). This create different cam profile to suit the driving situation. VVT oil control valve and sensor are act as both feedback and pre controller for both VVT actuator and ECU. 
Siti Nuraisyah Afiqah binti Ahmat (50962)
Siti Nuraisyah Afiqah binti Ahmat (50962)
Oxygen sensor
It is installed in the car engine. The sensor is part of the emissions control system and feeds data to the­ engine management computer. It helps the engine run as efficiently as possible and also to produce as few emissions as possible. Oxygen sensor is positioned in the exhaust pipe and can detect rich and lean mixtures. The mechanism in most sensors involves a chemical reaction that generates a voltage. The engine's computer looks at the voltage to determine if the mixture is rich or lean and adjusts the amount of fuel entering the engine accordingly.

Mamunur Rashid 54436
Mamunur Rashid 54436
Automatic door activators are designed for the actuation of automatic swing, sliding, folding and curved sliding doors. They use active infrared light sensors that register people and objects, resulting in a detection zone that is accurately adjustable. Apart from human beings and animals, objects such as shopping trolleys and hospital beds trigger an opening signal, provided they are located within the detection zone. Automatic door activators are used to engage automatic door actuators and pneumatic door openers. There are many varieties that provide various functionalities. We have the approach sensor, such as a radar sensor (the door opens when a user approaches it), the push button mechanism and the pressure mat (the door opens when a user stands on the mat). There is also the access control activator – the door opens when a user activates a code reader or a swipe reader with a fob or remote-control button. The user is authorized to go through the door and after a pre-determined time the door closes and locks. An automatic door operator reopens the door if it closes into an obstacle (auto-reverse) on most modern automatic door operators. However, most automatic doors have sensors installed on them to prevent the door from ever meeting pedestrians using the door.

MARCUS ANAK BANGGAN (52419)
MARCUS ANAK BANGGAN (52419)
Stretch Sensor
Stretch sensors are a type of sensor designed to measure soft structures, including soft robots and the human body. It has ability to measure either stretch, bend, shear, or pressure. These stretch sensors are essentially flexible capacitors. When the sensor deforms (due to stretching or squeezing) its capacitance value changes. The sensor sends data about its capacitance to a Bluetooth enabled device, and the StretchSense App translates the data to give a user highly precise information about what the sensor is detecting. StretchSense sensors can be made in various sizes, elasticities, and sensitivities depending on desired application.

The inside of the stretch sensor consists of a stretchable signal electrode sandwiched between two ground electrodes which are separated by silicone dielectric insulators. Since the sensor is essentially a flexible parallel plate capacitor, the two dimensions that change when the sensor is stretched are thickness and area of the conductive layers. Stretching the sensor increases area and decreases thickness which both contribute to an increase in capacitance. Since capacitors resist a change in voltage, the capacitance can be indirectly measured through an applied voltage. By applying a voltage to the sensor and comparing the actual voltage output to what would be expected without a capacitor, the capacitance of the sensor can be determined. StretchSense offers two versions of stretch sensor: A silicone based sensor and a fabric based sensor. 

📎 Photo
Capacitive fingerprint sensor
Capacitive fingerprint sensor
Mohd alinafiah (50131)
Capacitive fingerprint scanners use arrays tiny capacitor circuits to collect data about a fingerprint. As capacitors can store electrical charge, connecting them up to conductive plates on the surface of the scanner allows them to be used to track the details of a fingerprint. The charge stored in the capacitor will be changed slightly when a finger’s ridge is placed over the conductive plates, while an air gap will leave the charge at the capacitor relatively unchanged. 

Beatrice Ubung Uyo 51330
Beatrice Ubung Uyo 51330
One of the applications of sensors are in the escalator system. Escalator is a type of vertical transportation in the form of a moving staircase which carries people between floors of a building. Escalator consists of a motor driven chain of individually linked steps on a track which cycle on a pair of tracks that keeps them horizontal. Nowadays, a few improvement has been made including implementing the passive infrared (PIR) motion sensor. The sensor will collect the infrared energy emitted by the body heat of a people. The PIR detectors are programmed to trigger only when it detects sharp increase in infrared energy. When sensor detects an increase in infrared energy, it will enable the escalator to rapidly accelerate from the standby state to the rated speed
AHMAD FARIDZUL BIN JAPAR (51073)
AHMAD FARIDZUL BIN JAPAR (51073)
Float Level Sensor measures liquid level by transmitting to a mechanism the rise and fall of a float that rides on the surface of the liquid. It used primarily in open tanks whereas float level switches may be designed to operate in a pressurized tank.
Muhammad Faez Bin Hamzah (50670
Muhammad Faez Bin Hamzah (50670
Optical Laser Sensor mice are the common devices that we encounter everyday.  An optical-based mouse utilizes an LED light source and a laser mouse uses a laser beam. The CMOS sensor installed in the mice will take the photo and detect movement.  Higher DPI is always better. Due to the optical or laser, the surface need to be opaque and non-translucent. The one marketed as optical models rely on an infrared or red LED that projects light onto a surface. This LED is typically mounted behind an angled lens, which focuses the illumination into a beam. That beam is bounced off the surface, through the “imaging” lens that magnifies the reflected light, and into the CMOS sensor. The sensor will process the data and command the movement of the cursor. 
 

 
Muhd Affifuddin Bin Abdullah (50699)
Muhd Affifuddin Bin Abdullah (50699)
A heat detector is a fire alarm device designed to respond when the converted thermal energy of a fire increases the temperature of a heat sensitive element. The thermal mass and conductivity of the element regulate the rate flow of heat into the element. Heat detectors are intended to minimize property damage by reacting to the change in temperature caused by a fire.
Burrghman Embam anak Enggong (50435)
Burrghman Embam anak Enggong (50435)
This is a door locking mechanism and it is a type of electric linear actuators. They are electrically powered, mechanical devices which is made up of motors,  linear guides and mechanisms. Those parts are used to convert electrical energy into linear displacement by undergoing mechanical transmission, electro-mechanism, or thermal expansion to provide straight line push/pull motion. The actuators are driven
by several ways that include ball or lead screws, belts, voice coils and etc.   
Qhalief Bin Sapawi (53613)
Qhalief Bin Sapawi (53613)
Optical LED Sensor and Laser Sensor On Gaming Mouse 
Mostly nowadays mouse especially gaming mouse using Optical Laser Sensor and Laser Sensor and remove the old ball tracker. For Optical Laser Sensor, offer constant stream to tracking to detect motion relative to surface image. There are precise benefits to all this, because there isn’t any calibration done when you lift up the mouse, keeping consistent feel to movement in the gaming. But, optical sensors are more reliant on the surface because of the LED is used for tracking. On the other hand, Laser Sensor designed for accuracy. Laser gaming sensors can track and precisely report mouse movements on specifically all types of surfaces. Laser sensors allow higher DPI settings that translates into more precise tracking. Basically professional gamers are able to take advantages from such extreme sensitivities, in that usual times they often need to move little to aim the enemy from afar.

Ling Tiew Cheon 52349
Ling Tiew Cheon 52349
(Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) CMOS Sensor on Mice
The CMOS sensor sends each image to a digital signal processor (DSP) for analysis. The DSP, operating at 18 MIPS (million instructions per second), is able to detect patterns in the images and see how those patterns have moved since the previous image. Based on the change in patterns over a sequence of images, the DSP determines how far the mouse has moved and sends the corresponding coordinates to the computer. The computer moves the cursor on the screen based on the coordinates received from the mouse. This happens hundreds of times each second, making the cursor appear to move very smoothly. This sensor allows mice to be used on any surface.
Kethiswary A/P Paramesvaran (52118)
Kethiswary A/P Paramesvaran (52118)
Automatic Doors
Some automatic doors operate on optic or motion sensors. These sensors might be mounted above a set of automatic doors or built on the top or the sides of the frames of the automatic doors. When these optic or motion sensors sense motion nearby, they trigger the automatic doors to open and then close.

ANATHASIA RABIAH ANAK STEWARD (50393)
ANATHASIA RABIAH ANAK STEWARD (50393)
Hand Dryer (Passive infrared sensor)

Hand dryers are electric machines found in public bathroom. They may either operate with the push of a button or automatically using a sensor which called passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor). PIR sensors used to sense motion and to detect whether a human has moved in or out of the sensors range. They are small, inexpensive, low-power, easy to use and don't wear out. PIR sensors are basically made of a pyroelectric sensor, which can detect levels of infrared radiation. The device detects motion and automatically turns on when hands are placed for drying. It is automatically turns off when hands are moved away from the dryer. Hand dryers consist of a heating element that is turned on when an infrared motion sensor is triggered. Air is blown over the heating element which makes the air warm. The air is blown out of a tube that points downward and focuses the air onto the hands. 


SITTI AISHAH BINTI NAJAMUDIN (50968
SITTI AISHAH BINTI NAJAMUDIN (50968
WHEEL SPEED SENSOR

A wheel speed sensor (WSS) is a device designed to read the speed of a vehicle's wheel rotation. The system also monitors the proper functioning of a range of features, including brake performance, ensuring vehicle safety.
NUR ATIKAH BINTI ABDUL RAZAK (53113)
NUR ATIKAH BINTI ABDUL RAZAK (53113)
Angular position sensor 

An angular position sensor (also referred to as a rotary sensor) measures the relation by which any position with respect to any other position is established. It calculates the orientation of an object with respect to a specified reference position as expressed by the amount of rotation necessary to change from one orientation to the other about a specified axis. There are many different kinds of angular position sensors. The most common types categorized by supply voltage, output type, sensing range, operating temperature range, packaging type and supply current. The most common values for supply voltage are 4.5 to 5.5 V. Also carry angular position sensors with supply voltage up to 36 V. Supply current can have a range between 100 µA and 13.5 A, with the most common chips having a supply current of 13.5 mA. Angular position sensors can be found in wide array of automotive and industrial applications including:

·  Steering Wheel Position sensing
·  Pedal Position sensing
·  Motor-shaft Position sensing
·  Throttle Position sensing

NUR AZREEN AMIRA BINTI ASIB (50764)
NUR AZREEN AMIRA BINTI ASIB (50764)
- LCD Projector -
Projectors using a liquid crystal display image engine are common in the workplace. They are, in essence, the same thing as a flat panel TV, just much smaller. They can be used to make presentations to clients, customers or employees. Most LCD projectors use three small transparent LCD panels -- one for red, one for green and one for blue -- sandwiched together with a bright light that shines through them. The nature of LCD technology gives it some significant benefits over other projector technologies like Digital Light Processing.
DAYANG RAMIZAH BT AWANG MORNI (50463)
DAYANG RAMIZAH BT AWANG MORNI (50463)
Barcode Scanner [Light Sensor]

Barcode scanner is an electronic device that can read and output printed barcodes into the computer.  It consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor translating optical impulses into electrical ones. Additionally, nearly all barcode readers contain decoder circuitry analyzing the barcode's image data provided by the sensor and sending the barcode's content to the scanner's output port. Specifically, the sensor in the barcode scanner detects the reflected light from the illumination system (the red light) and generates an analog signal that is sent to the decoder. The decoder interprets that signal, validates the barcode using the check digit, and coverts it into text. This converted text is delivered by the scanner to a computer software system holding a database of the maker, cost, and quantity of all products sold.


FENNYLIA URAISIRAN ANAK PHILLIP (50513)
FENNYLIA URAISIRAN ANAK PHILLIP (50513)
Microphone -  Acoustic Sound sensor

Microphones are acoustic sensors that converts sound waves or signal into electrical signal. Most of microphones light modulation, piezoelectric effect, capacitance change and electromagnetic induction to convert vibrations to electrical signal. Comparing pressure sensors and microphones, both have the same basic structure - consists of diaphragm and transducer. The deflection on the diaphragm caused by sound waves lead to vibrations and will be converted into electrical signal (audible sound). Two types of commonly used microphones are dynamic and condenser microphones. The working principle for dynamic microphones are based on electromagnetic induction. Sound waves trigger the diaphragm and coil attached to it while a magnet in the microphone produce magnetic field around the coil enabling current to flow. Thus, sound produced by dynamic microphones are in reversed direction only. This type of microphone are suitable for general purpose use and the design is simple. Meanwhile, condenser microphone are based on electrostatic field. It has a capacitor - two plates with voltage. One of the plate act as diaphragm and vibrate when being hit by sound waves.The vibration changes the distance between the plates and also changing the capacitance - electrical current is generated.

AUGUSTINE NANANG (51282)
AUGUSTINE NANANG (51282)
Force Torque sensor

Most robotic applications require a multi-axis or 6-axis FT sensor to give feedback to the robot about the tool itself which can be controlled along 6 axes (3 translations + 3 rotations). A 6-axis FT sensor means that the sensor can measure both the force and torque along the 3-axis (x-y-z). These are usually defined by the components of Fx-Fy-Fz and Tx-Ty-Tz. To measure the effort in all six axes, the force-torque sensor usually combines information from a minimum of 6 unitary measuring elements such as strain gauges. Using the geometry of these elements and the physical properties of the material on which they are installed, we can compute the force and torque along the axes which are meaningful to the robot control loop. When installed on the robot flange, the integrator needs to set the parameters for the relative position and orientation of the sensor with respect to the robot tool.
As you can see in the picture, the sensor is between the robot wrist and the tool. This position allows the sensor to feel the force and torque applied on the tool. 


CHIKIA EDWIN (51464)
CHIKIA EDWIN (51464)
AIRCRAFT DOOR ACTUATION:
The A380 has numerous passenger doors that are quite heavy and would therefore require a large cabin crew to operate.  As a result, the A380 passenger aircraft doors were among the first to be operated automatically. Three actuators are involved: “Lift” to lift the door out of cabin-pressure security positon, “Swivel”  to allow door to open even in the event of a crash whereby the aircraft is lying on  its side, and “Lock”. These actuators are fully autonomous and the mechanics,  electric motors, controllers, and power supply needed to operate them are  integrated into the door. This ensures doors can still be operated even in the event of power shortage.
51655 EDWIN ANAK BRAIN
51655 EDWIN ANAK BRAIN
The sensor sends information, in the form of electronic signals back to the controller.  Sensors also give the robot controller information about its surroundings and lets it know the exact position of the arm, or the state of the world around it. 
 5 senses are the kinds of information we get from our world.  Robots can be designed and programmed to get specific information that is beyond what our 5 senses can tell us. For example, a robot sensor might "see" in the dark, that we cannot do but robot might detect tiny amounts of invisible radiation or measure movement that is too small or fast for the human eye to see.
Sensors can be made simple and complex, depending on how much information needs to be stored.
For example light sensors. It can measure:
1)light intensity (how light/dark it is)
2)differential intensity (difference between photocells)
3)break-beam (change/drop in intensity)
Light sensors can be shielded and focused in different ways

Amabelle Mae binti Aldrin (51160)
Amabelle Mae binti Aldrin (51160)
Magnetic Sensor
Magnetic sensor is mainly used to give an accurate positioning details which cannot even achieved with GPS. Some of the application of these sensors are they can provide navigation in urban areas and indoor areas. They also can deliver point of product advertising. For example, there are magnetic sensors in our smartphones and tablets.
Kelvin Louise Awi (52111)
Kelvin Louise Awi (52111)
SMOKE SENSOR
A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control as part of a fire alarm system, while household smoke detectors, also known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector itself.
All smoke detectors consist of two basic parts: a sensor to sense the smoke and a very loud electronic horn to wake people up. Smoke detectors can run off of a 9-volt battery or 120-volt house current.

Yong Leong Ming 54283
Yong Leong Ming 54283
An Ls-Model is a device that can fly to the sky while receive the infrared signal. The actuator of the model is small and light. It can control the direction either to left or right when remote it by the controller. The sensor will receive the infrared from the controller and move the actuator and make it rotate and finally rise.
Nur Sofiani Binti Mohd Yusof (53277
Nur Sofiani Binti Mohd Yusof (53277
An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance to an object by using sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a specific frequency and listening for that sound wave to bounce back. By recording the elapsed time between the sound wave being generated and the sound wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance between the sonar sensor and the object.
 
LESLIE TANJONG ANAK LAGONG (52280) - Metal Sensor Detector
LESLIE TANJONG ANAK LAGONG (52280) - Metal Sensor Detector
A metal sensor detector is an electronic instrument which detects the presence of metal nearby. Metal sensor detectors are useful for finding metal inclusions hidden within objects, or metal objects buried underground. They often consist of a handheld unit with a sensor probe which can be swept over the ground or other objects. If the sensor comes near a piece of metal this is indicated by a changing tone in earphones, or a needle moving on an indicator. Usually the device gives some indication of distance where the closer the metal is, the higher the tone in the earphone or the higher the needle goes. Another common type are stationary “walk through" metal sensor detectors used for security screening at access points in prisons, courthouses, and airports to detect concealed metal weapons on a person's body. The simplest form of a metal sensor detector consists of an oscillator producing an alternating current that passes through a coil producing an alternating magnetic field. If a piece of electrically conductive metal is close to the coil, Eddy currents will be induced in the metal, and this produces a magnetic field of its own. If another coil is used to measure the magnetic field which is acting as a magnetometer, the change in the magnetic field due to the metallic object can be detected. Uses include detecting land mines, the detection of weapons such as knives and guns especially in airport security, geophysical prospecting, archaeology and treasure hunting. Metal sensor detectors are also used to detect foreign bodies in food, and in the construction industry to detect steel reinforcing bars in concrete and pipes and wires buried in walls and floors.

LEONARD RAYMOND (50574) - Aircraft flap actuator
LEONARD RAYMOND (50574) - Aircraft flap actuator
Linear  hydraulic actuator are used as the flap actuator of the aircraft and it is located on each wing. They are used to maintain efficient flight at low air speeds. A flap actuator is mounted in the aircraft wing with a screw that rotates. When the screw turns, it activates the flap which move it up and down accordingly. 

Maureen Anak Tambi (52451)
Maureen Anak Tambi (52451)
Speed Sensors
Speed sensor used for detecting speed of an object or vehicle. There are different type of speed sensors to detect speed such as Wheel speed sensor, speedometers, LIDAR, ground speed radar pitot tube and so on. PIC microcontroller based project for speed synchronization of multiple motors in industries using wireless technology is a typical application of the speed sensor.  KMI 17/4 is an example for wheel speed sensor. It measures the rotational speed or the wheel speed. It plays vital role in providing best performance for ABS system. It is easy application and low cost system. It is integrated with magnet and is suitable for ferromagnetic gear wheel application. 

Valentine Entukan Anak Langka (54143).
Valentine Entukan Anak Langka (54143).
Traffic Light Sensors 
Every traffic light signal has either a timer or sensor which helps it direct traffic flow. 
In the suburbs and up county roads, traffic signal sensors (detectors) are usually preferred because they not only manage the inconsistent traffic flow effectively, but also detect when cars arrive at intersections, when several cars are stacked at an intersection and when cars have entered turn lanes. 
These sensors use different technologies, from induction loops, microwave radar, cameras, lasers to rubber hoses filled with air. 
Muhamad Hakim bin Hamdan(52638)
Muhamad Hakim bin Hamdan(52638)
Flame Detector
Sensor designed to detect and respond to the presence of a flame/fire, allowing flame detection. Responses to a detected flame depend on the installation, but can include sounding an alarm, deactivating a fuel line (such as a propane or a natural gas line), and activating a fire suppression system.  A flame detector can often respond faster and more accurately than a smoke or heat detector due to the mechanisms(optical flame detector such as UV detector,infrared,IR flame detection and more) it uses to detect the flame. 
Hafiq Azfahsyaz bin Hashim (50525)
Hafiq Azfahsyaz bin Hashim (50525)
Proximity sensor
Mobile phone use IR-based proximity sensor to detect the presence of a human ear. This sensing is done to reduce display power consumption by turning off the LCD backlight and to disable the touch screen to avoid inadvertent touches by the cheek.
Melvin Luat anak Augustine Lubon (52467)
Melvin Luat anak Augustine Lubon (52467)
Radio Wave Sensor Anti-theft System
As we walk through the doorway without paying for something, the radio waves from the transmitter (hidden in on one of the door gates) are picked up by the coiled metal antenna in the label. This generates a tiny electrical current that makes the label transmit a new radio signal of its own at a very specific frequency. The receiver (hidden in the other door gate) picks up the radio signal that the tag transmits and sounds the alarm. Special tags and labels are fixed to merchandise or books. These tags or labels are removed or "deactivated" by the clerks when the item is properly bought or checked out. Hence, the alarm would not be sound as the tag been removed.

Eng Leong Ching (50479) Automatic Plant Irrigation System Circuit
Eng Leong Ching (50479) Automatic Plant Irrigation System Circuit  
This automatic irrigation system senses the moisture content of the soil and automatically switches the pump when the power is on. A proper usage of irrigation system is very important because the main reason is the shortage of land reserved water due to lack of rain, unplanned use of water as a result large amounts of water goes waste. For this reason, we use this automatic plant watering system, and this system is very useful in all climatic conditions.
Maxvin Anak Usup (50591) - Coolant temperature sensor
Maxvin Anak Usup (50591) - Coolant temperature sensor
The coolant temperature sensor (CTS) on most vehicle can be found near the engine thermostat. Thermostat and/or coolant given off certain temperature and it is being measured by the sensor. The on-board control system then received the temperature. This temperature information is used by vehicle's computer either to keep on operating or adjust certain functions of engine. This is significant in order to keep the temperature of engine at an ideal level of operation. Cooling fan is either shut off or turn on as the control system receive the temperature from CTS. Moreover, the need for richer fuel mixture or opening the re-circulation of exhaust gas is signaled by the CTS.

  
Don Perez anak Liap (50467
Don Perez anak Liap (50467
Tachometer (speed sensor)
A tachometer is a sensor device for measuring the rotation speed of an object such as the engine shaft in a car. This device indicates the revolutions per minute (RPM) performed by the object. The device comprises of a dial, a needle to indicate the current reading, and markings to indicate safe and dangerous levels.

Liew Tzek Khen (52302) - Heart rate monitor sensor
Liew Tzek Khen (52302) - Heart rate monitor sensor
This image shown the heart rate monitor sensor on my smart phone.  When we place and hold a finger on it,  the built-in  heart rate monitor will allows us to check our heart rate . Beside that, we also can check the stress level, blood pressure, blood glucose.
Arif Affandi Ngadimin (50406) 2018 Perodua Myvi's Advanced Safety Assist
Arif Affandi Ngadimin (50406) 2018 Perodua Myvi's Advanced Safety Assist 
ASA is a suite of active safety features that includes Pre-Collision Warning (PCW), Pre-Collision Braking (PCB), Front Departure Alert (FDA) and Pedal Misoperation Control (PMC). The ASA components are existing Daihatsu systems called (Smart Assist in JDM Daihatsus). They operate through a forward-facing stereo camera on top of the windscreen which detects car shapes.

Sources: 
https://paultan.org/2017/11/08/2018-perodua-myvi-advanced-safety-assist/
CHARLES PERUMAL (51421) Hydraulic Cylinder
CHARLES PERUMAL (51421) Hydraulic Cylinder
Hydraulic cylinder is a mechanical actuator that is used to give unidirectional force through a unidirectional stroke. It is mainly used in many application especially in construction equipment. Below image shows the example of the usage of hydraulic cylinder as an actuator in a excavator.
Hydraulic cylinders get their power from pressurized hydraulic fluid, which is typically oil. The hydraulic cylinder consists of a cylinder barrel, in which a piston connected to a piston rod moves back and forth. The barrel is closed on one end by the cylinder bottom (also called the cap) and the other end by the cylinder head (also called the gland) where the piston rod comes out of the cylinder. The piston has sliding rings and seals. The piston divides the inside of the cylinder into two chambers, the bottom chamber (cap end) and the piston rod side chamber (rod end / head end).

Sheldon Ijau anak Winston (50934)
Sheldon Ijau anak Winston (50934)
Fan:
The image shown is the fan in my house. The fan motor is the actuator and it is used to rotate the fan blades. The buttons on the fan are regulators which controls the voltage which goes to the motor to control its speed. The motor consists of permanent magnets, commutator and coil. When current flows through the commutator which then flows through the coil, the magnet causes the coil to rotate and the commutator periodically changes the current direction in the coil to complement the magnets so it rotates in the same direction.
Sherri Sheralina Jecklen (53794)
Sherri Sheralina Jecklen (53794)
Touch screen sensor:

A touch screen sensor is generally a clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface. The touch sensor/panel is placed over a display screen so that the responsive area of the panel covers the viewable area of the screen. The sensor normally has an electrical current or signal going through it and touching the screen causes a voltage or signal change. This voltage change is used to determine the location of the touch on the screen. Touch sensors are completely sealable which helps to create a device resistant to water spills and dusts to a larger extent. Touch sensors provide fast response which eliminates the delay caused by mechanical buttons in general devices.

Erica Lanja Anak Kapong (51697)
Erica Lanja Anak Kapong (51697)
Image Sensor: 
There are two types of image sensors used in CCTV camera: CCD (charge-coupled device) image sensors which generally provide better low light sensitivity and have been around for over 30 years, and are often found in older models of cameras. Another is CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) image sensors utilize newer technology to record better HD resolution and fast-moving activity, and are found in the majority of IP new cameras
An image sensor is the part of your IP camera that captures the light hitting the camera lens and turns it into electrical signals, which get recorded as the video you see when monitoring your system. As light passes through your camera lens, it hits the image sensor. The sensor is made up for many little photosites (each photosite becomes a pixel in the video resolution), and the amount of light on each individual photosite determines how much light will be in each pixel of your video. Together, the light/dark sections of each pixel make up one cohesive image in the final video. Every IP surveillance camera needs an image sensor to create a video. For high quality surveillance video, the newer CMOS image sensors help ensure your video stays clear even at high resolutions or when objects are moving.

Chrisanthea Fong Shau Wen (51506)
Chrisanthea Fong Shau Wen (51506)
Thermometer sensor:
Infrared radiation thermometer is often said to be radiance dependence on temperature in order to produce a value and to display the results. The infrared radiation light works like a typical visible light which can be focused, reflected and absorbed. It uses a lens to focus on the light from one object onto the detector which is known as thermopile. Thermopile absorbs infrared radiation and turn it into heat. When there is more infrared radiation energy, the thermopile turns hotter, and vice versa. The heat from thermopile is then turned into electricity for the detector to determine the temperature. Higher temperature generates more electricity, thus higher reading on the display.
Dustin Kirrin Anak Adrin (51643)
Dustin Kirrin Anak Adrin (51643)
Day/night sensor.The DNS25 Day/Night Sensor can automatically turn on or off lights at dusk and dawn. It is not only convenient but also practical; it can control the lighting loads by working only at night. Examples of use are street lights, office lights, warehouse and factory lights, garden lights, etc. For these purposes people mainly go for outdoor flood lights as due to their specifics (wide beam angle) this is the best choice for illuminating wide areas and large objects such as your home. There are many types of flood lights available with different features and sensors included. 

Flood lights with dusk-to-dawn settings basically work by sensing the amount of natural light and they turn on only when it has reached particular level of dimness. As the name of the flood light indicates, it works from dusk to dawn i.e. it will work only during the darkest hours of the day and will automatically switch themselves off in the morning. This option seems to be a lot more reasonable and energy efficient than having your flood lights on all the evening and morning. Some people also go for motion sensors but they can be a bit too annoying and react to the movements that you do not want or need to be detected e.g. cars and people passing by. If your main purpose of installing flood lights is to illuminate your home and yard during the night only, then out of the three given options (no sensor, motion sensor or dusk-to-dawn lighting), dusk-to-dawn outdoor flood lights simply seem to be the most reasonable of the choices. Nevertheless, some consumers claim that for them the combination of two sensors has worked out the best. For instance it is possible to combine dusk-to-dawn settings with passive infra-red detector that detects movement.


Abdul Haniff bin Sahari (51035)
Abdul Haniff bin Sahari (51035)
Door opener. In the picture shows that the door opener applying the linear actuator. The motion of the actuator is linear which means its only allow the actuator to move in one direction. Therefore when switch or sensor send the signal to open, the actuator will push out the link connected to the door.
Nur Hafizah bt Haratono (50783)
Nur Hafizah bt Haratono (50783)
Door sensors (sometimes known as photoelectric or infrared beam, electric safety door edges, door detector, electric proximity edges or electric doorman) is an elevator device that detects a passenger or an object on the doorway which prevents the doors from closing. It is usually installed for accessibility. If a person or an objects blocks the doorway ,the sensors detects the person or the objects. The door will reopen then stays open and will not closed until the person moves away or the object is removed from the doorway.
shawn felix ak stephen (53782)
shawn felix ak stephen (53782)
CAR REVERSE ULTRASONIC SENSOR
An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance to an object by using sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a specific frequency and listening for that sound wave to bounce back. By recording the elapsed time between the sound wave being generated and the sound wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance between the sonar sensor and the object.
Mohammad Nur Arif bin Sulai @ Sulaihi (49795)
Mohammad Nur Arif bin Sulai @ Sulaihi (49795)
Chemical sensor
Sensors detect the presence of energy, changes in or the transfer of energy. Sensors detect by
receiving a signal from a device such as a transducer, then responding to that signal by converting it into an output that can easily be read and understood. Chemical sensors detect the presence of certain chemicals or classes of chemicals and quantify the amount and/or type of chemical detected. For example: 
a) Oxygen sensor – measures the percentage of oxygen in a gas or liquid being analyzed. 
b)Carbon dioxide detector – detects the presence of CO2.
Chemical sensing is an application that really benefits from the use of microtechnology
These devices have numerous medical, industrial, and commercial
applications such as environmental, quality control, food processing, and medical diagnosis.
SYAMMIL MOHD ISHAK (50981)
SYAMMIL MOHD ISHAK (50981)
Infrared Tyre Temperature Sensor

Tyres are critical to lap time in Formula One. Taking temperature readings from the surface of a rotating tyre clearly requires a non-contact sensor. Black rubber tyres have high emissitivity, which is the amount of radiated heat they reflected. There is also an optical means of infrared temperature sensing, which was first used by McLaren. These types of temperature sensor use convection and radiation to monitor changes in temperature. They can be used to detect liquids and gases that emit radiant energy as heat rises and cold settles to the bottom in convection currents or detect radiant energy being transmitted from an object in the form of infrared radiation.
Chai Cheng Ying (51391
Chai Cheng Ying (51391
TV Remote Control
The main technology used in home remote controls is infrared (IR) light. The signal between a remote control handset and the device it controls consists of pulses of infrared light, which is invisible to the human eye, but can be seen through a digital camera, video camera or a phone camera. The transmitter in the remote control handset sends out a stream of pulses of infrared light when the user presses a button on the handset. A transmitter is often a light emitting diode (LED) which is built into the pointing end of the remote control handset. The infrared light pulses form a pattern unique to that button. The receiver in the device recognizes the pattern and causes the device to respond accordingly.
Elatta Bin Odita (50473)
Elatta Bin Odita (50473)
Engine sensors
A modern car’s Engine Management consists of a wide range of electronic and electrical components. It comprises of engine sensors, relays, and actuators. They work together to provide the car’s Engine Control Unit with vital data parameters essential to govern various engine functions effectively. Generally speaking, Engine sensors are electro-mechanical devices which monitor various engine parameters.


ABDUL AZIZ BIN ROSLI (45412)
ABDUL AZIZ BIN ROSLI (45412)
Thermometer
sensors are tools that detect specific biological, chemical, or physical processes and then transmit or report this data.

I choose digital thermometer as a chosen sensors because it's typically can be found around us. This sensors detect heat in the body to give exact reading of body temperature.
This device use thermoresistor or thermistor. This device changes its resistance with changes in temperature. A computer or other circuit measures the resistance and converts it to a temperature, either to display it or to make decisions about turning something on or off 
Fadzil J. (50669)
Fadzil J. (50669)              
My Samsung Tab 8 "Directional Sensor"

Sensor is a device to sense (and displays or indicates the sensed matter) and there are various types of them have been invented for the sake of human convenience. 

In my case , I have chosen my Samsung Tab 8 to present an example of sensor that is "around me". This Tab 8 is equipped with several remarkable features (not that I have intention of promoting the product...but realistically speaking..) such as accelerometer, gyro or gyroscope, and smartphone compass (or might also be known as magnetic field sensor).

These 3 components work together for the tablet's "directional sensor". The mechanism is simple.

When I use a compass app in my Tab 8, the tablet somehow knows the direction of me pointing the tablet. The presence of accelerometer allows the tablet to identify the orientation made up of axis-based motion sensing. On the other hand, the gyroscope is used to help along the accelerometer senses motion from six axes i.e. right, left, up, down, forward and backward. It also detects the roll, pitch and yaw motions. Yaw, Roll and Pitch are the angular moments seen from three axes which are X, Y and Z and therefore contributing great helps in navigation purpose and detecting the gesture recognition systems used in the tablet 8. Lastly, the magnetic field sensor, in this case, helps in reducing the error caused by nearby magnetic fields as to enhance the accuracy of "compass direction : North and South" sensing. To even more enhance the quality of the sensor, the directions measured by accelerometer and gyro usually connected with Global Positioning System (GPS), which, however, requires internet connection.

Per the use in its application, this directional sensor allows muslim user to obtain Qiblah direction for prayer purposes.
 
Attached is the image of my Samsung Tablet 8 , illustrated gyroscope and accelerometer components in conventional smartphones.
Ivan Ho Chia Haw (54637)
Ivan Ho Chia Haw (54637)
Speed Sensor
It is a type of small object that mostly used in nowadays vehicles which to detect the speed of a car. Speed sensors are usually installed on four sides located at the car wheels. It is very important element because it relates to the safety of a car. It will monitor every of the speed of each wheels and send an output to the ABS if one or two wheels are turning faster than the others, which in turn provides the braking control to maintain a safe vehicle deceleration. Nowadays vehicles were usually installed with this element to ensure that the drivers are always safe while daily driving. For European cars such as Volkswagen and Audi are always common to have this element installed on their vehicles. When ABS checklight indicator appear on the dashboard speedometer, most possibilities is that there might be problem with the speed sensor which may need to replace with a new one. This advance technology is convenient that allows drivers to know that they are in safe condition when driving.

Brian Egan (54521) Door position sensing in refrigerator
Brian Egan  (54521)  Door position sensing in refrigerator

Refrigerators equipped with a noncontact-type sensing technologies such as reed switches/sensors and Hall effect sensors to detect the door position. A reed sensor is mounted to the frame of the appliance and a permanent magnet actuator is mounted to the door. Each reed switch or Hall effect sensor and magnet actuator is positioned in such a way that the reed switch or Hall effect sensor is activated when the door is closed, and the light will turn off.


KAMARUL AZIZI BIN WAHAP (50562)
KAMARUL AZIZI BIN WAHAP (50562)
Door Sensor
(Contact Sensor)
Have you ever opened a door and notice this little thing on top of it? 
This is actually one of the common home security system, a door sensor. It works on a simple principle called "reed switch". Basically, it is used to determine when a protected area has been breached. 

A reed switch consists of a set of electrical connectors placed slightly apart. When a magnetic field is placed parallel to the electrical connectors, it pulls them together, closing the circuit.
To simplify, if someone opens an armed door, the magnet is pulled away from the switch, which breaks the circuit and triggers an event. Depending on your setup, this could be a chime alert or full-blown alarm.
Hawa anak Ringkai (50534)
Hawa anak Ringkai (50534)
- DIGITAL THERMOMETER -

Digital thermometer is slowly replacing the conventional mercury thermometer due to the ease of taking reading. It is mercury free and provides quick and highly accurate results over the body temperature range. Besides that, it is equipped with beep alarm and memory function and can record a wide range of temperature. It works on the principle that changes in temperature cause the resistance of a sensor to change allowing a computer to convert the difference to a digital read-out. The sensor is a thermoresistor, commonly called a thermistor. Thermistor elements are the most sensitive temperature sensors available. A thermistor is a semiconductor device with an electrical resistance that is proportional to temperature. There are two types of products: Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) and Positive temperature coefficient (PTC). Advantages include their small size and high degree of stability. NTCs are also long lasting and very accurate.  Disadvantages include their non-linearity, and unsuitability for use in extreme temperatures.

JOHNNY AK EMBAN (52056)
JOHNNY AK EMBAN (52056)
Capacitive sensor in laptop touch pad.

Have you been wondering how your laptop touch pad work? Well, your touch pad actually using either conductive or capacitive sensor but the most common sensor that being used is capacitive sensor. Capacitive sensors detect anything which is conductive or has dielectric properties. Since our body has the conductive properties, hence it works.  The capacitive sensitive touch pad has two parts; ground and sensor. When the finger is brought close to the touch pad, then capacitance of the system increases. From the position of capacitors which are charging and discharging at any point of time, the coordinates of point of touch is determined.
DOMINIC LASOO ANAK SEBASTIAN (51634)
DOMINIC LASOO ANAK SEBASTIAN (51634)
Radio-frequency identification (RFID)

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically-stored information. Passive tags collect energy from a nearby RFID reader's interrogating radio waves. Active tags have a local power source (such as a battery) and may operate hundreds of meters from the RFID reader. Unlike a barcode, the tag need not be within the line of sight of the reader, so it may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method for Automatic Identification and data capture (AIDC).

RFID tags are used in many industries, for example, an RFID tag attached to an automobile during production can be used to track its progress through the assembly line; RFID-tagged pharmaceuticals can be tracked through warehouses; and implanting RFID chips in livestock and pets allows for positive identification of animals.

The RFID tag can be affixed to an object and used to track and manage inventory, assets, people, etc. For example, it can be affixed to cars, computer equipment, books, mobile phones, etc.

RFID offers advantages over manual systems or use of bar codes. The tag can be read if passed near a reader, even if it is covered by the object or not visible. The tag can be read inside a case, carton, box or other container, and unlike barcodes, RFID tags can be read hundreds at a time. Bar codes can only be read one at a time using current devices.

MOHAMAD HISYAM BIN SUFFIAN - 45661
MOHAMAD HISYAM BIN SUFFIAN - 45661
(piezoelectric sensor)

A piezoelectric effect is detected by a sensor and from this measurements can be made on changes in pressure, acceleration, and force that are displayed in the form of an electrical charge. Piezoelectric crystals such as barium titanate and ceramic material such as lead zirconate titanate are considered smart materials for the purpose of generating a piezoelectric effect and are built in piezoelectric sensor technology. There are two types of pressure sensors (mechanical and electrical) that are typically used to measure the piezoelectric effect. Mechanical sensors are made of a sensing element known as a diaphragm, a rod, a three-terminal resistor that acts as a voltage divider, and a direct current voltage source. During the application of pressure, the diaphragm component to the piezoelectric sensor displaces the connecting rod which activates the potentiometer component to the sensor that generates an output voltage.
The second type of pressure sensor works by a slightly different principle. The diaphragm to this type of piezoelectric sensor is made up of polymer polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and works as a sensing and transducing element. Upon application of pressure to the diaphragm, instead of using a potentiometer, the pressure is directly converted into a voltage
NURUL FATINI BINTI FATHI (534599)
NURUL FATINI BINTI FATHI (534599)
RIP SENSOR (Pyroelectric sensor)
This type of sensor detect level of infrared radiation. Every object or moving object that has a temperature above absolute zero can emit heat energy in form of radiation that are invisible to the human eyes, but can easily detected by this special purpose electronic device such as PIR motion detector.  Whenever object is detected in the field of view of the sensor, then positive differential change will be produced between two halves with the interception of the first half of the PIR sensor, seen from the PIR is originally split into halves.  Same goes to when the object is leaving the field view of the sensor, but negative differential change will be produced. It is also known as the Passive Infrared sensor because it does not emit any energy or radiation for detecting the radiation. 
Sif Fowel Tami (50936)
Sif Fowel Tami (50936)
Torque Sensor
A Torque Sensor is a transducer that converts a torsional mechanical input into an electrical output signal. The picture below shows the Rotating dual Shaft Torque sensors, RST series. It is a low range rotating torque sensors that are available in eleven full scale ranges of 10 through 30K inch pounds. The sensing element incorporates bonded foiled strain gages of highest quality along the coined silver slip ring and silver brushes for data transmission.
MARK PHILLAY ANAK PHILIP (50587
MARK PHILLAY ANAK PHILIP (50587
electric linear actuator
Electric Linear Actuators are electrically powered, mechanical devices consisting of motors, linear guides, and drive mechanisms, which are used to convert electrical energy into linear displacement through mechanical transmission, electro-magnetism, or thermal expansion to provide straight line push/pull motion. Key specifications include the intended application, drive type, motor type, the mounting configuration, as well as other physical dimensions and electrical characteristics. Electric linear actuators are used primarily in automation applications when a machine component, tool, etc. requires a controlled movement to a particular position. They are used in a wide range of industries where linear positioning is needed. The actuators are driven by several means including ball or lead screws, belts, or voice coils, among others. Typical applications include opening and closing dampers, locking doors, braking machine motions, etc.
Nazmus Shakib (54389
Nazmus Shakib (54389
Ultrasonic Level sensor 
Ultrasonic waves are used to measure level of liquids and solid objects in industries. Ultrasonic level measurement is contact less principle and most suitable for level measurements of hot, corrosive and boiling liquids. The normal frequency range used for ultrasonic level measurements is within a range of 40-200 KHz. Ultrasonic waves detect an object in the same way as Radar does it. Ultrasonic uses the sound waves, and Radar uses radio waves. When ultrasonic pulse signal is targeted towards an object, it is reflected by the object and echo returns to the sender. The time traveled by the ultrasonic pulse is calculated, and the distance of the object is found. Bats use well known method to measure the distance while travelling. Ultrasonic level measurement principle is also used to find out fish positions in ocean, locate submarines below water level, also the position of a scuba diver in sea.

Patrick Renaldo Richard (50889)
Patrick Renaldo Richard (50889)
Phone Gyroscope sensor
It is a sensor that tells the orientation information of the phone. Due to this sensor, Android's Photo Sphere camera feature can tell how much a phone has been rotated also used by Google's Sky Map for telling what constellation the phone is pointing at.

Ng Sze Lam (52836)
Ng Sze Lam (52836)
Facial Detection Sensor / Face ID in i Phone X
Face ID uses a combination of light projectors and sensors to take several images of facial features.
To set up Face ID, move the head in a circular motion so that the camera able to take multiple shots of face for a 3D map. It uses Infrared light to clarify the face while capturing images, to work day or night, outdoor or indoor. Therefore, infrared illumination helps in enabling the face recognition to work in non-favorable condition.

Desmond Ngeraman Anak Stephen Lee (51611)
Desmond Ngeraman Anak Stephen Lee (51611)
Linear Actuator
This is the image of the actuator in my printer. It is a type of linear actuator which is stepper motor-driven linear actuator. Digital printers make use of linear actuator in printing automation processes. The linear actuator will move the ink cartridge in horizontal linear motion while it sprays ink to produced desired image on the paper.

Azieana binti Pendita (50426)
Azieana binti Pendita (50426)
Drone Distance Sensors
Distance measurement sensors provide an accurate distance reading to the closest object on their way. They are basically lightweight and handy to be used especially by drones. Distance measurement sensors can be divided into multiple categories that include acoustic (SoNAR), laser, radio (RaDAR), infrared, time of flight cameras and mono/stereo cameras. However, it is RaDAR that has been used widely for drones. Radio Detection And Ranging (RaDAR) has a transmitter that emits a particular signal and a receiver antenna detects its Eco. The object's speed and direction can be estimated by the Doppler effect. It applies the same as the Doppler concept of a moving car. While the car approaches, the sound waves get compressed, so their wavelength reduces and the pitch increases. 
Charmaine Joanna ak Stephen Cornet (50442)
Charmaine Joanna ak Stephen Cornet (50442)
Passive Infrared Sensors (PIR)
This sensors are mostly used for security applications and motion detection. PIR sensors is a pyroelectric sensor, and these sensor are divided into 2 halves such that whenever it detects moving object that emits infrared radiation, the sensor would sense it.The function of these halves depends on the infrared radiation as in if it detects any less or more infrared radiation, the PIR sensor would sense the movement. If it detects the same infrared radiation, the halves will cancel each other and the sensor would not sense the motion. The only drawback of this sensor is that it cannot detect any stationary or slow moving objects.
Raja Nurul Amira Bt Raja Jamam (50905)
Raja Nurul Amira Bt Raja Jamam (50905)
Parking sensor
Parking sensors are labelled by various vehicle manufacturers under many different brand names, such as Park Distance Control, Park Assist, Parktronic, or EPS, but they only come in two varieties: ultrasonic and electromagnetic.

Some parking sensors can detect moving objects as well, but they will react in much the same fashion regardless. In the case of an ultrasonic system, once a sensor receives a signal or wave that the computer determines is close, all sensors on the rear of the vehicle will then send a signal or wave simultaneously. Depending on which sensor receives the returned wave, the computer can determine if the object is moving or not. However, the system will still sound the alarm the entire time the object is within the sensory area.

Electromagnetic sensors will also register a moving obstruction in the same manner as a non-moving one if it's close enough. These sensors actually only react to objects approaching the bumper, so fixed accessories like tow bars don't perpetually set off the alarm, so a moving object, like a person, will set off the alarm until it leaves the field if it is in close enough proximity.

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Luke Teo Ngim Yeu ( 54711)
Luke Teo Ngim Yeu ( 54711) 
VVT Actuator and VVT oil control valve and sensor. 
VVT stand for variable valve timing. These both sensor can found new modem car especially very common for Japanese car maker such as Toyota and Mitsubishi. VVT actuator and VVT oil control valve and sensor are use to retard or advance the intake valve timing and exhaust valve for optimal performance and fuel efficiency. However, in order for VVT actuator to work in correct timing, all have to control by car on-board ECU program and sensor around engine, transmission and the power demand from driver foot ( accelerator ). This create different cam profile to suit the driving situation. VVT oil control valve and sensor are act as both feedback and pre controller for both VVT actuator and ECU. 
Siti Nuraisyah Afiqah binti Ahmat (50962)
Siti Nuraisyah Afiqah binti Ahmat (50962)
Oxygen sensor
It is installed in the car engine. The sensor is part of the emissions control system and feeds data to the­ engine management computer. It helps the engine run as efficiently as possible and also to produce as few emissions as possible. Oxygen sensor is positioned in the exhaust pipe and can detect rich and lean mixtures. The mechanism in most sensors involves a chemical reaction that generates a voltage. The engine's computer looks at the voltage to determine if the mixture is rich or lean and adjusts the amount of fuel entering the engine accordingly.

Mamunur Rashid 54436
Mamunur Rashid 54436
Automatic door activators are designed for the actuation of automatic swing, sliding, folding and curved sliding doors. They use active infrared light sensors that register people and objects, resulting in a detection zone that is accurately adjustable. Apart from human beings and animals, objects such as shopping trolleys and hospital beds trigger an opening signal, provided they are located within the detection zone. Automatic door activators are used to engage automatic door actuators and pneumatic door openers. There are many varieties that provide various functionalities. We have the approach sensor, such as a radar sensor (the door opens when a user approaches it), the push button mechanism and the pressure mat (the door opens when a user stands on the mat). There is also the access control activator – the door opens when a user activates a code reader or a swipe reader with a fob or remote-control button. The user is authorized to go through the door and after a pre-determined time the door closes and locks. An automatic door operator reopens the door if it closes into an obstacle (auto-reverse) on most modern automatic door operators. However, most automatic doors have sensors installed on them to prevent the door from ever meeting pedestrians using the door.

MARCUS ANAK BANGGAN (52419)
MARCUS ANAK BANGGAN (52419)
Stretch Sensor
Stretch sensors are a type of sensor designed to measure soft structures, including soft robots and the human body. It has ability to measure either stretch, bend, shear, or pressure. These stretch sensors are essentially flexible capacitors. When the sensor deforms (due to stretching or squeezing) its capacitance value changes. The sensor sends data about its capacitance to a Bluetooth enabled device, and the StretchSense App translates the data to give a user highly precise information about what the sensor is detecting. StretchSense sensors can be made in various sizes, elasticities, and sensitivities depending on desired application.

The inside of the stretch sensor consists of a stretchable signal electrode sandwiched between two ground electrodes which are separated by silicone dielectric insulators. Since the sensor is essentially a flexible parallel plate capacitor, the two dimensions that change when the sensor is stretched are thickness and area of the conductive layers. Stretching the sensor increases area and decreases thickness which both contribute to an increase in capacitance. Since capacitors resist a change in voltage, the capacitance can be indirectly measured through an applied voltage. By applying a voltage to the sensor and comparing the actual voltage output to what would be expected without a capacitor, the capacitance of the sensor can be determined. StretchSense offers two versions of stretch sensor: A silicone based sensor and a fabric based sensor. 

📎 Photo
Capacitive fingerprint sensor
Capacitive fingerprint sensor
Mohd alinafiah (50131)
Capacitive fingerprint scanners use arrays tiny capacitor circuits to collect data about a fingerprint. As capacitors can store electrical charge, connecting them up to conductive plates on the surface of the scanner allows them to be used to track the details of a fingerprint. The charge stored in the capacitor will be changed slightly when a finger’s ridge is placed over the conductive plates, while an air gap will leave the charge at the capacitor relatively unchanged. 

Beatrice Ubung Uyo 51330
Beatrice Ubung Uyo 51330
One of the applications of sensors are in the escalator system. Escalator is a type of vertical transportation in the form of a moving staircase which carries people between floors of a building. Escalator consists of a motor driven chain of individually linked steps on a track which cycle on a pair of tracks that keeps them horizontal. Nowadays, a few improvement has been made including implementing the passive infrared (PIR) motion sensor. The sensor will collect the infrared energy emitted by the body heat of a people. The PIR detectors are programmed to trigger only when it detects sharp increase in infrared energy. When sensor detects an increase in infrared energy, it will enable the escalator to rapidly accelerate from the standby state to the rated speed
AHMAD FARIDZUL BIN JAPAR (51073)
AHMAD FARIDZUL BIN JAPAR (51073)
Float Level Sensor measures liquid level by transmitting to a mechanism the rise and fall of a float that rides on the surface of the liquid. It used primarily in open tanks whereas float level switches may be designed to operate in a pressurized tank.
Muhammad Faez Bin Hamzah (50670
Muhammad Faez Bin Hamzah (50670
Optical Laser Sensor mice are the common devices that we encounter everyday.  An optical-based mouse utilizes an LED light source and a laser mouse uses a laser beam. The CMOS sensor installed in the mice will take the photo and detect movement.  Higher DPI is always better. Due to the optical or laser, the surface need to be opaque and non-translucent. The one marketed as optical models rely on an infrared or red LED that projects light onto a surface. This LED is typically mounted behind an angled lens, which focuses the illumination into a beam. That beam is bounced off the surface, through the “imaging” lens that magnifies the reflected light, and into the CMOS sensor. The sensor will process the data and command the movement of the cursor. 
 

 
Muhd Affifuddin Bin Abdullah (50699)
Muhd Affifuddin Bin Abdullah (50699)
A heat detector is a fire alarm device designed to respond when the converted thermal energy of a fire increases the temperature of a heat sensitive element. The thermal mass and conductivity of the element regulate the rate flow of heat into the element. Heat detectors are intended to minimize property damage by reacting to the change in temperature caused by a fire.
Burrghman Embam anak Enggong (50435)
Burrghman Embam anak Enggong (50435)
This is a door locking mechanism and it is a type of electric linear actuators. They are electrically powered, mechanical devices which is made up of motors,  linear guides and mechanisms. Those parts are used to convert electrical energy into linear displacement by undergoing mechanical transmission, electro-mechanism, or thermal expansion to provide straight line push/pull motion. The actuators are driven
by several ways that include ball or lead screws, belts, voice coils and etc.   
Qhalief Bin Sapawi (53613)
Qhalief Bin Sapawi (53613)
Optical LED Sensor and Laser Sensor On Gaming Mouse 
Mostly nowadays mouse especially gaming mouse using Optical Laser Sensor and Laser Sensor and remove the old ball tracker. For Optical Laser Sensor, offer constant stream to tracking to detect motion relative to surface image. There are precise benefits to all this, because there isn’t any calibration done when you lift up the mouse, keeping consistent feel to movement in the gaming. But, optical sensors are more reliant on the surface because of the LED is used for tracking. On the other hand, Laser Sensor designed for accuracy. Laser gaming sensors can track and precisely report mouse movements on specifically all types of surfaces. Laser sensors allow higher DPI settings that translates into more precise tracking. Basically professional gamers are able to take advantages from such extreme sensitivities, in that usual times they often need to move little to aim the enemy from afar.

Ling Tiew Cheon 52349
Ling Tiew Cheon 52349
(Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) CMOS Sensor on Mice
The CMOS sensor sends each image to a digital signal processor (DSP) for analysis. The DSP, operating at 18 MIPS (million instructions per second), is able to detect patterns in the images and see how those patterns have moved since the previous image. Based on the change in patterns over a sequence of images, the DSP determines how far the mouse has moved and sends the corresponding coordinates to the computer. The computer moves the cursor on the screen based on the coordinates received from the mouse. This happens hundreds of times each second, making the cursor appear to move very smoothly. This sensor allows mice to be used on any surface.
Kethiswary A/P Paramesvaran (52118)
Kethiswary A/P Paramesvaran (52118)
Automatic Doors
Some automatic doors operate on optic or motion sensors. These sensors might be mounted above a set of automatic doors or built on the top or the sides of the frames of the automatic doors. When these optic or motion sensors sense motion nearby, they trigger the automatic doors to open and then close.

ANATHASIA RABIAH ANAK STEWARD (50393)
ANATHASIA RABIAH ANAK STEWARD (50393)
Hand Dryer (Passive infrared sensor)

Hand dryers are electric machines found in public bathroom. They may either operate with the push of a button or automatically using a sensor which called passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor). PIR sensors used to sense motion and to detect whether a human has moved in or out of the sensors range. They are small, inexpensive, low-power, easy to use and don't wear out. PIR sensors are basically made of a pyroelectric sensor, which can detect levels of infrared radiation. The device detects motion and automatically turns on when hands are placed for drying. It is automatically turns off when hands are moved away from the dryer. Hand dryers consist of a heating element that is turned on when an infrared motion sensor is triggered. Air is blown over the heating element which makes the air warm. The air is blown out of a tube that points downward and focuses the air onto the hands. 


SITTI AISHAH BINTI NAJAMUDIN (50968
SITTI AISHAH BINTI NAJAMUDIN (50968
WHEEL SPEED SENSOR

A wheel speed sensor (WSS) is a device designed to read the speed of a vehicle's wheel rotation. The system also monitors the proper functioning of a range of features, including brake performance, ensuring vehicle safety.
NUR ATIKAH BINTI ABDUL RAZAK (53113)
NUR ATIKAH BINTI ABDUL RAZAK (53113)
Angular position sensor 

An angular position sensor (also referred to as a rotary sensor) measures the relation by which any position with respect to any other position is established. It calculates the orientation of an object with respect to a specified reference position as expressed by the amount of rotation necessary to change from one orientation to the other about a specified axis. There are many different kinds of angular position sensors. The most common types categorized by supply voltage, output type, sensing range, operating temperature range, packaging type and supply current. The most common values for supply voltage are 4.5 to 5.5 V. Also carry angular position sensors with supply voltage up to 36 V. Supply current can have a range between 100 µA and 13.5 A, with the most common chips having a supply current of 13.5 mA. Angular position sensors can be found in wide array of automotive and industrial applications including:

·  Steering Wheel Position sensing
·  Pedal Position sensing
·  Motor-shaft Position sensing
·  Throttle Position sensing

NUR AZREEN AMIRA BINTI ASIB (50764)
NUR AZREEN AMIRA BINTI ASIB (50764)
- LCD Projector -
Projectors using a liquid crystal display image engine are common in the workplace. They are, in essence, the same thing as a flat panel TV, just much smaller. They can be used to make presentations to clients, customers or employees. Most LCD projectors use three small transparent LCD panels -- one for red, one for green and one for blue -- sandwiched together with a bright light that shines through them. The nature of LCD technology gives it some significant benefits over other projector technologies like Digital Light Processing.
DAYANG RAMIZAH BT AWANG MORNI (50463)
DAYANG RAMIZAH BT AWANG MORNI (50463)
Barcode Scanner [Light Sensor]

Barcode scanner is an electronic device that can read and output printed barcodes into the computer.  It consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor translating optical impulses into electrical ones. Additionally, nearly all barcode readers contain decoder circuitry analyzing the barcode's image data provided by the sensor and sending the barcode's content to the scanner's output port. Specifically, the sensor in the barcode scanner detects the reflected light from the illumination system (the red light) and generates an analog signal that is sent to the decoder. The decoder interprets that signal, validates the barcode using the check digit, and coverts it into text. This converted text is delivered by the scanner to a computer software system holding a database of the maker, cost, and quantity of all products sold.


FENNYLIA URAISIRAN ANAK PHILLIP (50513)
FENNYLIA URAISIRAN ANAK PHILLIP (50513)
Microphone -  Acoustic Sound sensor

Microphones are acoustic sensors that converts sound waves or signal into electrical signal. Most of microphones light modulation, piezoelectric effect, capacitance change and electromagnetic induction to convert vibrations to electrical signal. Comparing pressure sensors and microphones, both have the same basic structure - consists of diaphragm and transducer. The deflection on the diaphragm caused by sound waves lead to vibrations and will be converted into electrical signal (audible sound). Two types of commonly used microphones are dynamic and condenser microphones. The working principle for dynamic microphones are based on electromagnetic induction. Sound waves trigger the diaphragm and coil attached to it while a magnet in the microphone produce magnetic field around the coil enabling current to flow. Thus, sound produced by dynamic microphones are in reversed direction only. This type of microphone are suitable for general purpose use and the design is simple. Meanwhile, condenser microphone are based on electrostatic field. It has a capacitor - two plates with voltage. One of the plate act as diaphragm and vibrate when being hit by sound waves.The vibration changes the distance between the plates and also changing the capacitance - electrical current is generated.

AUGUSTINE NANANG (51282)
AUGUSTINE NANANG (51282)
Force Torque sensor

Most robotic applications require a multi-axis or 6-axis FT sensor to give feedback to the robot about the tool itself which can be controlled along 6 axes (3 translations + 3 rotations). A 6-axis FT sensor means that the sensor can measure both the force and torque along the 3-axis (x-y-z). These are usually defined by the components of Fx-Fy-Fz and Tx-Ty-Tz. To measure the effort in all six axes, the force-torque sensor usually combines information from a minimum of 6 unitary measuring elements such as strain gauges. Using the geometry of these elements and the physical properties of the material on which they are installed, we can compute the force and torque along the axes which are meaningful to the robot control loop. When installed on the robot flange, the integrator needs to set the parameters for the relative position and orientation of the sensor with respect to the robot tool.
As you can see in the picture, the sensor is between the robot wrist and the tool. This position allows the sensor to feel the force and torque applied on the tool. 


CHIKIA EDWIN (51464)
CHIKIA EDWIN (51464)
AIRCRAFT DOOR ACTUATION:
The A380 has numerous passenger doors that are quite heavy and would therefore require a large cabin crew to operate.  As a result, the A380 passenger aircraft doors were among the first to be operated automatically. Three actuators are involved: “Lift” to lift the door out of cabin-pressure security positon, “Swivel”  to allow door to open even in the event of a crash whereby the aircraft is lying on  its side, and “Lock”. These actuators are fully autonomous and the mechanics,  electric motors, controllers, and power supply needed to operate them are  integrated into the door. This ensures doors can still be operated even in the event of power shortage.
51655 EDWIN ANAK BRAIN
51655 EDWIN ANAK BRAIN
The sensor sends information, in the form of electronic signals back to the controller.  Sensors also give the robot controller information about its surroundings and lets it know the exact position of the arm, or the state of the world around it. 
 5 senses are the kinds of information we get from our world.  Robots can be designed and programmed to get specific information that is beyond what our 5 senses can tell us. For example, a robot sensor might "see" in the dark, that we cannot do but robot might detect tiny amounts of invisible radiation or measure movement that is too small or fast for the human eye to see.
Sensors can be made simple and complex, depending on how much information needs to be stored.
For example light sensors. It can measure:
1)light intensity (how light/dark it is)
2)differential intensity (difference between photocells)
3)break-beam (change/drop in intensity)
Light sensors can be shielded and focused in different ways

Amabelle Mae binti Aldrin (51160)
Amabelle Mae binti Aldrin (51160)
Magnetic Sensor
Magnetic sensor is mainly used to give an accurate positioning details which cannot even achieved with GPS. Some of the application of these sensors are they can provide navigation in urban areas and indoor areas. They also can deliver point of product advertising. For example, there are magnetic sensors in our smartphones and tablets.
Kelvin Louise Awi (52111)
Kelvin Louise Awi (52111)
SMOKE SENSOR
A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control as part of a fire alarm system, while household smoke detectors, also known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector itself.
All smoke detectors consist of two basic parts: a sensor to sense the smoke and a very loud electronic horn to wake people up. Smoke detectors can run off of a 9-volt battery or 120-volt house current.

Yong Leong Ming 54283
Yong Leong Ming 54283
An Ls-Model is a device that can fly to the sky while receive the infrared signal. The actuator of the model is small and light. It can control the direction either to left or right when remote it by the controller. The sensor will receive the infrared from the controller and move the actuator and make it rotate and finally rise.
Nur Sofiani Binti Mohd Yusof (53277
Nur Sofiani Binti Mohd Yusof (53277
An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance to an object by using sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a specific frequency and listening for that sound wave to bounce back. By recording the elapsed time between the sound wave being generated and the sound wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance between the sonar sensor and the object.
 
LESLIE TANJONG ANAK LAGONG (52280) - Metal Sensor Detector
LESLIE TANJONG ANAK LAGONG (52280) - Metal Sensor Detector
A metal sensor detector is an electronic instrument which detects the presence of metal nearby. Metal sensor detectors are useful for finding metal inclusions hidden within objects, or metal objects buried underground. They often consist of a handheld unit with a sensor probe which can be swept over the ground or other objects. If the sensor comes near a piece of metal this is indicated by a changing tone in earphones, or a needle moving on an indicator. Usually the device gives some indication of distance where the closer the metal is, the higher the tone in the earphone or the higher the needle goes. Another common type are stationary “walk through" metal sensor detectors used for security screening at access points in prisons, courthouses, and airports to detect concealed metal weapons on a person's body. The simplest form of a metal sensor detector consists of an oscillator producing an alternating current that passes through a coil producing an alternating magnetic field. If a piece of electrically conductive metal is close to the coil, Eddy currents will be induced in the metal, and this produces a magnetic field of its own. If another coil is used to measure the magnetic field which is acting as a magnetometer, the change in the magnetic field due to the metallic object can be detected. Uses include detecting land mines, the detection of weapons such as knives and guns especially in airport security, geophysical prospecting, archaeology and treasure hunting. Metal sensor detectors are also used to detect foreign bodies in food, and in the construction industry to detect steel reinforcing bars in concrete and pipes and wires buried in walls and floors.

LEONARD RAYMOND (50574) - Aircraft flap actuator
LEONARD RAYMOND (50574) - Aircraft flap actuator
Linear  hydraulic actuator are used as the flap actuator of the aircraft and it is located on each wing. They are used to maintain efficient flight at low air speeds. A flap actuator is mounted in the aircraft wing with a screw that rotates. When the screw turns, it activates the flap which move it up and down accordingly. 

Maureen Anak Tambi (52451)
Maureen Anak Tambi (52451)
Speed Sensors
Speed sensor used for detecting speed of an object or vehicle. There are different type of speed sensors to detect speed such as Wheel speed sensor, speedometers, LIDAR, ground speed radar pitot tube and so on. PIC microcontroller based project for speed synchronization of multiple motors in industries using wireless technology is a typical application of the speed sensor.  KMI 17/4 is an example for wheel speed sensor. It measures the rotational speed or the wheel speed. It plays vital role in providing best performance for ABS system. It is easy application and low cost system. It is integrated with magnet and is suitable for ferromagnetic gear wheel application. 

Valentine Entukan Anak Langka (54143).
Valentine Entukan Anak Langka (54143).
Traffic Light Sensors 
Every traffic light signal has either a timer or sensor which helps it direct traffic flow. 
In the suburbs and up county roads, traffic signal sensors (detectors) are usually preferred because they not only manage the inconsistent traffic flow effectively, but also detect when cars arrive at intersections, when several cars are stacked at an intersection and when cars have entered turn lanes. 
These sensors use different technologies, from induction loops, microwave radar, cameras, lasers to rubber hoses filled with air. 
Muhamad Hakim bin Hamdan(52638)
Muhamad Hakim bin Hamdan(52638)
Flame Detector
Sensor designed to detect and respond to the presence of a flame/fire, allowing flame detection. Responses to a detected flame depend on the installation, but can include sounding an alarm, deactivating a fuel line (such as a propane or a natural gas line), and activating a fire suppression system.  A flame detector can often respond faster and more accurately than a smoke or heat detector due to the mechanisms(optical flame detector such as UV detector,infrared,IR flame detection and more) it uses to detect the flame. 
Hafiq Azfahsyaz bin Hashim (50525)
Hafiq Azfahsyaz bin Hashim (50525)
Proximity sensor
Mobile phone use IR-based proximity sensor to detect the presence of a human ear. This sensing is done to reduce display power consumption by turning off the LCD backlight and to disable the touch screen to avoid inadvertent touches by the cheek.
Melvin Luat anak Augustine Lubon (52467)
Melvin Luat anak Augustine Lubon (52467)
Radio Wave Sensor Anti-theft System
As we walk through the doorway without paying for something, the radio waves from the transmitter (hidden in on one of the door gates) are picked up by the coiled metal antenna in the label. This generates a tiny electrical current that makes the label transmit a new radio signal of its own at a very specific frequency. The receiver (hidden in the other door gate) picks up the radio signal that the tag transmits and sounds the alarm. Special tags and labels are fixed to merchandise or books. These tags or labels are removed or "deactivated" by the clerks when the item is properly bought or checked out. Hence, the alarm would not be sound as the tag been removed.

Eng Leong Ching (50479) Automatic Plant Irrigation System Circuit
Eng Leong Ching (50479) Automatic Plant Irrigation System Circuit  
This automatic irrigation system senses the moisture content of the soil and automatically switches the pump when the power is on. A proper usage of irrigation system is very important because the main reason is the shortage of land reserved water due to lack of rain, unplanned use of water as a result large amounts of water goes waste. For this reason, we use this automatic plant watering system, and this system is very useful in all climatic conditions.
Maxvin Anak Usup (50591) - Coolant temperature sensor
Maxvin Anak Usup (50591) - Coolant temperature sensor
The coolant temperature sensor (CTS) on most vehicle can be found near the engine thermostat. Thermostat and/or coolant given off certain temperature and it is being measured by the sensor. The on-board control system then received the temperature. This temperature information is used by vehicle's computer either to keep on operating or adjust certain functions of engine. This is significant in order to keep the temperature of engine at an ideal level of operation. Cooling fan is either shut off or turn on as the control system receive the temperature from CTS. Moreover, the need for richer fuel mixture or opening the re-circulation of exhaust gas is signaled by the CTS.

  
Don Perez anak Liap (50467
Don Perez anak Liap (50467
Tachometer (speed sensor)
A tachometer is a sensor device for measuring the rotation speed of an object such as the engine shaft in a car. This device indicates the revolutions per minute (RPM) performed by the object. The device comprises of a dial, a needle to indicate the current reading, and markings to indicate safe and dangerous levels.

Liew Tzek Khen (52302) - Heart rate monitor sensor
Liew Tzek Khen (52302) - Heart rate monitor sensor
This image shown the heart rate monitor sensor on my smart phone.  When we place and hold a finger on it,  the built-in  heart rate monitor will allows us to check our heart rate . Beside that, we also can check the stress level, blood pressure, blood glucose.
Arif Affandi Ngadimin (50406) 2018 Perodua Myvi's Advanced Safety Assist
Arif Affandi Ngadimin (50406) 2018 Perodua Myvi's Advanced Safety Assist 
ASA is a suite of active safety features that includes Pre-Collision Warning (PCW), Pre-Collision Braking (PCB), Front Departure Alert (FDA) and Pedal Misoperation Control (PMC). The ASA components are existing Daihatsu systems called (Smart Assist in JDM Daihatsus). They operate through a forward-facing stereo camera on top of the windscreen which detects car shapes.

Sources: 
https://paultan.org/2017/11/08/2018-perodua-myvi-advanced-safety-assist/
CHARLES PERUMAL (51421) Hydraulic Cylinder
CHARLES PERUMAL (51421) Hydraulic Cylinder
Hydraulic cylinder is a mechanical actuator that is used to give unidirectional force through a unidirectional stroke. It is mainly used in many application especially in construction equipment. Below image shows the example of the usage of hydraulic cylinder as an actuator in a excavator.
Hydraulic cylinders get their power from pressurized hydraulic fluid, which is typically oil. The hydraulic cylinder consists of a cylinder barrel, in which a piston connected to a piston rod moves back and forth. The barrel is closed on one end by the cylinder bottom (also called the cap) and the other end by the cylinder head (also called the gland) where the piston rod comes out of the cylinder. The piston has sliding rings and seals. The piston divides the inside of the cylinder into two chambers, the bottom chamber (cap end) and the piston rod side chamber (rod end / head end).

Sheldon Ijau anak Winston (50934)
Sheldon Ijau anak Winston (50934)
Fan:
The image shown is the fan in my house. The fan motor is the actuator and it is used to rotate the fan blades. The buttons on the fan are regulators which controls the voltage which goes to the motor to control its speed. The motor consists of permanent magnets, commutator and coil. When current flows through the commutator which then flows through the coil, the magnet causes the coil to rotate and the commutator periodically changes the current direction in the coil to complement the magnets so it rotates in the same direction.
Sherri Sheralina Jecklen (53794)
Sherri Sheralina Jecklen (53794)
Touch screen sensor:

A touch screen sensor is generally a clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface. The touch sensor/panel is placed over a display screen so that the responsive area of the panel covers the viewable area of the screen. The sensor normally has an electrical current or signal going through it and touching the screen causes a voltage or signal change. This voltage change is used to determine the location of the touch on the screen. Touch sensors are completely sealable which helps to create a device resistant to water spills and dusts to a larger extent. Touch sensors provide fast response which eliminates the delay caused by mechanical buttons in general devices.

Erica Lanja Anak Kapong (51697)
Erica Lanja Anak Kapong (51697)
Image Sensor: 
There are two types of image sensors used in CCTV camera: CCD (charge-coupled device) image sensors which generally provide better low light sensitivity and have been around for over 30 years, and are often found in older models of cameras. Another is CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) image sensors utilize newer technology to record better HD resolution and fast-moving activity, and are found in the majority of IP new cameras
An image sensor is the part of your IP camera that captures the light hitting the camera lens and turns it into electrical signals, which get recorded as the video you see when monitoring your system. As light passes through your camera lens, it hits the image sensor. The sensor is made up for many little photosites (each photosite becomes a pixel in the video resolution), and the amount of light on each individual photosite determines how much light will be in each pixel of your video. Together, the light/dark sections of each pixel make up one cohesive image in the final video. Every IP surveillance camera needs an image sensor to create a video. For high quality surveillance video, the newer CMOS image sensors help ensure your video stays clear even at high resolutions or when objects are moving.

Chrisanthea Fong Shau Wen (51506)
Chrisanthea Fong Shau Wen (51506)
Thermometer sensor:
Infrared radiation thermometer is often said to be radiance dependence on temperature in order to produce a value and to display the results. The infrared radiation light works like a typical visible light which can be focused, reflected and absorbed. It uses a lens to focus on the light from one object onto the detector which is known as thermopile. Thermopile absorbs infrared radiation and turn it into heat. When there is more infrared radiation energy, the thermopile turns hotter, and vice versa. The heat from thermopile is then turned into electricity for the detector to determine the temperature. Higher temperature generates more electricity, thus higher reading on the display.
Dustin Kirrin Anak Adrin (51643)
Dustin Kirrin Anak Adrin (51643)
Day/night sensor.The DNS25 Day/Night Sensor can automatically turn on or off lights at dusk and dawn. It is not only convenient but also practical; it can control the lighting loads by working only at night. Examples of use are street lights, office lights, warehouse and factory lights, garden lights, etc. For these purposes people mainly go for outdoor flood lights as due to their specifics (wide beam angle) this is the best choice for illuminating wide areas and large objects such as your home. There are many types of flood lights available with different features and sensors included. 

Flood lights with dusk-to-dawn settings basically work by sensing the amount of natural light and they turn on only when it has reached particular level of dimness. As the name of the flood light indicates, it works from dusk to dawn i.e. it will work only during the darkest hours of the day and will automatically switch themselves off in the morning. This option seems to be a lot more reasonable and energy efficient than having your flood lights on all the evening and morning. Some people also go for motion sensors but they can be a bit too annoying and react to the movements that you do not want or need to be detected e.g. cars and people passing by. If your main purpose of installing flood lights is to illuminate your home and yard during the night only, then out of the three given options (no sensor, motion sensor or dusk-to-dawn lighting), dusk-to-dawn outdoor flood lights simply seem to be the most reasonable of the choices. Nevertheless, some consumers claim that for them the combination of two sensors has worked out the best. For instance it is possible to combine dusk-to-dawn settings with passive infra-red detector that detects movement.


Abdul Haniff bin Sahari (51035)
Abdul Haniff bin Sahari (51035)
Door opener. In the picture shows that the door opener applying the linear actuator. The motion of the actuator is linear which means its only allow the actuator to move in one direction. Therefore when switch or sensor send the signal to open, the actuator will push out the link connected to the door.
Nur Hafizah bt Haratono (50783)
Nur Hafizah bt Haratono (50783)
Door sensors (sometimes known as photoelectric or infrared beam, electric safety door edges, door detector, electric proximity edges or electric doorman) is an elevator device that detects a passenger or an object on the doorway which prevents the doors from closing. It is usually installed for accessibility. If a person or an objects blocks the doorway ,the sensors detects the person or the objects. The door will reopen then stays open and will not closed until the person moves away or the object is removed from the doorway.
shawn felix ak stephen (53782)
shawn felix ak stephen (53782)
CAR REVERSE ULTRASONIC SENSOR
An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance to an object by using sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a specific frequency and listening for that sound wave to bounce back. By recording the elapsed time between the sound wave being generated and the sound wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance between the sonar sensor and the object.
Siti Nurfahani Binti Abdul Rauf (50964)
Siti Nurfahani Binti Abdul Rauf (50964)
Traffic Light Sensor 
 
Every traffic light signal has either a timer or sensor which helps it direct traffic flow. In large cities where vehicles cross road intersections across the clock, traffic is usually dictated by traffic lights that use timers. But in the suburbs and up county roads, traffic signal sensors (detectors) are usually preferred because they not only manage the inconsistent traffic flow effectively, but also detect when cars arrive at intersections, when several cars are stacked at an intersection and when cars have entered turn lanes.These sensors use different technologies, from induction loops, microwave radar, cameras, lasers to rubber hoses filled with air.


Siti Nurbaya Binti Abdul Rahman (53891)
Siti Nurbaya Binti Abdul Rahman (53891)
Fire Detector
This sensor will detect the carbon monoxide and measures the levels of CO release in the air. The alarm will ring to alert people. Since the CO is odorless, this can be a lifesaver.

Khairunnisa Zainudin [ 41680 ]
Khairunnisa Zainudin [ 41680 ]
Electromyography sensor (EMG) 
Measuring muscle activity by detecting its electric potential, referred to as electromyography (EMG), has traditionally been used for medical research. However, with the advent of ever shrinking yet more powerful microcontrollers and integrated circuits, EMG circuits and sensors have found their way into all kinds of control systems.

This sensor will measure the filtered and rectified electrical activity of a muscle; outputting 0-Vs Volts depending the amount of activity in the selected muscle, where Vs signifies the voltage of the power source.

Mohd Nor Arifin Bin Adam (45695)
Mohd Nor Arifin Bin Adam (45695) 
Temperature Sensor (Thermistor)
 Thermistor is a type of temperature sensor, whose name is a combination of the words THERM-ally sensitive res-ISTOR. A thermistor is a special type of resistor which changes its physical resistance when exposed to changes in temperature.
Thermistors are generally made from ceramic materials such as oxides of nickel, manganese or cobalt coated in glass which makes them easily damaged. Their main advantage over snap-action types is their speed of response to any changes in temperature, accuracy and repeatability.

Image of Thermistor 
Puteri Noorazimah Bt. Mohamed @ Mahmood (45980)
Puteri Noorazimah Bt. Mohamed @ Mahmood (45980)
Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV)
An automated guided vehicle (AGV) can be built with as little as two components: a magnetic guide sensor and a dual-channel motor controller. The AGV will follow a track made of an adhesive magnetic tape affixed on the floor. The magnetic sensor will measure how far from the center of the tape it is and provide the information to the motor controller, which will then adjust the steering so the vehicle remains at the center of the track.
Magnetic markers positioned on the left and right side of the track give the AGV location information that will be used to make stop and fork left/right decisions.
The sensor should be placed as shown in the diagrams for each chassis design. For the first two chassis types, the sensor must be placed near the front edge of the chassis. On long AGVs, this means that a little steering will cause a wide swing at the front and will make the steering control more difficult.
On the steerable drive wheel design, the sensor can be placed on the chassis. Or it may be made part of the wheel assembly and turn with it.
For best results, place the sensor at 30 mm above the floor and ensure that the height fluctuates within +/-10 mm at most as the AGV moves along the track.
Puteri Noorazimah Bt. Moh
 Puteri Noorazimah Bt. Mohamed @ Mahmood (45980)
Puteri Noorazimah Bt. Mohamed @ Mahmood (45980)
Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV)
An automated guided vehicle (AGV) can be built with as little as two components: a magnetic guide sensor and a dual-channel motor controller. The AGV will follow a track made of an adhesive magnetic tape affixed on the floor. The magnetic sensor will measure how far from the center of the tape it is and provide the information to the motor controller, which will then adjust the steering so the vehicle remains at the center of the track.
Magnetic markers positioned on the left and right side of the track give the AGV location information that will be used to make stop and fork left/right decisions.
The sensor should be placed as shown in the diagrams for each chassis design. For the first two chassis types, the sensor must be placed near the front edge of the chassis. On long AGVs, this means that a little steering will cause a wide swing at the front and will make the steering control more difficult.
On the steerable drive wheel design, the sensor can be placed on the chassis. Or it may be made part of the wheel assembly and turn with it.
For best results, place the sensor at 30 mm above the floor and ensure that the height fluctuates within +/-10 mm at most as the AGV moves along the track.
SYAMMIL MOHD ISHAK (50981)
SYAMMIL MOHD ISHAK (50981)
Infrared Tyre Temperature Sensor

Tyres are critical to lap time in Formula One. Taking temperature readings from the surface of a rotating tyre clearly requires a non-contact sensor. Black rubber tyres have high emissitivity, which is the amount of radiated heat they reflected. There is also an optical means of infrared temperature sensing, which was first used by McLaren. These types of temperature sensor use convection and radiation to monitor changes in temperature. They can be used to detect liquids and gases that emit radiant energy as heat rises and cold settles to the bottom in convection currents or detect radiant energy being transmitted from an object in the form of infrared radiation.
Chai Cheng Ying (51391
Chai Cheng Ying (51391
TV Remote Control
The main technology used in home remote controls is infrared (IR) light. The signal between a remote control handset and the device it controls consists of pulses of infrared light, which is invisible to the human eye, but can be seen through a digital camera, video camera or a phone camera. The transmitter in the remote control handset sends out a stream of pulses of infrared light when the user presses a button on the handset. A transmitter is often a light emitting diode (LED) which is built into the pointing end of the remote control handset. The infrared light pulses form a pattern unique to that button. The receiver in the device recognizes the pattern and causes the device to respond accordingly.
Elatta Bin Odita (50473)
Elatta Bin Odita (50473)
Engine sensors
A modern car’s Engine Management consists of a wide range of electronic and electrical components. It comprises of engine sensors, relays, and actuators. They work together to provide the car’s Engine Control Unit with vital data parameters essential to govern various engine functions effectively. Generally speaking, Engine sensors are electro-mechanical devices which monitor various engine parameters.


ABDUL AZIZ BIN ROSLI (45412)
ABDUL AZIZ BIN ROSLI (45412)
Thermometer
sensors are tools that detect specific biological, chemical, or physical processes and then transmit or report this data.

I choose digital thermometer as a chosen sensors because it's typically can be found around us. This sensors detect heat in the body to give exact reading of body temperature.
This device use thermoresistor or thermistor. This device changes its resistance with changes in temperature. A computer or other circuit measures the resistance and converts it to a temperature, either to display it or to make decisions about turning something on or off 
Fadzil J. (50669)
Fadzil J. (50669)              
My Samsung Tab 8 "Directional Sensor"

Sensor is a device to sense (and displays or indicates the sensed matter) and there are various types of them have been invented for the sake of human convenience. 

In my case , I have chosen my Samsung Tab 8 to present an example of sensor that is "around me". This Tab 8 is equipped with several remarkable features (not that I have intention of promoting the product...but realistically speaking..) such as accelerometer, gyro or gyroscope, and smartphone compass (or might also be known as magnetic field sensor).

These 3 components work together for the tablet's "directional sensor". The mechanism is simple.

When I use a compass app in my Tab 8, the tablet somehow knows the direction of me pointing the tablet. The presence of accelerometer allows the tablet to identify the orientation made up of axis-based motion sensing. On the other hand, the gyroscope is used to help along the accelerometer senses motion from six axes i.e. right, left, up, down, forward and backward. It also detects the roll, pitch and yaw motions. Yaw, Roll and Pitch are the angular moments seen from three axes which are X, Y and Z and therefore contributing great helps in navigation purpose and detecting the gesture recognition systems used in the tablet 8. Lastly, the magnetic field sensor, in this case, helps in reducing the error caused by nearby magnetic fields as to enhance the accuracy of "compass direction : North and South" sensing. To even more enhance the quality of the sensor, the directions measured by accelerometer and gyro usually connected with Global Positioning System (GPS), which, however, requires internet connection.

Per the use in its application, this directional sensor allows muslim user to obtain Qiblah direction for prayer purposes.
 
Attached is the image of my Samsung Tablet 8 , illustrated gyroscope and accelerometer components in conventional smartphones.
Ivan Ho Chia Haw (54637)
Ivan Ho Chia Haw (54637)
Speed Sensor
It is a type of small object that mostly used in nowadays vehicles which to detect the speed of a car. Speed sensors are usually installed on four sides located at the car wheels. It is very important element because it relates to the safety of a car. It will monitor every of the speed of each wheels and send an output to the ABS if one or two wheels are turning faster than the others, which in turn provides the braking control to maintain a safe vehicle deceleration. Nowadays vehicles were usually installed with this element to ensure that the drivers are always safe while daily driving. For European cars such as Volkswagen and Audi are always common to have this element installed on their vehicles. When ABS checklight indicator appear on the dashboard speedometer, most possibilities is that there might be problem with the speed sensor which may need to replace with a new one. This advance technology is convenient that allows drivers to know that they are in safe condition when driving.

Brian Egan (54521) Door position sensing in refrigerator
Brian Egan  (54521)  Door position sensing in refrigerator

Refrigerators equipped with a noncontact-type sensing technologies such as reed switches/sensors and Hall effect sensors to detect the door position. A reed sensor is mounted to the frame of the appliance and a permanent magnet actuator is mounted to the door. Each reed switch or Hall effect sensor and magnet actuator is positioned in such a way that the reed switch or Hall effect sensor is activated when the door is closed, and the light will turn off.


KAMARUL AZIZI BIN WAHAP (50562)
KAMARUL AZIZI BIN WAHAP (50562)
Door Sensor
(Contact Sensor)
Have you ever opened a door and notice this little thing on top of it? 
This is actually one of the common home security system, a door sensor. It works on a simple principle called "reed switch". Basically, it is used to determine when a protected area has been breached. 

A reed switch consists of a set of electrical connectors placed slightly apart. When a magnetic field is placed parallel to the electrical connectors, it pulls them together, closing the circuit.
To simplify, if someone opens an armed door, the magnet is pulled away from the switch, which breaks the circuit and triggers an event. Depending on your setup, this could be a chime alert or full-blown alarm.
Hawa anak Ringkai (50534)
Hawa anak Ringkai (50534)
- DIGITAL THERMOMETER -

Digital thermometer is slowly replacing the conventional mercury thermometer due to the ease of taking reading. It is mercury free and provides quick and highly accurate results over the body temperature range. Besides that, it is equipped with beep alarm and memory function and can record a wide range of temperature. It works on the principle that changes in temperature cause the resistance of a sensor to change allowing a computer to convert the difference to a digital read-out. The sensor is a thermoresistor, commonly called a thermistor. Thermistor elements are the most sensitive temperature sensors available. A thermistor is a semiconductor device with an electrical resistance that is proportional to temperature. There are two types of products: Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) and Positive temperature coefficient (PTC). Advantages include their small size and high degree of stability. NTCs are also long lasting and very accurate.  Disadvantages include their non-linearity, and unsuitability for use in extreme temperatures.

JOHNNY AK EMBAN (52056)
JOHNNY AK EMBAN (52056)
Capacitive sensor in laptop touch pad.

Have you been wondering how your laptop touch pad work? Well, your touch pad actually using either conductive or capacitive sensor but the most common sensor that being used is capacitive sensor. Capacitive sensors detect anything which is conductive or has dielectric properties. Since our body has the conductive properties, hence it works.  The capacitive sensitive touch pad has two parts; ground and sensor. When the finger is brought close to the touch pad, then capacitance of the system increases. From the position of capacitors which are charging and discharging at any point of time, the coordinates of point of touch is determined.
DOMINIC LASOO ANAK SEBASTIAN (51634)
DOMINIC LASOO ANAK SEBASTIAN (51634)
Radio-frequency identification (RFID)

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically-stored information. Passive tags collect energy from a nearby RFID reader's interrogating radio waves. Active tags have a local power source (such as a battery) and may operate hundreds of meters from the RFID reader. Unlike a barcode, the tag need not be within the line of sight of the reader, so it may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method for Automatic Identification and data capture (AIDC).

RFID tags are used in many industries, for example, an RFID tag attached to an automobile during production can be used to track its progress through the assembly line; RFID-tagged pharmaceuticals can be tracked through warehouses; and implanting RFID chips in livestock and pets allows for positive identification of animals.

The RFID tag can be affixed to an object and used to track and manage inventory, assets, people, etc. For example, it can be affixed to cars, computer equipment, books, mobile phones, etc.

RFID offers advantages over manual systems or use of bar codes. The tag can be read if passed near a reader, even if it is covered by the object or not visible. The tag can be read inside a case, carton, box or other container, and unlike barcodes, RFID tags can be read hundreds at a time. Bar codes can only be read one at a time using current devices.

MOHAMAD HISYAM BIN SUFFIAN - 45661
MOHAMAD HISYAM BIN SUFFIAN - 45661
(piezoelectric sensor)

A piezoelectric effect is detected by a sensor and from this measurements can be made on changes in pressure, acceleration, and force that are displayed in the form of an electrical charge. Piezoelectric crystals such as barium titanate and ceramic material such as lead zirconate titanate are considered smart materials for the purpose of generating a piezoelectric effect and are built in piezoelectric sensor technology. There are two types of pressure sensors (mechanical and electrical) that are typically used to measure the piezoelectric effect. Mechanical sensors are made of a sensing element known as a diaphragm, a rod, a three-terminal resistor that acts as a voltage divider, and a direct current voltage source. During the application of pressure, the diaphragm component to the piezoelectric sensor displaces the connecting rod which activates the potentiometer component to the sensor that generates an output voltage.
The second type of pressure sensor works by a slightly different principle. The diaphragm to this type of piezoelectric sensor is made up of polymer polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and works as a sensing and transducing element. Upon application of pressure to the diaphragm, instead of using a potentiometer, the pressure is directly converted into a voltage
NURUL FATINI BINTI FATHI (534599)
NURUL FATINI BINTI FATHI (534599)
RIP SENSOR (Pyroelectric sensor)
This type of sensor detect level of infrared radiation. Every object or moving object that has a temperature above absolute zero can emit heat energy in form of radiation that are invisible to the human eyes, but can easily detected by this special purpose electronic device such as PIR motion detector.  Whenever object is detected in the field of view of the sensor, then positive differential change will be produced between two halves with the interception of the first half of the PIR sensor, seen from the PIR is originally split into halves.  Same goes to when the object is leaving the field view of the sensor, but negative differential change will be produced. It is also known as the Passive Infrared sensor because it does not emit any energy or radiation for detecting the radiation. 
Sif Fowel Tami (50936)
Sif Fowel Tami (50936)
Torque Sensor
A Torque Sensor is a transducer that converts a torsional mechanical input into an electrical output signal. The picture below shows the Rotating dual Shaft Torque sensors, RST series. It is a low range rotating torque sensors that are available in eleven full scale ranges of 10 through 30K inch pounds. The sensing element incorporates bonded foiled strain gages of highest quality along the coined silver slip ring and silver brushes for data transmission.
MARK PHILLAY ANAK PHILIP (50587
MARK PHILLAY ANAK PHILIP (50587
electric linear actuator
Electric Linear Actuators are electrically powered, mechanical devices consisting of motors, linear guides, and drive mechanisms, which are used to convert electrical energy into linear displacement through mechanical transmission, electro-magnetism, or thermal expansion to provide straight line push/pull motion. Key specifications include the intended application, drive type, motor type, the mounting configuration, as well as other physical dimensions and electrical characteristics. Electric linear actuators are used primarily in automation applications when a machine component, tool, etc. requires a controlled movement to a particular position. They are used in a wide range of industries where linear positioning is needed. The actuators are driven by several means including ball or lead screws, belts, or voice coils, among others. Typical applications include opening and closing dampers, locking doors, braking machine motions, etc.
Nazmus Shakib (54389
Nazmus Shakib (54389
Ultrasonic Level sensor 
Ultrasonic waves are used to measure level of liquids and solid objects in industries. Ultrasonic level measurement is contact less principle and most suitable for level measurements of hot, corrosive and boiling liquids. The normal frequency range used for ultrasonic level measurements is within a range of 40-200 KHz. Ultrasonic waves detect an object in the same way as Radar does it. Ultrasonic uses the sound waves, and Radar uses radio waves. When ultrasonic pulse signal is targeted towards an object, it is reflected by the object and echo returns to the sender. The time traveled by the ultrasonic pulse is calculated, and the distance of the object is found. Bats use well known method to measure the distance while travelling. Ultrasonic level measurement principle is also used to find out fish positions in ocean, locate submarines below water level, also the position of a scuba diver in sea.

Patrick Renaldo Richard (50889)
Patrick Renaldo Richard (50889)
Phone Gyroscope sensor
It is a sensor that tells the orientation information of the phone. Due to this sensor, Android's Photo Sphere camera feature can tell how much a phone has been rotated also used by Google's Sky Map for telling what constellation the phone is pointing at.

Ng Sze Lam (52836)
Ng Sze Lam (52836)
Facial Detection Sensor / Face ID in i Phone X
Face ID uses a combination of light projectors and sensors to take several images of facial features.
To set up Face ID, move the head in a circular motion so that the camera able to take multiple shots of face for a 3D map. It uses Infrared light to clarify the face while capturing images, to work day or night, outdoor or indoor. Therefore, infrared illumination helps in enabling the face recognition to work in non-favorable condition.

Desmond Ngeraman Anak Stephen Lee (51611)
Desmond Ngeraman Anak Stephen Lee (51611)
Linear Actuator
This is the image of the actuator in my printer. It is a type of linear actuator which is stepper motor-driven linear actuator. Digital printers make use of linear actuator in printing automation processes. The linear actuator will move the ink cartridge in horizontal linear motion while it sprays ink to produced desired image on the paper.

Azieana binti Pendita (50426)
Azieana binti Pendita (50426)
Drone Distance Sensors
Distance measurement sensors provide an accurate distance reading to the closest object on their way. They are basically lightweight and handy to be used especially by drones. Distance measurement sensors can be divided into multiple categories that include acoustic (SoNAR), laser, radio (RaDAR), infrared, time of flight cameras and mono/stereo cameras. However, it is RaDAR that has been used widely for drones. Radio Detection And Ranging (RaDAR) has a transmitter that emits a particular signal and a receiver antenna detects its Eco. The object's speed and direction can be estimated by the Doppler effect. It applies the same as the Doppler concept of a moving car. While the car approaches, the sound waves get compressed, so their wavelength reduces and the pitch increases. 
Charmaine Joanna ak Stephen Cornet (50442)
Charmaine Joanna ak Stephen Cornet (50442)
Passive Infrared Sensors (PIR)
This sensors are mostly used for security applications and motion detection. PIR sensors is a pyroelectric sensor, and these sensor are divided into 2 halves such that whenever it detects moving object that emits infrared radiation, the sensor would sense it.The function of these halves depends on the infrared radiation as in if it detects any less or more infrared radiation, the PIR sensor would sense the movement. If it detects the same infrared radiation, the halves will cancel each other and the sensor would not sense the motion. The only drawback of this sensor is that it cannot detect any stationary or slow moving objects.
Raja Nurul Amira Bt Raja Jamam (50905)
Raja Nurul Amira Bt Raja Jamam (50905)
Parking sensor
Parking sensors are labelled by various vehicle manufacturers under many different brand names, such as Park Distance Control, Park Assist, Parktronic, or EPS, but they only come in two varieties: ultrasonic and electromagnetic.

Some parking sensors can detect moving objects as well, but they will react in much the same fashion regardless. In the case of an ultrasonic system, once a sensor receives a signal or wave that the computer determines is close, all sensors on the rear of the vehicle will then send a signal or wave simultaneously. Depending on which sensor receives the returned wave, the computer can determine if the object is moving or not. However, the system will still sound the alarm the entire time the object is within the sensory area.

Electromagnetic sensors will also register a moving obstruction in the same manner as a non-moving one if it's close enough. These sensors actually only react to objects approaching the bumper, so fixed accessories like tow bars don't perpetually set off the alarm, so a moving object, like a person, will set off the alarm until it leaves the field if it is in close enough proximity.

Comments


Luke Teo Ngim Yeu ( 54711)
Luke Teo Ngim Yeu ( 54711) 
VVT Actuator and VVT oil control valve and sensor. 
VVT stand for variable valve timing. These both sensor can found new modem car especially very common for Japanese car maker such as Toyota and Mitsubishi. VVT actuator and VVT oil control valve and sensor are use to retard or advance the intake valve timing and exhaust valve for optimal performance and fuel efficiency. However, in order for VVT actuator to work in correct timing, all have to control by car on-board ECU program and sensor around engine, transmission and the power demand from driver foot ( accelerator ). This create different cam profile to suit the driving situation. VVT oil control valve and sensor are act as both feedback and pre controller for both VVT actuator and ECU. 
Siti Nuraisyah Afiqah binti Ahmat (50962)
Siti Nuraisyah Afiqah binti Ahmat (50962)
Oxygen sensor
It is installed in the car engine. The sensor is part of the emissions control system and feeds data to the­ engine management computer. It helps the engine run as efficiently as possible and also to produce as few emissions as possible. Oxygen sensor is positioned in the exhaust pipe and can detect rich and lean mixtures. The mechanism in most sensors involves a chemical reaction that generates a voltage. The engine's computer looks at the voltage to determine if the mixture is rich or lean and adjusts the amount of fuel entering the engine accordingly.

Mamunur Rashid 54436
Mamunur Rashid 54436
Automatic door activators are designed for the actuation of automatic swing, sliding, folding and curved sliding doors. They use active infrared light sensors that register people and objects, resulting in a detection zone that is accurately adjustable. Apart from human beings and animals, objects such as shopping trolleys and hospital beds trigger an opening signal, provided they are located within the detection zone. Automatic door activators are used to engage automatic door actuators and pneumatic door openers. There are many varieties that provide various functionalities. We have the approach sensor, such as a radar sensor (the door opens when a user approaches it), the push button mechanism and the pressure mat (the door opens when a user stands on the mat). There is also the access control activator – the door opens when a user activates a code reader or a swipe reader with a fob or remote-control button. The user is authorized to go through the door and after a pre-determined time the door closes and locks. An automatic door operator reopens the door if it closes into an obstacle (auto-reverse) on most modern automatic door operators. However, most automatic doors have sensors installed on them to prevent the door from ever meeting pedestrians using the door.

MARCUS ANAK BANGGAN (52419)
MARCUS ANAK BANGGAN (52419)
Stretch Sensor
Stretch sensors are a type of sensor designed to measure soft structures, including soft robots and the human body. It has ability to measure either stretch, bend, shear, or pressure. These stretch sensors are essentially flexible capacitors. When the sensor deforms (due to stretching or squeezing) its capacitance value changes. The sensor sends data about its capacitance to a Bluetooth enabled device, and the StretchSense App translates the data to give a user highly precise information about what the sensor is detecting. StretchSense sensors can be made in various sizes, elasticities, and sensitivities depending on desired application.

The inside of the stretch sensor consists of a stretchable signal electrode sandwiched between two ground electrodes which are separated by silicone dielectric insulators. Since the sensor is essentially a flexible parallel plate capacitor, the two dimensions that change when the sensor is stretched are thickness and area of the conductive layers. Stretching the sensor increases area and decreases thickness which both contribute to an increase in capacitance. Since capacitors resist a change in voltage, the capacitance can be indirectly measured through an applied voltage. By applying a voltage to the sensor and comparing the actual voltage output to what would be expected without a capacitor, the capacitance of the sensor can be determined. StretchSense offers two versions of stretch sensor: A silicone based sensor and a fabric based sensor. 

📎 Photo
Capacitive fingerprint sensor
Capacitive fingerprint sensor
Mohd alinafiah (50131)
Capacitive fingerprint scanners use arrays tiny capacitor circuits to collect data about a fingerprint. As capacitors can store electrical charge, connecting them up to conductive plates on the surface of the scanner allows them to be used to track the details of a fingerprint. The charge stored in the capacitor will be changed slightly when a finger’s ridge is placed over the conductive plates, while an air gap will leave the charge at the capacitor relatively unchanged. 

Beatrice Ubung Uyo 51330
Beatrice Ubung Uyo 51330
One of the applications of sensors are in the escalator system. Escalator is a type of vertical transportation in the form of a moving staircase which carries people between floors of a building. Escalator consists of a motor driven chain of individually linked steps on a track which cycle on a pair of tracks that keeps them horizontal. Nowadays, a few improvement has been made including implementing the passive infrared (PIR) motion sensor. The sensor will collect the infrared energy emitted by the body heat of a people. The PIR detectors are programmed to trigger only when it detects sharp increase in infrared energy. When sensor detects an increase in infrared energy, it will enable the escalator to rapidly accelerate from the standby state to the rated speed
AHMAD FARIDZUL BIN JAPAR (51073)
AHMAD FARIDZUL BIN JAPAR (51073)
Float Level Sensor measures liquid level by transmitting to a mechanism the rise and fall of a float that rides on the surface of the liquid. It used primarily in open tanks whereas float level switches may be designed to operate in a pressurized tank.
Muhammad Faez Bin Hamzah (50670
Muhammad Faez Bin Hamzah (50670
Optical Laser Sensor mice are the common devices that we encounter everyday.  An optical-based mouse utilizes an LED light source and a laser mouse uses a laser beam. The CMOS sensor installed in the mice will take the photo and detect movement.  Higher DPI is always better. Due to the optical or laser, the surface need to be opaque and non-translucent. The one marketed as optical models rely on an infrared or red LED that projects light onto a surface. This LED is typically mounted behind an angled lens, which focuses the illumination into a beam. That beam is bounced off the surface, through the “imaging” lens that magnifies the reflected light, and into the CMOS sensor. The sensor will process the data and command the movement of the cursor. 
 

 
Muhd Affifuddin Bin Abdullah (50699)
Muhd Affifuddin Bin Abdullah (50699)
A heat detector is a fire alarm device designed to respond when the converted thermal energy of a fire increases the temperature of a heat sensitive element. The thermal mass and conductivity of the element regulate the rate flow of heat into the element. Heat detectors are intended to minimize property damage by reacting to the change in temperature caused by a fire.
Burrghman Embam anak Enggong (50435)
Burrghman Embam anak Enggong (50435)
This is a door locking mechanism and it is a type of electric linear actuators. They are electrically powered, mechanical devices which is made up of motors,  linear guides and mechanisms. Those parts are used to convert electrical energy into linear displacement by undergoing mechanical transmission, electro-mechanism, or thermal expansion to provide straight line push/pull motion. The actuators are driven
by several ways that include ball or lead screws, belts, voice coils and etc.   
Qhalief Bin Sapawi (53613)
Qhalief Bin Sapawi (53613)
Optical LED Sensor and Laser Sensor On Gaming Mouse 
Mostly nowadays mouse especially gaming mouse using Optical Laser Sensor and Laser Sensor and remove the old ball tracker. For Optical Laser Sensor, offer constant stream to tracking to detect motion relative to surface image. There are precise benefits to all this, because there isn’t any calibration done when you lift up the mouse, keeping consistent feel to movement in the gaming. But, optical sensors are more reliant on the surface because of the LED is used for tracking. On the other hand, Laser Sensor designed for accuracy. Laser gaming sensors can track and precisely report mouse movements on specifically all types of surfaces. Laser sensors allow higher DPI settings that translates into more precise tracking. Basically professional gamers are able to take advantages from such extreme sensitivities, in that usual times they often need to move little to aim the enemy from afar.

Ling Tiew Cheon 52349
Ling Tiew Cheon 52349
(Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) CMOS Sensor on Mice
The CMOS sensor sends each image to a digital signal processor (DSP) for analysis. The DSP, operating at 18 MIPS (million instructions per second), is able to detect patterns in the images and see how those patterns have moved since the previous image. Based on the change in patterns over a sequence of images, the DSP determines how far the mouse has moved and sends the corresponding coordinates to the computer. The computer moves the cursor on the screen based on the coordinates received from the mouse. This happens hundreds of times each second, making the cursor appear to move very smoothly. This sensor allows mice to be used on any surface.
Kethiswary A/P Paramesvaran (52118)
Kethiswary A/P Paramesvaran (52118)
Automatic Doors
Some automatic doors operate on optic or motion sensors. These sensors might be mounted above a set of automatic doors or built on the top or the sides of the frames of the automatic doors. When these optic or motion sensors sense motion nearby, they trigger the automatic doors to open and then close.

ANATHASIA RABIAH ANAK STEWARD (50393)
ANATHASIA RABIAH ANAK STEWARD (50393)
Hand Dryer (Passive infrared sensor)

Hand dryers are electric machines found in public bathroom. They may either operate with the push of a button or automatically using a sensor which called passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor). PIR sensors used to sense motion and to detect whether a human has moved in or out of the sensors range. They are small, inexpensive, low-power, easy to use and don't wear out. PIR sensors are basically made of a pyroelectric sensor, which can detect levels of infrared radiation. The device detects motion and automatically turns on when hands are placed for drying. It is automatically turns off when hands are moved away from the dryer. Hand dryers consist of a heating element that is turned on when an infrared motion sensor is triggered. Air is blown over the heating element which makes the air warm. The air is blown out of a tube that points downward and focuses the air onto the hands. 


SITTI AISHAH BINTI NAJAMUDIN (50968
SITTI AISHAH BINTI NAJAMUDIN (50968
WHEEL SPEED SENSOR

A wheel speed sensor (WSS) is a device designed to read the speed of a vehicle's wheel rotation. The system also monitors the proper functioning of a range of features, including brake performance, ensuring vehicle safety.
NUR ATIKAH BINTI ABDUL RAZAK (53113)
NUR ATIKAH BINTI ABDUL RAZAK (53113)
Angular position sensor 

An angular position sensor (also referred to as a rotary sensor) measures the relation by which any position with respect to any other position is established. It calculates the orientation of an object with respect to a specified reference position as expressed by the amount of rotation necessary to change from one orientation to the other about a specified axis. There are many different kinds of angular position sensors. The most common types categorized by supply voltage, output type, sensing range, operating temperature range, packaging type and supply current. The most common values for supply voltage are 4.5 to 5.5 V. Also carry angular position sensors with supply voltage up to 36 V. Supply current can have a range between 100 µA and 13.5 A, with the most common chips having a supply current of 13.5 mA. Angular position sensors can be found in wide array of automotive and industrial applications including:

·  Steering Wheel Position sensing
·  Pedal Position sensing
·  Motor-shaft Position sensing
·  Throttle Position sensing

NUR AZREEN AMIRA BINTI ASIB (50764)
NUR AZREEN AMIRA BINTI ASIB (50764)
- LCD Projector -
Projectors using a liquid crystal display image engine are common in the workplace. They are, in essence, the same thing as a flat panel TV, just much smaller. They can be used to make presentations to clients, customers or employees. Most LCD projectors use three small transparent LCD panels -- one for red, one for green and one for blue -- sandwiched together with a bright light that shines through them. The nature of LCD technology gives it some significant benefits over other projector technologies like Digital Light Processing.
DAYANG RAMIZAH BT AWANG MORNI (50463)
DAYANG RAMIZAH BT AWANG MORNI (50463)
Barcode Scanner [Light Sensor]

Barcode scanner is an electronic device that can read and output printed barcodes into the computer.  It consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor translating optical impulses into electrical ones. Additionally, nearly all barcode readers contain decoder circuitry analyzing the barcode's image data provided by the sensor and sending the barcode's content to the scanner's output port. Specifically, the sensor in the barcode scanner detects the reflected light from the illumination system (the red light) and generates an analog signal that is sent to the decoder. The decoder interprets that signal, validates the barcode using the check digit, and coverts it into text. This converted text is delivered by the scanner to a computer software system holding a database of the maker, cost, and quantity of all products sold.


FENNYLIA URAISIRAN ANAK PHILLIP (50513)
FENNYLIA URAISIRAN ANAK PHILLIP (50513)
Microphone -  Acoustic Sound sensor

Microphones are acoustic sensors that converts sound waves or signal into electrical signal. Most of microphones light modulation, piezoelectric effect, capacitance change and electromagnetic induction to convert vibrations to electrical signal. Comparing pressure sensors and microphones, both have the same basic structure - consists of diaphragm and transducer. The deflection on the diaphragm caused by sound waves lead to vibrations and will be converted into electrical signal (audible sound). Two types of commonly used microphones are dynamic and condenser microphones. The working principle for dynamic microphones are based on electromagnetic induction. Sound waves trigger the diaphragm and coil attached to it while a magnet in the microphone produce magnetic field around the coil enabling current to flow. Thus, sound produced by dynamic microphones are in reversed direction only. This type of microphone are suitable for general purpose use and the design is simple. Meanwhile, condenser microphone are based on electrostatic field. It has a capacitor - two plates with voltage. One of the plate act as diaphragm and vibrate when being hit by sound waves.The vibration changes the distance between the plates and also changing the capacitance - electrical current is generated.

AUGUSTINE NANANG (51282)
AUGUSTINE NANANG (51282)
Force Torque sensor

Most robotic applications require a multi-axis or 6-axis FT sensor to give feedback to the robot about the tool itself which can be controlled along 6 axes (3 translations + 3 rotations). A 6-axis FT sensor means that the sensor can measure both the force and torque along the 3-axis (x-y-z). These are usually defined by the components of Fx-Fy-Fz and Tx-Ty-Tz. To measure the effort in all six axes, the force-torque sensor usually combines information from a minimum of 6 unitary measuring elements such as strain gauges. Using the geometry of these elements and the physical properties of the material on which they are installed, we can compute the force and torque along the axes which are meaningful to the robot control loop. When installed on the robot flange, the integrator needs to set the parameters for the relative position and orientation of the sensor with respect to the robot tool.
As you can see in the picture, the sensor is between the robot wrist and the tool. This position allows the sensor to feel the force and torque applied on the tool. 


CHIKIA EDWIN (51464)
CHIKIA EDWIN (51464)
AIRCRAFT DOOR ACTUATION:
The A380 has numerous passenger doors that are quite heavy and would therefore require a large cabin crew to operate.  As a result, the A380 passenger aircraft doors were among the first to be operated automatically. Three actuators are involved: “Lift” to lift the door out of cabin-pressure security positon, “Swivel”  to allow door to open even in the event of a crash whereby the aircraft is lying on  its side, and “Lock”. These actuators are fully autonomous and the mechanics,  electric motors, controllers, and power supply needed to operate them are  integrated into the door. This ensures doors can still be operated even in the event of power shortage.
51655 EDWIN ANAK BRAIN
51655 EDWIN ANAK BRAIN
The sensor sends information, in the form of electronic signals back to the controller.  Sensors also give the robot controller information about its surroundings and lets it know the exact position of the arm, or the state of the world around it. 
 5 senses are the kinds of information we get from our world.  Robots can be designed and programmed to get specific information that is beyond what our 5 senses can tell us. For example, a robot sensor might "see" in the dark, that we cannot do but robot might detect tiny amounts of invisible radiation or measure movement that is too small or fast for the human eye to see.
Sensors can be made simple and complex, depending on how much information needs to be stored.
For example light sensors. It can measure:
1)light intensity (how light/dark it is)
2)differential intensity (difference between photocells)
3)break-beam (change/drop in intensity)
Light sensors can be shielded and focused in different ways

Amabelle Mae binti Aldrin (51160)
Amabelle Mae binti Aldrin (51160)
Magnetic Sensor
Magnetic sensor is mainly used to give an accurate positioning details which cannot even achieved with GPS. Some of the application of these sensors are they can provide navigation in urban areas and indoor areas. They also can deliver point of product advertising. For example, there are magnetic sensors in our smartphones and tablets.
Kelvin Louise Awi (52111)
Kelvin Louise Awi (52111)
SMOKE SENSOR
A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control as part of a fire alarm system, while household smoke detectors, also known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector itself.
All smoke detectors consist of two basic parts: a sensor to sense the smoke and a very loud electronic horn to wake people up. Smoke detectors can run off of a 9-volt battery or 120-volt house current.

Yong Leong Ming 54283
Yong Leong Ming 54283
An Ls-Model is a device that can fly to the sky while receive the infrared signal. The actuator of the model is small and light. It can control the direction either to left or right when remote it by the controller. The sensor will receive the infrared from the controller and move the actuator and make it rotate and finally rise.
Nur Sofiani Binti Mohd Yusof (53277
Nur Sofiani Binti Mohd Yusof (53277
An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance to an object by using sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a specific frequency and listening for that sound wave to bounce back. By recording the elapsed time between the sound wave being generated and the sound wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance between the sonar sensor and the object.
 
LESLIE TANJONG ANAK LAGONG (52280) - Metal Sensor Detector
LESLIE TANJONG ANAK LAGONG (52280) - Metal Sensor Detector
A metal sensor detector is an electronic instrument which detects the presence of metal nearby. Metal sensor detectors are useful for finding metal inclusions hidden within objects, or metal objects buried underground. They often consist of a handheld unit with a sensor probe which can be swept over the ground or other objects. If the sensor comes near a piece of metal this is indicated by a changing tone in earphones, or a needle moving on an indicator. Usually the device gives some indication of distance where the closer the metal is, the higher the tone in the earphone or the higher the needle goes. Another common type are stationary “walk through" metal sensor detectors used for security screening at access points in prisons, courthouses, and airports to detect concealed metal weapons on a person's body. The simplest form of a metal sensor detector consists of an oscillator producing an alternating current that passes through a coil producing an alternating magnetic field. If a piece of electrically conductive metal is close to the coil, Eddy currents will be induced in the metal, and this produces a magnetic field of its own. If another coil is used to measure the magnetic field which is acting as a magnetometer, the change in the magnetic field due to the metallic object can be detected. Uses include detecting land mines, the detection of weapons such as knives and guns especially in airport security, geophysical prospecting, archaeology and treasure hunting. Metal sensor detectors are also used to detect foreign bodies in food, and in the construction industry to detect steel reinforcing bars in concrete and pipes and wires buried in walls and floors.

LEONARD RAYMOND (50574) - Aircraft flap actuator
LEONARD RAYMOND (50574) - Aircraft flap actuator
Linear  hydraulic actuator are used as the flap actuator of the aircraft and it is located on each wing. They are used to maintain efficient flight at low air speeds. A flap actuator is mounted in the aircraft wing with a screw that rotates. When the screw turns, it activates the flap which move it up and down accordingly. 

Maureen Anak Tambi (52451)
Maureen Anak Tambi (52451)
Speed Sensors
Speed sensor used for detecting speed of an object or vehicle. There are different type of speed sensors to detect speed such as Wheel speed sensor, speedometers, LIDAR, ground speed radar pitot tube and so on. PIC microcontroller based project for speed synchronization of multiple motors in industries using wireless technology is a typical application of the speed sensor.  KMI 17/4 is an example for wheel speed sensor. It measures the rotational speed or the wheel speed. It plays vital role in providing best performance for ABS system. It is easy application and low cost system. It is integrated with magnet and is suitable for ferromagnetic gear wheel application. 

Valentine Entukan Anak Langka (54143).
Valentine Entukan Anak Langka (54143).
Traffic Light Sensors 
Every traffic light signal has either a timer or sensor which helps it direct traffic flow. 
In the suburbs and up county roads, traffic signal sensors (detectors) are usually preferred because they not only manage the inconsistent traffic flow effectively, but also detect when cars arrive at intersections, when several cars are stacked at an intersection and when cars have entered turn lanes. 
These sensors use different technologies, from induction loops, microwave radar, cameras, lasers to rubber hoses filled with air. 
Muhamad Hakim bin Hamdan(52638)
Muhamad Hakim bin Hamdan(52638)
Flame Detector
Sensor designed to detect and respond to the presence of a flame/fire, allowing flame detection. Responses to a detected flame depend on the installation, but can include sounding an alarm, deactivating a fuel line (such as a propane or a natural gas line), and activating a fire suppression system.  A flame detector can often respond faster and more accurately than a smoke or heat detector due to the mechanisms(optical flame detector such as UV detector,infrared,IR flame detection and more) it uses to detect the flame. 
Hafiq Azfahsyaz bin Hashim (50525)
Hafiq Azfahsyaz bin Hashim (50525)
Proximity sensor
Mobile phone use IR-based proximity sensor to detect the presence of a human ear. This sensing is done to reduce display power consumption by turning off the LCD backlight and to disable the touch screen to avoid inadvertent touches by the cheek.
Melvin Luat anak Augustine Lubon (52467)
Melvin Luat anak Augustine Lubon (52467)
Radio Wave Sensor Anti-theft System
As we walk through the doorway without paying for something, the radio waves from the transmitter (hidden in on one of the door gates) are picked up by the coiled metal antenna in the label. This generates a tiny electrical current that makes the label transmit a new radio signal of its own at a very specific frequency. The receiver (hidden in the other door gate) picks up the radio signal that the tag transmits and sounds the alarm. Special tags and labels are fixed to merchandise or books. These tags or labels are removed or "deactivated" by the clerks when the item is properly bought or checked out. Hence, the alarm would not be sound as the tag been removed.

Eng Leong Ching (50479) Automatic Plant Irrigation System Circuit
Eng Leong Ching (50479) Automatic Plant Irrigation System Circuit  
This automatic irrigation system senses the moisture content of the soil and automatically switches the pump when the power is on. A proper usage of irrigation system is very important because the main reason is the shortage of land reserved water due to lack of rain, unplanned use of water as a result large amounts of water goes waste. For this reason, we use this automatic plant watering system, and this system is very useful in all climatic conditions.
Maxvin Anak Usup (50591) - Coolant temperature sensor
Maxvin Anak Usup (50591) - Coolant temperature sensor
The coolant temperature sensor (CTS) on most vehicle can be found near the engine thermostat. Thermostat and/or coolant given off certain temperature and it is being measured by the sensor. The on-board control system then received the temperature. This temperature information is used by vehicle's computer either to keep on operating or adjust certain functions of engine. This is significant in order to keep the temperature of engine at an ideal level of operation. Cooling fan is either shut off or turn on as the control system receive the temperature from CTS. Moreover, the need for richer fuel mixture or opening the re-circulation of exhaust gas is signaled by the CTS.

  
Don Perez anak Liap (50467
Don Perez anak Liap (50467
Tachometer (speed sensor)
A tachometer is a sensor device for measuring the rotation speed of an object such as the engine shaft in a car. This device indicates the revolutions per minute (RPM) performed by the object. The device comprises of a dial, a needle to indicate the current reading, and markings to indicate safe and dangerous levels.

Liew Tzek Khen (52302) - Heart rate monitor sensor
Liew Tzek Khen (52302) - Heart rate monitor sensor
This image shown the heart rate monitor sensor on my smart phone.  When we place and hold a finger on it,  the built-in  heart rate monitor will allows us to check our heart rate . Beside that, we also can check the stress level, blood pressure, blood glucose.
Arif Affandi Ngadimin (50406) 2018 Perodua Myvi's Advanced Safety Assist
Arif Affandi Ngadimin (50406) 2018 Perodua Myvi's Advanced Safety Assist 
ASA is a suite of active safety features that includes Pre-Collision Warning (PCW), Pre-Collision Braking (PCB), Front Departure Alert (FDA) and Pedal Misoperation Control (PMC). The ASA components are existing Daihatsu systems called (Smart Assist in JDM Daihatsus). They operate through a forward-facing stereo camera on top of the windscreen which detects car shapes.

Sources: 
https://paultan.org/2017/11/08/2018-perodua-myvi-advanced-safety-assist/
CHARLES PERUMAL (51421) Hydraulic Cylinder
CHARLES PERUMAL (51421) Hydraulic Cylinder
Hydraulic cylinder is a mechanical actuator that is used to give unidirectional force through a unidirectional stroke. It is mainly used in many application especially in construction equipment. Below image shows the example of the usage of hydraulic cylinder as an actuator in a excavator.
Hydraulic cylinders get their power from pressurized hydraulic fluid, which is typically oil. The hydraulic cylinder consists of a cylinder barrel, in which a piston connected to a piston rod moves back and forth. The barrel is closed on one end by the cylinder bottom (also called the cap) and the other end by the cylinder head (also called the gland) where the piston rod comes out of the cylinder. The piston has sliding rings and seals. The piston divides the inside of the cylinder into two chambers, the bottom chamber (cap end) and the piston rod side chamber (rod end / head end).

Sheldon Ijau anak Winston (50934)
Sheldon Ijau anak Winston (50934)
Fan:
The image shown is the fan in my house. The fan motor is the actuator and it is used to rotate the fan blades. The buttons on the fan are regulators which controls the voltage which goes to the motor to control its speed. The motor consists of permanent magnets, commutator and coil. When current flows through the commutator which then flows through the coil, the magnet causes the coil to rotate and the commutator periodically changes the current direction in the coil to complement the magnets so it rotates in the same direction.
Sherri Sheralina Jecklen (53794)
Sherri Sheralina Jecklen (53794)
Touch screen sensor:

A touch screen sensor is generally a clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface. The touch sensor/panel is placed over a display screen so that the responsive area of the panel covers the viewable area of the screen. The sensor normally has an electrical current or signal going through it and touching the screen causes a voltage or signal change. This voltage change is used to determine the location of the touch on the screen. Touch sensors are completely sealable which helps to create a device resistant to water spills and dusts to a larger extent. Touch sensors provide fast response which eliminates the delay caused by mechanical buttons in general devices.

Erica Lanja Anak Kapong (51697)
Erica Lanja Anak Kapong (51697)
Image Sensor: 
There are two types of image sensors used in CCTV camera: CCD (charge-coupled device) image sensors which generally provide better low light sensitivity and have been around for over 30 years, and are often found in older models of cameras. Another is CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) image sensors utilize newer technology to record better HD resolution and fast-moving activity, and are found in the majority of IP new cameras
An image sensor is the part of your IP camera that captures the light hitting the camera lens and turns it into electrical signals, which get recorded as the video you see when monitoring your system. As light passes through your camera lens, it hits the image sensor. The sensor is made up for many little photosites (each photosite becomes a pixel in the video resolution), and the amount of light on each individual photosite determines how much light will be in each pixel of your video. Together, the light/dark sections of each pixel make up one cohesive image in the final video. Every IP surveillance camera needs an image sensor to create a video. For high quality surveillance video, the newer CMOS image sensors help ensure your video stays clear even at high resolutions or when objects are moving.

Chrisanthea Fong Shau Wen (51506)
Chrisanthea Fong Shau Wen (51506)
Thermometer sensor:
Infrared radiation thermometer is often said to be radiance dependence on temperature in order to produce a value and to display the results. The infrared radiation light works like a typical visible light which can be focused, reflected and absorbed. It uses a lens to focus on the light from one object onto the detector which is known as thermopile. Thermopile absorbs infrared radiation and turn it into heat. When there is more infrared radiation energy, the thermopile turns hotter, and vice versa. The heat from thermopile is then turned into electricity for the detector to determine the temperature. Higher temperature generates more electricity, thus higher reading on the display.
Dustin Kirrin Anak Adrin (51643)
Dustin Kirrin Anak Adrin (51643)
Day/night sensor.The DNS25 Day/Night Sensor can automatically turn on or off lights at dusk and dawn. It is not only convenient but also practical; it can control the lighting loads by working only at night. Examples of use are street lights, office lights, warehouse and factory lights, garden lights, etc. For these purposes people mainly go for outdoor flood lights as due to their specifics (wide beam angle) this is the best choice for illuminating wide areas and large objects such as your home. There are many types of flood lights available with different features and sensors included. 

Flood lights with dusk-to-dawn settings basically work by sensing the amount of natural light and they turn on only when it has reached particular level of dimness. As the name of the flood light indicates, it works from dusk to dawn i.e. it will work only during the darkest hours of the day and will automatically switch themselves off in the morning. This option seems to be a lot more reasonable and energy efficient than having your flood lights on all the evening and morning. Some people also go for motion sensors but they can be a bit too annoying and react to the movements that you do not want or need to be detected e.g. cars and people passing by. If your main purpose of installing flood lights is to illuminate your home and yard during the night only, then out of the three given options (no sensor, motion sensor or dusk-to-dawn lighting), dusk-to-dawn outdoor flood lights simply seem to be the most reasonable of the choices. Nevertheless, some consumers claim that for them the combination of two sensors has worked out the best. For instance it is possible to combine dusk-to-dawn settings with passive infra-red detector that detects movement.


Abdul Haniff bin Sahari (51035)
Abdul Haniff bin Sahari (51035)
Door opener. In the picture shows that the door opener applying the linear actuator. The motion of the actuator is linear which means its only allow the actuator to move in one direction. Therefore when switch or sensor send the signal to open, the actuator will push out the link connected to the door.
Nur Hafizah bt Haratono (50783)
Nur Hafizah bt Haratono (50783)
Door sensors (sometimes known as photoelectric or infrared beam, electric safety door edges, door detector, electric proximity edges or electric doorman) is an elevator device that detects a passenger or an object on the doorway which prevents the doors from closing. It is usually installed for accessibility. If a person or an objects blocks the doorway ,the sensors detects the person or the objects. The door will reopen then stays open and will not closed until the person moves away or the object is removed from the doorway.
shawn felix ak stephen (53782)
shawn felix ak stephen (53782)
CAR REVERSE ULTRASONIC SENSOR
An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance to an object by using sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a specific frequency and listening for that sound wave to bounce back. By recording the elapsed time between the sound wave being generated and the sound wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance between the sonar sensor and the object.
Mohammad Nur Arif bin Sulai @ Sulaihi (49795)
Mohammad Nur Arif bin Sulai @ Sulaihi (49795)
Chemical sensor
Sensors detect the presence of energy, changes in or the transfer of energy. Sensors detect by
receiving a signal from a device such as a transducer, then responding to that signal by converting it into an output that can easily be read and understood. Chemical sensors detect the presence of certain chemicals or classes of chemicals and quantify the amount and/or type of chemical detected. For example: 
a) Oxygen sensor – measures the percentage of oxygen in a gas or liquid being analyzed. 
b)Carbon dioxide detector – detects the presence of CO2.
Chemical sensing is an application that really benefits from the use of microtechnology
These devices have numerous medical, industrial, and commercial
applications such as environmental, quality control, food processing, and medical diagnosis.
SYAMMIL MOHD ISHAK (50981)
SYAMMIL MOHD ISHAK (50981)
Infrared Tyre Temperature Sensor

Tyres are critical to lap time in Formula One. Taking temperature readings from the surface of a rotating tyre clearly requires a non-contact sensor. Black rubber tyres have high emissitivity, which is the amount of radiated heat they reflected. There is also an optical means of infrared temperature sensing, which was first used by McLaren. These types of temperature sensor use convection and radiation to monitor changes in temperature. They can be used to detect liquids and gases that emit radiant energy as heat rises and cold settles to the bottom in convection currents or detect radiant energy being transmitted from an object in the form of infrared radiation.
Chai Cheng Ying (51391
Chai Cheng Ying (51391
TV Remote Control
The main technology used in home remote controls is infrared (IR) light. The signal between a remote control handset and the device it controls consists of pulses of infrared light, which is invisible to the human eye, but can be seen through a digital camera, video camera or a phone camera. The transmitter in the remote control handset sends out a stream of pulses of infrared light when the user presses a button on the handset. A transmitter is often a light emitting diode (LED) which is built into the pointing end of the remote control handset. The infrared light pulses form a pattern unique to that button. The receiver in the device recognizes the pattern and causes the device to respond accordingly.
Elatta Bin Odita (50473)
Elatta Bin Odita (50473)
Engine sensors
A modern car’s Engine Management consists of a wide range of electronic and electrical components. It comprises of engine sensors, relays, and actuators. They work together to provide the car’s Engine Control Unit with vital data parameters essential to govern various engine functions effectively. Generally speaking, Engine sensors are electro-mechanical devices which monitor various engine parameters.


ABDUL AZIZ BIN ROSLI (45412)
ABDUL AZIZ BIN ROSLI (45412)
Thermometer
sensors are tools that detect specific biological, chemical, or physical processes and then transmit or report this data.

I choose digital thermometer as a chosen sensors because it's typically can be found around us. This sensors detect heat in the body to give exact reading of body temperature.
This device use thermoresistor or thermistor. This device changes its resistance with changes in temperature. A computer or other circuit measures the resistance and converts it to a temperature, either to display it or to make decisions about turning something on or off 
Fadzil J. (50669)
Fadzil J. (50669)              
My Samsung Tab 8 "Directional Sensor"

Sensor is a device to sense (and displays or indicates the sensed matter) and there are various types of them have been invented for the sake of human convenience. 

In my case , I have chosen my Samsung Tab 8 to present an example of sensor that is "around me". This Tab 8 is equipped with several remarkable features (not that I have intention of promoting the product...but realistically speaking..) such as accelerometer, gyro or gyroscope, and smartphone compass (or might also be known as magnetic field sensor).

These 3 components work together for the tablet's "directional sensor". The mechanism is simple.

When I use a compass app in my Tab 8, the tablet somehow knows the direction of me pointing the tablet. The presence of accelerometer allows the tablet to identify the orientation made up of axis-based motion sensing. On the other hand, the gyroscope is used to help along the accelerometer senses motion from six axes i.e. right, left, up, down, forward and backward. It also detects the roll, pitch and yaw motions. Yaw, Roll and Pitch are the angular moments seen from three axes which are X, Y and Z and therefore contributing great helps in navigation purpose and detecting the gesture recognition systems used in the tablet 8. Lastly, the magnetic field sensor, in this case, helps in reducing the error caused by nearby magnetic fields as to enhance the accuracy of "compass direction : North and South" sensing. To even more enhance the quality of the sensor, the directions measured by accelerometer and gyro usually connected with Global Positioning System (GPS), which, however, requires internet connection.

Per the use in its application, this directional sensor allows muslim user to obtain Qiblah direction for prayer purposes.
 
Attached is the image of my Samsung Tablet 8 , illustrated gyroscope and accelerometer components in conventional smartphones.
Ivan Ho Chia Haw (54637)
Ivan Ho Chia Haw (54637)
Speed Sensor
It is a type of small object that mostly used in nowadays vehicles which to detect the speed of a car. Speed sensors are usually installed on four sides located at the car wheels. It is very important element because it relates to the safety of a car. It will monitor every of the speed of each wheels and send an output to the ABS if one or two wheels are turning faster than the others, which in turn provides the braking control to maintain a safe vehicle deceleration. Nowadays vehicles were usually installed with this element to ensure that the drivers are always safe while daily driving. For European cars such as Volkswagen and Audi are always common to have this element installed on their vehicles. When ABS checklight indicator appear on the dashboard speedometer, most possibilities is that there might be problem with the speed sensor which may need to replace with a new one. This advance technology is convenient that allows drivers to know that they are in safe condition when driving.

Brian Egan (54521) Door position sensing in refrigerator
Brian Egan  (54521)  Door position sensing in refrigerator

Refrigerators equipped with a noncontact-type sensing technologies such as reed switches/sensors and Hall effect sensors to detect the door position. A reed sensor is mounted to the frame of the appliance and a permanent magnet actuator is mounted to the door. Each reed switch or Hall effect sensor and magnet actuator is positioned in such a way that the reed switch or Hall effect sensor is activated when the door is closed, and the light will turn off.
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Hawa anak Ringkai (50534)
Hawa anak Ringkai (50534)
- DIGITAL THERMOMETER -

Digital thermometer is slowly replacing the conventional mercury thermometer due to the ease of taking reading. It is mercury free and provides quick and highly accurate results over the body temperature range. Besides that, it is equipped with beep alarm and memory function and can record a wide range of temperature. It works on the principle that changes in temperature cause the resistance of a sensor to change allowing a computer to convert the difference to a digital read-out. The sensor is a thermoresistor, commonly called a thermistor. Thermistor elements are the most sensitive temperature sensors available. A thermistor is a semiconductor device with an electrical resistance that is proportional to temperature. There are two types of products: Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) and Positive temperature coefficient (PTC). Advantages include their small size and high degree of stability. NTCs are also long lasting and very accurate.  Disadvantages include their non-linearity, and unsuitability for use in extreme temperatures.

JOHNNY AK EMBAN (52056)
JOHNNY AK EMBAN (52056)
Capacitive sensor in laptop touch pad.

Have you been wondering how your laptop touch pad work? Well, your touch pad actually using either conductive or capacitive sensor but the most common sensor that being used is capacitive sensor. Capacitive sensors detect anything which is conductive or has dielectric properties. Since our body has the conductive properties, hence it works.  The capacitive sensitive touch pad has two parts; ground and sensor. When the finger is brought close to the touch pad, then capacitance of the system increases. From the position of capacitors which are charging and discharging at any point of time, the coordinates of point of touch is determined.
DOMINIC LASOO ANAK SEBASTIAN (51634)
DOMINIC LASOO ANAK SEBASTIAN (51634)
Radio-frequency identification (RFID)

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically-stored information. Passive tags collect energy from a nearby RFID reader's interrogating radio waves. Active tags have a local power source (such as a battery) and may operate hundreds of meters from the RFID reader. Unlike a barcode, the tag need not be within the line of sight of the reader, so it may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method for Automatic Identification and data capture (AIDC).

RFID tags are used in many industries, for example, an RFID tag attached to an automobile during production can be used to track its progress through the assembly line; RFID-tagged pharmaceuticals can be tracked through warehouses; and implanting RFID chips in livestock and pets allows for positive identification of animals.

The RFID tag can be affixed to an object and used to track and manage inventory, assets, people, etc. For example, it can be affixed to cars, computer equipment, books, mobile phones, etc.

RFID offers advantages over manual systems or use of bar codes. The tag can be read if passed near a reader, even if it is covered by the object or not visible. The tag can be read inside a case, carton, box or other container, and unlike barcodes, RFID tags can be read hundreds at a time. Bar codes can only be read one at a time using current devices.

MOHAMAD HISYAM BIN SUFFIAN - 45661
MOHAMAD HISYAM BIN SUFFIAN - 45661
(piezoelectric sensor)

A piezoelectric effect is detected by a sensor and from this measurements can be made on changes in pressure, acceleration, and force that are displayed in the form of an electrical charge. Piezoelectric crystals such as barium titanate and ceramic material such as lead zirconate titanate are considered smart materials for the purpose of generating a piezoelectric effect and are built in piezoelectric sensor technology. There are two types of pressure sensors (mechanical and electrical) that are typically used to measure the piezoelectric effect. Mechanical sensors are made of a sensing element known as a diaphragm, a rod, a three-terminal resistor that acts as a voltage divider, and a direct current voltage source. During the application of pressure, the diaphragm component to the piezoelectric sensor displaces the connecting rod which activates the potentiometer component to the sensor that generates an output voltage.
The second type of pressure sensor works by a slightly different principle. The diaphragm to this type of piezoelectric sensor is made up of polymer polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and works as a sensing and transducing element. Upon application of pressure to the diaphragm, instead of using a potentiometer, the pressure is directly converted into a voltage
NURUL FATINI BINTI FATHI (534599)
NURUL FATINI BINTI FATHI (534599)
RIP SENSOR (Pyroelectric sensor)
This type of sensor detect level of infrared radiation. Every object or moving object that has a temperature above absolute zero can emit heat energy in form of radiation that are invisible to the human eyes, but can easily detected by this special purpose electronic device such as PIR motion detector.  Whenever object is detected in the field of view of the sensor, then positive differential change will be produced between two halves with the interception of the first half of the PIR sensor, seen from the PIR is originally split into halves.  Same goes to when the object is leaving the field view of the sensor, but negative differential change will be produced. It is also known as the Passive Infrared sensor because it does not emit any energy or radiation for detecting the radiation. 
Sif Fowel Tami (50936)
Sif Fowel Tami (50936)
Torque Sensor
A Torque Sensor is a transducer that converts a torsional mechanical input into an electrical output signal. The picture below shows the Rotating dual Shaft Torque sensors, RST series. It is a low range rotating torque sensors that are available in eleven full scale ranges of 10 through 30K inch pounds. The sensing element incorporates bonded foiled strain gages of highest quality along the coined silver slip ring and silver brushes for data transmission.
MARK PHILLAY ANAK PHILIP (50587
MARK PHILLAY ANAK PHILIP (50587
electric linear actuator
Electric Linear Actuators are electrically powered, mechanical devices consisting of motors, linear guides, and drive mechanisms, which are used to convert electrical energy into linear displacement through mechanical transmission, electro-magnetism, or thermal expansion to provide straight line push/pull motion. Key specifications include the intended application, drive type, motor type, the mounting configuration, as well as other physical dimensions and electrical characteristics. Electric linear actuators are used primarily in automation applications when a machine component, tool, etc. requires a controlled movement to a particular position. They are used in a wide range of industries where linear positioning is needed. The actuators are driven by several means including ball or lead screws, belts, or voice coils, among others. Typical applications include opening and closing dampers, locking doors, braking machine motions, etc.
Nazmus Shakib (54389
Nazmus Shakib (54389
Ultrasonic Level sensor 
Ultrasonic waves are used to measure level of liquids and solid objects in industries. Ultrasonic level measurement is contact less principle and most suitable for level measurements of hot, corrosive and boiling liquids. The normal frequency range used for ultrasonic level measurements is within a range of 40-200 KHz. Ultrasonic waves detect an object in the same way as Radar does it. Ultrasonic uses the sound waves, and Radar uses radio waves. When ultrasonic pulse signal is targeted towards an object, it is reflected by the object and echo returns to the sender. The time traveled by the ultrasonic pulse is calculated, and the distance of the object is found. Bats use well known method to measure the distance while travelling. Ultrasonic level measurement principle is also used to find out fish positions in ocean, locate submarines below water level, also the position of a scuba diver in sea.

Patrick Renaldo Richard (50889)
Patrick Renaldo Richard (50889)
Phone Gyroscope sensor
It is a sensor that tells the orientation information of the phone. Due to this sensor, Android's Photo Sphere camera feature can tell how much a phone has been rotated also used by Google's Sky Map for telling what constellation the phone is pointing at.
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Ng Sze Lam (52836)
Ng Sze Lam (52836)
Facial Detection Sensor / Face ID in i Phone X
Face ID uses a combination of light projectors and sensors to take several images of facial features.
To set up Face ID, move the head in a circular motion so that the camera able to take multiple shots of face for a 3D map. It uses Infrared light to clarify the face while capturing images, to work day or night, outdoor or indoor. Therefore, infrared illumination helps in enabling the face recognition to work in non-favorable condition.

Desmond Ngeraman Anak Stephen Lee (51611)
Desmond Ngeraman Anak Stephen Lee (51611)
Linear Actuator
This is the image of the actuator in my printer. It is a type of linear actuator which is stepper motor-driven linear actuator. Digital printers make use of linear actuator in printing automation processes. The linear actuator will move the ink cartridge in horizontal linear motion while it sprays ink to produced desired image on the paper.

Azieana binti Pendita (50426)
Azieana binti Pendita (50426)
Drone Distance Sensors
Distance measurement sensors provide an accurate distance reading to the closest object on their way. They are basically lightweight and handy to be used especially by drones. Distance measurement sensors can be divided into multiple categories that include acoustic (SoNAR), laser, radio (RaDAR), infrared, time of flight cameras and mono/stereo cameras. However, it is RaDAR that has been used widely for drones. Radio Detection And Ranging (RaDAR) has a transmitter that emits a particular signal and a receiver antenna detects its Eco. The object's speed and direction can be estimated by the Doppler effect. It applies the same as the Doppler concept of a moving car. While the car approaches, the sound waves get compressed, so their wavelength reduces and the pitch increases. 
Charmaine Joanna ak Stephen Cornet (50442)
Charmaine Joanna ak Stephen Cornet (50442)
Passive Infrared Sensors (PIR)
This sensors are mostly used for security applications and motion detection. PIR sensors is a pyroelectric sensor, and these sensor are divided into 2 halves such that whenever it detects moving object that emits infrared radiation, the sensor would sense it.The function of these halves depends on the infrared radiation as in if it detects any less or more infrared radiation, the PIR sensor would sense the movement. If it detects the same infrared radiation, the halves will cancel each other and the sensor would not sense the motion. The only drawback of this sensor is that it cannot detect any stationary or slow moving objects.
Raja Nurul Amira Bt Raja Jamam (50905)
Raja Nurul Amira Bt Raja Jamam (50905)
Parking sensor
Parking sensors are labelled by various vehicle manufacturers under many different brand names, such as Park Distance Control, Park Assist, Parktronic, or EPS, but they only come in two varieties: ultrasonic and electromagnetic.

Some parking sensors can detect moving objects as well, but they will react in much the same fashion regardless. In the case of an ultrasonic system, once a sensor receives a signal or wave that the computer determines is close, all sensors on the rear of the vehicle will then send a signal or wave simultaneously. Depending on which sensor receives the returned wave, the computer can determine if the object is moving or not. However, the system will still sound the alarm the entire time the object is within the sensory area.

Electromagnetic sensors will also register a moving obstruction in the same manner as a non-moving one if it's close enough. These sensors actually only react to objects approaching the bumper, so fixed accessories like tow bars don't perpetually set off the alarm, so a moving object, like a person, will set off the alarm until it leaves the field if it is in close enough proximity.

Comments


Luke Teo Ngim Yeu ( 54711)
Luke Teo Ngim Yeu ( 54711) 
VVT Actuator and VVT oil control valve and sensor. 
VVT stand for variable valve timing. These both sensor can found new modem car especially very common for Japanese car maker such as Toyota and Mitsubishi. VVT actuator and VVT oil control valve and sensor are use to retard or advance the intake valve timing and exhaust valve for optimal performance and fuel efficiency. However, in order for VVT actuator to work in correct timing, all have to control by car on-board ECU program and sensor around engine, transmission and the power demand from driver foot ( accelerator ). This create different cam profile to suit the driving situation. VVT oil control valve and sensor are act as both feedback and pre controller for both VVT actuator and ECU. 
Siti Nuraisyah Afiqah binti Ahmat (50962)
Siti Nuraisyah Afiqah binti Ahmat (50962)
Oxygen sensor
It is installed in the car engine. The sensor is part of the emissions control system and feeds data to the­ engine management computer. It helps the engine run as efficiently as possible and also to produce as few emissions as possible. Oxygen sensor is positioned in the exhaust pipe and can detect rich and lean mixtures. The mechanism in most sensors involves a chemical reaction that generates a voltage. The engine's computer looks at the voltage to determine if the mixture is rich or lean and adjusts the amount of fuel entering the engine accordingly.

Mamunur Rashid 54436
Mamunur Rashid 54436
Automatic door activators are designed for the actuation of automatic swing, sliding, folding and curved sliding doors. They use active infrared light sensors that register people and objects, resulting in a detection zone that is accurately adjustable. Apart from human beings and animals, objects such as shopping trolleys and hospital beds trigger an opening signal, provided they are located within the detection zone. Automatic door activators are used to engage automatic door actuators and pneumatic door openers. There are many varieties that provide various functionalities. We have the approach sensor, such as a radar sensor (the door opens when a user approaches it), the push button mechanism and the pressure mat (the door opens when a user stands on the mat). There is also the access control activator – the door opens when a user activates a code reader or a swipe reader with a fob or remote-control button. The user is authorized to go through the door and after a pre-determined time the door closes and locks. An automatic door operator reopens the door if it closes into an obstacle (auto-reverse) on most modern automatic door operators. However, most automatic doors have sensors installed on them to prevent the door from ever meeting pedestrians using the door.

MARCUS ANAK BANGGAN (52419)
MARCUS ANAK BANGGAN (52419)
Stretch Sensor
Stretch sensors are a type of sensor designed to measure soft structures, including soft robots and the human body. It has ability to measure either stretch, bend, shear, or pressure. These stretch sensors are essentially flexible capacitors. When the sensor deforms (due to stretching or squeezing) its capacitance value changes. The sensor sends data about its capacitance to a Bluetooth enabled device, and the StretchSense App translates the data to give a user highly precise information about what the sensor is detecting. StretchSense sensors can be made in various sizes, elasticities, and sensitivities depending on desired application.

The inside of the stretch sensor consists of a stretchable signal electrode sandwiched between two ground electrodes which are separated by silicone dielectric insulators. Since the sensor is essentially a flexible parallel plate capacitor, the two dimensions that change when the sensor is stretched are thickness and area of the conductive layers. Stretching the sensor increases area and decreases thickness which both contribute to an increase in capacitance. Since capacitors resist a change in voltage, the capacitance can be indirectly measured through an applied voltage. By applying a voltage to the sensor and comparing the actual voltage output to what would be expected without a capacitor, the capacitance of the sensor can be determined. StretchSense offers two versions of stretch sensor: A silicone based sensor and a fabric based sensor. 

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Capacitive fingerprint sensor
Capacitive fingerprint sensor
Mohd alinafiah (50131)
Capacitive fingerprint scanners use arrays tiny capacitor circuits to collect data about a fingerprint. As capacitors can store electrical charge, connecting them up to conductive plates on the surface of the scanner allows them to be used to track the details of a fingerprint. The charge stored in the capacitor will be changed slightly when a finger’s ridge is placed over the conductive plates, while an air gap will leave the charge at the capacitor relatively unchanged. 

Beatrice Ubung Uyo 51330
Beatrice Ubung Uyo 51330
One of the applications of sensors are in the escalator system. Escalator is a type of vertical transportation in the form of a moving staircase which carries people between floors of a building. Escalator consists of a motor driven chain of individually linked steps on a track which cycle on a pair of tracks that keeps them horizontal. Nowadays, a few improvement has been made including implementing the passive infrared (PIR) motion sensor. The sensor will collect the infrared energy emitted by the body heat of a people. The PIR detectors are programmed to trigger only when it detects sharp increase in infrared energy. When sensor detects an increase in infrared energy, it will enable the escalator to rapidly accelerate from the standby state to the rated speed
AHMAD FARIDZUL BIN JAPAR (51073)
AHMAD FARIDZUL BIN JAPAR (51073)
Float Level Sensor measures liquid level by transmitting to a mechanism the rise and fall of a float that rides on the surface of the liquid. It used primarily in open tanks whereas float level switches may be designed to operate in a pressurized tank.
Muhammad Faez Bin Hamzah (50670
Muhammad Faez Bin Hamzah (50670
Optical Laser Sensor mice are the common devices that we encounter everyday.  An optical-based mouse utilizes an LED light source and a laser mouse uses a laser beam. The CMOS sensor installed in the mice will take the photo and detect movement.  Higher DPI is always better. Due to the optical or laser, the surface need to be opaque and non-translucent. The one marketed as optical models rely on an infrared or red LED that projects light onto a surface. This LED is typically mounted behind an angled lens, which focuses the illumination into a beam. That beam is bounced off the surface, through the “imaging” lens that magnifies the reflected light, and into the CMOS sensor. The sensor will process the data and command the movement of the cursor. 
 

 
Muhd Affifuddin Bin Abdullah (50699)
Muhd Affifuddin Bin Abdullah (50699)
A heat detector is a fire alarm device designed to respond when the converted thermal energy of a fire increases the temperature of a heat sensitive element. The thermal mass and conductivity of the element regulate the rate flow of heat into the element. Heat detectors are intended to minimize property damage by reacting to the change in temperature caused by a fire.
Burrghman Embam anak Enggong (50435)
Burrghman Embam anak Enggong (50435)
This is a door locking mechanism and it is a type of electric linear actuators. They are electrically powered, mechanical devices which is made up of motors,  linear guides and mechanisms. Those parts are used to convert electrical energy into linear displacement by undergoing mechanical transmission, electro-mechanism, or thermal expansion to provide straight line push/pull motion. The actuators are driven
by several ways that include ball or lead screws, belts, voice coils and etc.   
Qhalief Bin Sapawi (53613)
Qhalief Bin Sapawi (53613)
Optical LED Sensor and Laser Sensor On Gaming Mouse 
Mostly nowadays mouse especially gaming mouse using Optical Laser Sensor and Laser Sensor and remove the old ball tracker. For Optical Laser Sensor, offer constant stream to tracking to detect motion relative to surface image. There are precise benefits to all this, because there isn’t any calibration done when you lift up the mouse, keeping consistent feel to movement in the gaming. But, optical sensors are more reliant on the surface because of the LED is used for tracking. On the other hand, Laser Sensor designed for accuracy. Laser gaming sensors can track and precisely report mouse movements on specifically all types of surfaces. Laser sensors allow higher DPI settings that translates into more precise tracking. Basically professional gamers are able to take advantages from such extreme sensitivities, in that usual times they often need to move little to aim the enemy from afar.

Ling Tiew Cheon 52349
Ling Tiew Cheon 52349
(Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) CMOS Sensor on Mice
The CMOS sensor sends each image to a digital signal processor (DSP) for analysis. The DSP, operating at 18 MIPS (million instructions per second), is able to detect patterns in the images and see how those patterns have moved since the previous image. Based on the change in patterns over a sequence of images, the DSP determines how far the mouse has moved and sends the corresponding coordinates to the computer. The computer moves the cursor on the screen based on the coordinates received from the mouse. This happens hundreds of times each second, making the cursor appear to move very smoothly. This sensor allows mice to be used on any surface.
Kethiswary A/P Paramesvaran (52118)
Kethiswary A/P Paramesvaran (52118)
Automatic Doors
Some automatic doors operate on optic or motion sensors. These sensors might be mounted above a set of automatic doors or built on the top or the sides of the frames of the automatic doors. When these optic or motion sensors sense motion nearby, they trigger the automatic doors to open and then close.

ANATHASIA RABIAH ANAK STEWARD (50393)
ANATHASIA RABIAH ANAK STEWARD (50393)
Hand Dryer (Passive infrared sensor)

Hand dryers are electric machines found in public bathroom. They may either operate with the push of a button or automatically using a sensor which called passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor). PIR sensors used to sense motion and to detect whether a human has moved in or out of the sensors range. They are small, inexpensive, low-power, easy to use and don't wear out. PIR sensors are basically made of a pyroelectric sensor, which can detect levels of infrared radiation. The device detects motion and automatically turns on when hands are placed for drying. It is automatically turns off when hands are moved away from the dryer. Hand dryers consist of a heating element that is turned on when an infrared motion sensor is triggered. Air is blown over the heating element which makes the air warm. The air is blown out of a tube that points downward and focuses the air onto the hands. 


SITTI AISHAH BINTI NAJAMUDIN (50968
SITTI AISHAH BINTI NAJAMUDIN (50968
WHEEL SPEED SENSOR

A wheel speed sensor (WSS) is a device designed to read the speed of a vehicle's wheel rotation. The system also monitors the proper functioning of a range of features, including brake performance, ensuring vehicle safety.
NUR ATIKAH BINTI ABDUL RAZAK (53113)
NUR ATIKAH BINTI ABDUL RAZAK (53113)
Angular position sensor 

An angular position sensor (also referred to as a rotary sensor) measures the relation by which any position with respect to any other position is established. It calculates the orientation of an object with respect to a specified reference position as expressed by the amount of rotation necessary to change from one orientation to the other about a specified axis. There are many different kinds of angular position sensors. The most common types categorized by supply voltage, output type, sensing range, operating temperature range, packaging type and supply current. The most common values for supply voltage are 4.5 to 5.5 V. Also carry angular position sensors with supply voltage up to 36 V. Supply current can have a range between 100 µA and 13.5 A, with the most common chips having a supply current of 13.5 mA. Angular position sensors can be found in wide array of automotive and industrial applications including:

·  Steering Wheel Position sensing
·  Pedal Position sensing
·  Motor-shaft Position sensing
·  Throttle Position sensing

NUR AZREEN AMIRA BINTI ASIB (50764)
NUR AZREEN AMIRA BINTI ASIB (50764)
- LCD Projector -
Projectors using a liquid crystal display image engine are common in the workplace. They are, in essence, the same thing as a flat panel TV, just much smaller. They can be used to make presentations to clients, customers or employees. Most LCD projectors use three small transparent LCD panels -- one for red, one for green and one for blue -- sandwiched together with a bright light that shines through them. The nature of LCD technology gives it some significant benefits over other projector technologies like Digital Light Processing.
DAYANG RAMIZAH BT AWANG MORNI (50463)
DAYANG RAMIZAH BT AWANG MORNI (50463)
Barcode Scanner [Light Sensor]

Barcode scanner is an electronic device that can read and output printed barcodes into the computer.  It consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor translating optical impulses into electrical ones. Additionally, nearly all barcode readers contain decoder circuitry analyzing the barcode's image data provided by the sensor and sending the barcode's content to the scanner's output port. Specifically, the sensor in the barcode scanner detects the reflected light from the illumination system (the red light) and generates an analog signal that is sent to the decoder. The decoder interprets that signal, validates the barcode using the check digit, and coverts it into text. This converted text is delivered by the scanner to a computer software system holding a database of the maker, cost, and quantity of all products sold.


FENNYLIA URAISIRAN ANAK PHILLIP (50513)
FENNYLIA URAISIRAN ANAK PHILLIP (50513)
Microphone -  Acoustic Sound sensor

Microphones are acoustic sensors that converts sound waves or signal into electrical signal. Most of microphones light modulation, piezoelectric effect, capacitance change and electromagnetic induction to convert vibrations to electrical signal. Comparing pressure sensors and microphones, both have the same basic structure - consists of diaphragm and transducer. The deflection on the diaphragm caused by sound waves lead to vibrations and will be converted into electrical signal (audible sound). Two types of commonly used microphones are dynamic and condenser microphones. The working principle for dynamic microphones are based on electromagnetic induction. Sound waves trigger the diaphragm and coil attached to it while a magnet in the microphone produce magnetic field around the coil enabling current to flow. Thus, sound produced by dynamic microphones are in reversed direction only. This type of microphone are suitable for general purpose use and the design is simple. Meanwhile, condenser microphone are based on electrostatic field. It has a capacitor - two plates with voltage. One of the plate act as diaphragm and vibrate when being hit by sound waves.The vibration changes the distance between the plates and also changing the capacitance - electrical current is generated.

AUGUSTINE NANANG (51282)
AUGUSTINE NANANG (51282)
Force Torque sensor

Most robotic applications require a multi-axis or 6-axis FT sensor to give feedback to the robot about the tool itself which can be controlled along 6 axes (3 translations + 3 rotations). A 6-axis FT sensor means that the sensor can measure both the force and torque along the 3-axis (x-y-z). These are usually defined by the components of Fx-Fy-Fz and Tx-Ty-Tz. To measure the effort in all six axes, the force-torque sensor usually combines information from a minimum of 6 unitary measuring elements such as strain gauges. Using the geometry of these elements and the physical properties of the material on which they are installed, we can compute the force and torque along the axes which are meaningful to the robot control loop. When installed on the robot flange, the integrator needs to set the parameters for the relative position and orientation of the sensor with respect to the robot tool.
As you can see in the picture, the sensor is between the robot wrist and the tool. This position allows the sensor to feel the force and torque applied on the tool. 


CHIKIA EDWIN (51464)
CHIKIA EDWIN (51464)
AIRCRAFT DOOR ACTUATION:
The A380 has numerous passenger doors that are quite heavy and would therefore require a large cabin crew to operate.  As a result, the A380 passenger aircraft doors were among the first to be operated automatically. Three actuators are involved: “Lift” to lift the door out of cabin-pressure security positon, “Swivel”  to allow door to open even in the event of a crash whereby the aircraft is lying on  its side, and “Lock”. These actuators are fully autonomous and the mechanics,  electric motors, controllers, and power supply needed to operate them are  integrated into the door. This ensures doors can still be operated even in the event of power shortage.
51655 EDWIN ANAK BRAIN
51655 EDWIN ANAK BRAIN
The sensor sends information, in the form of electronic signals back to the controller.  Sensors also give the robot controller information about its surroundings and lets it know the exact position of the arm, or the state of the world around it. 
 5 senses are the kinds of information we get from our world.  Robots can be designed and programmed to get specific information that is beyond what our 5 senses can tell us. For example, a robot sensor might "see" in the dark, that we cannot do but robot might detect tiny amounts of invisible radiation or measure movement that is too small or fast for the human eye to see.
Sensors can be made simple and complex, depending on how much information needs to be stored.
For example light sensors. It can measure:
1)light intensity (how light/dark it is)
2)differential intensity (difference between photocells)
3)break-beam (change/drop in intensity)
Light sensors can be shielded and focused in different ways

Amabelle Mae binti Aldrin (51160)
Amabelle Mae binti Aldrin (51160)
Magnetic Sensor
Magnetic sensor is mainly used to give an accurate positioning details which cannot even achieved with GPS. Some of the application of these sensors are they can provide navigation in urban areas and indoor areas. They also can deliver point of product advertising. For example, there are magnetic sensors in our smartphones and tablets.
Kelvin Louise Awi (52111)
Kelvin Louise Awi (52111)
SMOKE SENSOR
A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control as part of a fire alarm system, while household smoke detectors, also known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector itself.
All smoke detectors consist of two basic parts: a sensor to sense the smoke and a very loud electronic horn to wake people up. Smoke detectors can run off of a 9-volt battery or 120-volt house current.

Yong Leong Ming 54283
Yong Leong Ming 54283
An Ls-Model is a device that can fly to the sky while receive the infrared signal. The actuator of the model is small and light. It can control the direction either to left or right when remote it by the controller. The sensor will receive the infrared from the controller and move the actuator and make it rotate and finally rise.
Nur Sofiani Binti Mohd Yusof (53277
Nur Sofiani Binti Mohd Yusof (53277
An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance to an object by using sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a specific frequency and listening for that sound wave to bounce back. By recording the elapsed time between the sound wave being generated and the sound wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance between the sonar sensor and the object.
 
LESLIE TANJONG ANAK LAGONG (52280) - Metal Sensor Detector
LESLIE TANJONG ANAK LAGONG (52280) - Metal Sensor Detector
A metal sensor detector is an electronic instrument which detects the presence of metal nearby. Metal sensor detectors are useful for finding metal inclusions hidden within objects, or metal objects buried underground. They often consist of a handheld unit with a sensor probe which can be swept over the ground or other objects. If the sensor comes near a piece of metal this is indicated by a changing tone in earphones, or a needle moving on an indicator. Usually the device gives some indication of distance where the closer the metal is, the higher the tone in the earphone or the higher the needle goes. Another common type are stationary “walk through" metal sensor detectors used for security screening at access points in prisons, courthouses, and airports to detect concealed metal weapons on a person's body. The simplest form of a metal sensor detector consists of an oscillator producing an alternating current that passes through a coil producing an alternating magnetic field. If a piece of electrically conductive metal is close to the coil, Eddy currents will be induced in the metal, and this produces a magnetic field of its own. If another coil is used to measure the magnetic field which is acting as a magnetometer, the change in the magnetic field due to the metallic object can be detected. Uses include detecting land mines, the detection of weapons such as knives and guns especially in airport security, geophysical prospecting, archaeology and treasure hunting. Metal sensor detectors are also used to detect foreign bodies in food, and in the construction industry to detect steel reinforcing bars in concrete and pipes and wires buried in walls and floors.

LEONARD RAYMOND (50574) - Aircraft flap actuator
LEONARD RAYMOND (50574) - Aircraft flap actuator
Linear  hydraulic actuator are used as the flap actuator of the aircraft and it is located on each wing. They are used to maintain efficient flight at low air speeds. A flap actuator is mounted in the aircraft wing with a screw that rotates. When the screw turns, it activates the flap which move it up and down accordingly. 

Maureen Anak Tambi (52451)
Maureen Anak Tambi (52451)
Speed Sensors
Speed sensor used for detecting speed of an object or vehicle. There are different type of speed sensors to detect speed such as Wheel speed sensor, speedometers, LIDAR, ground speed radar pitot tube and so on. PIC microcontroller based project for speed synchronization of multiple motors in industries using wireless technology is a typical application of the speed sensor.  KMI 17/4 is an example for wheel speed sensor. It measures the rotational speed or the wheel speed. It plays vital role in providing best performance for ABS system. It is easy application and low cost system. It is integrated with magnet and is suitable for ferromagnetic gear wheel application. 

Valentine Entukan Anak Langka (54143).
Valentine Entukan Anak Langka (54143).
Traffic Light Sensors 
Every traffic light signal has either a timer or sensor which helps it direct traffic flow. 
In the suburbs and up county roads, traffic signal sensors (detectors) are usually preferred because they not only manage the inconsistent traffic flow effectively, but also detect when cars arrive at intersections, when several cars are stacked at an intersection and when cars have entered turn lanes. 
These sensors use different technologies, from induction loops, microwave radar, cameras, lasers to rubber hoses filled with air. 
Muhamad Hakim bin Hamdan(52638)
Muhamad Hakim bin Hamdan(52638)
Flame Detector
Sensor designed to detect and respond to the presence of a flame/fire, allowing flame detection. Responses to a detected flame depend on the installation, but can include sounding an alarm, deactivating a fuel line (such as a propane or a natural gas line), and activating a fire suppression system.  A flame detector can often respond faster and more accurately than a smoke or heat detector due to the mechanisms(optical flame detector such as UV detector,infrared,IR flame detection and more) it uses to detect the flame. 
Hafiq Azfahsyaz bin Hashim (50525)
Hafiq Azfahsyaz bin Hashim (50525)
Proximity sensor
Mobile phone use IR-based proximity sensor to detect the presence of a human ear. This sensing is done to reduce display power consumption by turning off the LCD backlight and to disable the touch screen to avoid inadvertent touches by the cheek.
Melvin Luat anak Augustine Lubon (52467)
Melvin Luat anak Augustine Lubon (52467)
Radio Wave Sensor Anti-theft System
As we walk through the doorway without paying for something, the radio waves from the transmitter (hidden in on one of the door gates) are picked up by the coiled metal antenna in the label. This generates a tiny electrical current that makes the label transmit a new radio signal of its own at a very specific frequency. The receiver (hidden in the other door gate) picks up the radio signal that the tag transmits and sounds the alarm. Special tags and labels are fixed to merchandise or books. These tags or labels are removed or "deactivated" by the clerks when the item is properly bought or checked out. Hence, the alarm would not be sound as the tag been removed.

Eng Leong Ching (50479) Automatic Plant Irrigation System Circuit
Eng Leong Ching (50479) Automatic Plant Irrigation System Circuit  
This automatic irrigation system senses the moisture content of the soil and automatically switches the pump when the power is on. A proper usage of irrigation system is very important because the main reason is the shortage of land reserved water due to lack of rain, unplanned use of water as a result large amounts of water goes waste. For this reason, we use this automatic plant watering system, and this system is very useful in all climatic conditions.
Maxvin Anak Usup (50591) - Coolant temperature sensor
Maxvin Anak Usup (50591) - Coolant temperature sensor
The coolant temperature sensor (CTS) on most vehicle can be found near the engine thermostat. Thermostat and/or coolant given off certain temperature and it is being measured by the sensor. The on-board control system then received the temperature. This temperature information is used by vehicle's computer either to keep on operating or adjust certain functions of engine. This is significant in order to keep the temperature of engine at an ideal level of operation. Cooling fan is either shut off or turn on as the control system receive the temperature from CTS. Moreover, the need for richer fuel mixture or opening the re-circulation of exhaust gas is signaled by the CTS.

  
Don Perez anak Liap (50467
Don Perez anak Liap (50467
Tachometer (speed sensor)
A tachometer is a sensor device for measuring the rotation speed of an object such as the engine shaft in a car. This device indicates the revolutions per minute (RPM) performed by the object. The device comprises of a dial, a needle to indicate the current reading, and markings to indicate safe and dangerous levels.

Liew Tzek Khen (52302) - Heart rate monitor sensor
Liew Tzek Khen (52302) - Heart rate monitor sensor
This image shown the heart rate monitor sensor on my smart phone.  When we place and hold a finger on it,  the built-in  heart rate monitor will allows us to check our heart rate . Beside that, we also can check the stress level, blood pressure, blood glucose.
Arif Affandi Ngadimin (50406) 2018 Perodua Myvi's Advanced Safety Assist
Arif Affandi Ngadimin (50406) 2018 Perodua Myvi's Advanced Safety Assist 
ASA is a suite of active safety features that includes Pre-Collision Warning (PCW), Pre-Collision Braking (PCB), Front Departure Alert (FDA) and Pedal Misoperation Control (PMC). The ASA components are existing Daihatsu systems called (Smart Assist in JDM Daihatsus). They operate through a forward-facing stereo camera on top of the windscreen which detects car shapes.

Sources: 
https://paultan.org/2017/11/08/2018-perodua-myvi-advanced-safety-assist/
CHARLES PERUMAL (51421) Hydraulic Cylinder
CHARLES PERUMAL (51421) Hydraulic Cylinder
Hydraulic cylinder is a mechanical actuator that is used to give unidirectional force through a unidirectional stroke. It is mainly used in many application especially in construction equipment. Below image shows the example of the usage of hydraulic cylinder as an actuator in a excavator.
Hydraulic cylinders get their power from pressurized hydraulic fluid, which is typically oil. The hydraulic cylinder consists of a cylinder barrel, in which a piston connected to a piston rod moves back and forth. The barrel is closed on one end by the cylinder bottom (also called the cap) and the other end by the cylinder head (also called the gland) where the piston rod comes out of the cylinder. The piston has sliding rings and seals. The piston divides the inside of the cylinder into two chambers, the bottom chamber (cap end) and the piston rod side chamber (rod end / head end).

Sheldon Ijau anak Winston (50934)
Sheldon Ijau anak Winston (50934)
Fan:
The image shown is the fan in my house. The fan motor is the actuator and it is used to rotate the fan blades. The buttons on the fan are regulators which controls the voltage which goes to the motor to control its speed. The motor consists of permanent magnets, commutator and coil. When current flows through the commutator which then flows through the coil, the magnet causes the coil to rotate and the commutator periodically changes the current direction in the coil to complement the magnets so it rotates in the same direction.
Sherri Sheralina Jecklen (53794)
Sherri Sheralina Jecklen (53794)
Touch screen sensor:

A touch screen sensor is generally a clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface. The touch sensor/panel is placed over a display screen so that the responsive area of the panel covers the viewable area of the screen. The sensor normally has an electrical current or signal going through it and touching the screen causes a voltage or signal change. This voltage change is used to determine the location of the touch on the screen. Touch sensors are completely sealable which helps to create a device resistant to water spills and dusts to a larger extent. Touch sensors provide fast response which eliminates the delay caused by mechanical buttons in general devices.

Erica Lanja Anak Kapong (51697)
Erica Lanja Anak Kapong (51697)
Image Sensor: 
There are two types of image sensors used in CCTV camera: CCD (charge-coupled device) image sensors which generally provide better low light sensitivity and have been around for over 30 years, and are often found in older models of cameras. Another is CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) image sensors utilize newer technology to record better HD resolution and fast-moving activity, and are found in the majority of IP new cameras
An image sensor is the part of your IP camera that captures the light hitting the camera lens and turns it into electrical signals, which get recorded as the video you see when monitoring your system. As light passes through your camera lens, it hits the image sensor. The sensor is made up for many little photosites (each photosite becomes a pixel in the video resolution), and the amount of light on each individual photosite determines how much light will be in each pixel of your video. Together, the light/dark sections of each pixel make up one cohesive image in the final video. Every IP surveillance camera needs an image sensor to create a video. For high quality surveillance video, the newer CMOS image sensors help ensure your video stays clear even at high resolutions or when objects are moving.

Chrisanthea Fong Shau Wen (51506)
Chrisanthea Fong Shau Wen (51506)
Thermometer sensor:
Infrared radiation thermometer is often said to be radiance dependence on temperature in order to produce a value and to display the results. The infrared radiation light works like a typical visible light which can be focused, reflected and absorbed. It uses a lens to focus on the light from one object onto the detector which is known as thermopile. Thermopile absorbs infrared radiation and turn it into heat. When there is more infrared radiation energy, the thermopile turns hotter, and vice versa. The heat from thermopile is then turned into electricity for the detector to determine the temperature. Higher temperature generates more electricity, thus higher reading on the display.
Dustin Kirrin Anak Adrin (51643)
Dustin Kirrin Anak Adrin (51643)
Day/night sensor.The DNS25 Day/Night Sensor can automatically turn on or off lights at dusk and dawn. It is not only convenient but also practical; it can control the lighting loads by working only at night. Examples of use are street lights, office lights, warehouse and factory lights, garden lights, etc. For these purposes people mainly go for outdoor flood lights as due to their specifics (wide beam angle) this is the best choice for illuminating wide areas and large objects such as your home. There are many types of flood lights available with different features and sensors included. 

Flood lights with dusk-to-dawn settings basically work by sensing the amount of natural light and they turn on only when it has reached particular level of dimness. As the name of the flood light indicates, it works from dusk to dawn i.e. it will work only during the darkest hours of the day and will automatically switch themselves off in the morning. This option seems to be a lot more reasonable and energy efficient than having your flood lights on all the evening and morning. Some people also go for motion sensors but they can be a bit too annoying and react to the movements that you do not want or need to be detected e.g. cars and people passing by. If your main purpose of installing flood lights is to illuminate your home and yard during the night only, then out of the three given options (no sensor, motion sensor or dusk-to-dawn lighting), dusk-to-dawn outdoor flood lights simply seem to be the most reasonable of the choices. Nevertheless, some consumers claim that for them the combination of two sensors has worked out the best. For instance it is possible to combine dusk-to-dawn settings with passive infra-red detector that detects movement.


Abdul Haniff bin Sahari (51035)
Abdul Haniff bin Sahari (51035)
Door opener. In the picture shows that the door opener applying the linear actuator. The motion of the actuator is linear which means its only allow the actuator to move in one direction. Therefore when switch or sensor send the signal to open, the actuator will push out the link connected to the door.
Nur Hafizah bt Haratono (50783)
Nur Hafizah bt Haratono (50783)
Door sensors (sometimes known as photoelectric or infrared beam, electric safety door edges, door detector, electric proximity edges or electric doorman) is an elevator device that detects a passenger or an object on the doorway which prevents the doors from closing. It is usually installed for accessibility. If a person or an objects blocks the doorway ,the sensors detects the person or the objects. The door will reopen then stays open and will not closed until the person moves away or the object is removed from the doorway.
shawn felix ak stephen (53782)
shawn felix ak stephen (53782)
CAR REVERSE ULTRASONIC SENSOR
An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance to an object by using sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a specific frequency and listening for that sound wave to bounce back. By recording the elapsed time between the sound wave being generated and the sound wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance between the sonar sensor and the object.

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Siti Nurfahani Binti Abdul Rauf (50964)
Siti Nurfahani Binti Abdul Rauf (50964)
Traffic Light Sensor 
 
Every traffic light signal has either a timer or sensor which helps it direct traffic flow. In large cities where vehicles cross road intersections across the clock, traffic is usually dictated by traffic lights that use timers. But in the suburbs and up county roads, traffic signal sensors (detectors) are usually preferred because they not only manage the inconsistent traffic flow effectively, but also detect when cars arrive at intersections, when several cars are stacked at an intersection and when cars have entered turn lanes.These sensors use different technologies, from induction loops, microwave radar, cameras, lasers to rubber hoses filled with air.


Siti Nurbaya Binti Abdul Rahman (53891)
Siti Nurbaya Binti Abdul Rahman (53891)
Fire Detector
This sensor will detect the carbon monoxide and measures the levels of CO release in the air. The alarm will ring to alert people. Since the CO is odorless, this can be a lifesaver.

Khairunnisa Zainudin [ 41680 ]
Khairunnisa Zainudin [ 41680 ]
Electromyography sensor (EMG) 
Measuring muscle activity by detecting its electric potential, referred to as electromyography (EMG), has traditionally been used for medical research. However, with the advent of ever shrinking yet more powerful microcontrollers and integrated circuits, EMG circuits and sensors have found their way into all kinds of control systems.

This sensor will measure the filtered and rectified electrical activity of a muscle; outputting 0-Vs Volts depending the amount of activity in the selected muscle, where Vs signifies the voltage of the power source.

Mohd Nor Arifin Bin Adam (45695)
Mohd Nor Arifin Bin Adam (45695) 
Temperature Sensor (Thermistor)
 Thermistor is a type of temperature sensor, whose name is a combination of the words THERM-ally sensitive res-ISTOR. A thermistor is a special type of resistor which changes its physical resistance when exposed to changes in temperature.
Thermistors are generally made from ceramic materials such as oxides of nickel, manganese or cobalt coated in glass which makes them easily damaged. Their main advantage over snap-action types is their speed of response to any changes in temperature, accuracy and repeatability.

Image of Thermistor 
Puteri Noorazimah Bt. Mohamed @ Mahmood (45980)
Puteri Noorazimah Bt. Mohamed @ Mahmood (45980)
Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV)
An automated guided vehicle (AGV) can be built with as little as two components: a magnetic guide sensor and a dual-channel motor controller. The AGV will follow a track made of an adhesive magnetic tape affixed on the floor. The magnetic sensor will measure how far from the center of the tape it is and provide the information to the motor controller, which will then adjust the steering so the vehicle remains at the center of the track.
Magnetic markers positioned on the left and right side of the track give the AGV location information that will be used to make stop and fork left/right decisions.
The sensor should be placed as shown in the diagrams for each chassis design. For the first two chassis types, the sensor must be placed near the front edge of the chassis. On long AGVs, this means that a little steering will cause a wide swing at the front and will make the steering control more difficult.
On the steerable drive wheel design, the sensor can be placed on the chassis. Or it may be made part of the wheel assembly and turn with it.
For best results, place the sensor at 30 mm above the floor and ensure that the height fluctuates within +/-10 mm at most as the AGV moves along the track.
Puteri Noorazimah Bt. Moh
 Puteri Noorazimah Bt. Mohamed @ Mahmood (45980)
Puteri Noorazimah Bt. Mohamed @ Mahmood (45980)
Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV)
An automated guided vehicle (AGV) can be built with as little as two components: a magnetic guide sensor and a dual-channel motor controller. The AGV will follow a track made of an adhesive magnetic tape affixed on the floor. The magnetic sensor will measure how far from the center of the tape it is and provide the information to the motor controller, which will then adjust the steering so the vehicle remains at the center of the track.
Magnetic markers positioned on the left and right side of the track give the AGV location information that will be used to make stop and fork left/right decisions.
The sensor should be placed as shown in the diagrams for each chassis design. For the first two chassis types, the sensor must be placed near the front edge of the chassis. On long AGVs, this means that a little steering will cause a wide swing at the front and will make the steering control more difficult.
On the steerable drive wheel design, the sensor can be placed on the chassis. Or it may be made part of the wheel assembly and turn with it.
For best results, place the sensor at 30 mm above the floor and ensure that the height fluctuates within +/-10 mm at most as the AGV moves along the track.
SYAMMIL MOHD ISHAK (50981)
SYAMMIL MOHD ISHAK (50981)
Infrared Tyre Temperature Sensor

Tyres are critical to lap time in Formula One. Taking temperature readings from the surface of a rotating tyre clearly requires a non-contact sensor. Black rubber tyres have high emissitivity, which is the amount of radiated heat they reflected. There is also an optical means of infrared temperature sensing, which was first used by McLaren. These types of temperature sensor use convection and radiation to monitor changes in temperature. They can be used to detect liquids and gases that emit radiant energy as heat rises and cold settles to the bottom in convection currents or detect radiant energy being transmitted from an object in the form of infrared radiation.
Chai Cheng Ying (51391
Chai Cheng Ying (51391
TV Remote Control
The main technology used in home remote controls is infrared (IR) light. The signal between a remote control handset and the device it controls consists of pulses of infrared light, which is invisible to the human eye, but can be seen through a digital camera, video camera or a phone camera. The transmitter in the remote control handset sends out a stream of pulses of infrared light when the user presses a button on the handset. A transmitter is often a light emitting diode (LED) which is built into the pointing end of the remote control handset. The infrared light pulses form a pattern unique to that button. The receiver in the device recognizes the pattern and causes the device to respond accordingly.
Elatta Bin Odita (50473)
Elatta Bin Odita (50473)
Engine sensors
A modern car’s Engine Management consists of a wide range of electronic and electrical components. It comprises of engine sensors, relays, and actuators. They work together to provide the car’s Engine Control Unit with vital data parameters essential to govern various engine functions effectively. Generally speaking, Engine sensors are electro-mechanical devices which monitor various engine parameters.


ABDUL AZIZ BIN ROSLI (45412)
ABDUL AZIZ BIN ROSLI (45412)
Thermometer
sensors are tools that detect specific biological, chemical, or physical processes and then transmit or report this data.

I choose digital thermometer as a chosen sensors because it's typically can be found around us. This sensors detect heat in the body to give exact reading of body temperature.
This device use thermoresistor or thermistor. This device changes its resistance with changes in temperature. A computer or other circuit measures the resistance and converts it to a temperature, either to display it or to make decisions about turning something on or off 
Fadzil J. (50669)
Fadzil J. (50669)              
My Samsung Tab 8 "Directional Sensor"

Sensor is a device to sense (and displays or indicates the sensed matter) and there are various types of them have been invented for the sake of human convenience. 

In my case , I have chosen my Samsung Tab 8 to present an example of sensor that is "around me". This Tab 8 is equipped with several remarkable features (not that I have intention of promoting the product...but realistically speaking..) such as accelerometer, gyro or gyroscope, and smartphone compass (or might also be known as magnetic field sensor).

These 3 components work together for the tablet's "directional sensor". The mechanism is simple.

When I use a compass app in my Tab 8, the tablet somehow knows the direction of me pointing the tablet. The presence of accelerometer allows the tablet to identify the orientation made up of axis-based motion sensing. On the other hand, the gyroscope is used to help along the accelerometer senses motion from six axes i.e. right, left, up, down, forward and backward. It also detects the roll, pitch and yaw motions. Yaw, Roll and Pitch are the angular moments seen from three axes which are X, Y and Z and therefore contributing great helps in navigation purpose and detecting the gesture recognition systems used in the tablet 8. Lastly, the magnetic field sensor, in this case, helps in reducing the error caused by nearby magnetic fields as to enhance the accuracy of "compass direction : North and South" sensing. To even more enhance the quality of the sensor, the directions measured by accelerometer and gyro usually connected with Global Positioning System (GPS), which, however, requires internet connection.

Per the use in its application, this directional sensor allows muslim user to obtain Qiblah direction for prayer purposes.
 
Attached is the image of my Samsung Tablet 8 , illustrated gyroscope and accelerometer components in conventional smartphones.
Ivan Ho Chia Haw (54637)
Ivan Ho Chia Haw (54637)
Speed Sensor
It is a type of small object that mostly used in nowadays vehicles which to detect the speed of a car. Speed sensors are usually installed on four sides located at the car wheels. It is very important element because it relates to the safety of a car. It will monitor every of the speed of each wheels and send an output to the ABS if one or two wheels are turning faster than the others, which in turn provides the braking control to maintain a safe vehicle deceleration. Nowadays vehicles were usually installed with this element to ensure that the drivers are always safe while daily driving. For European cars such as Volkswagen and Audi are always common to have this element installed on their vehicles. When ABS checklight indicator appear on the dashboard speedometer, most possibilities is that there might be problem with the speed sensor which may need to replace with a new one. This advance technology is convenient that allows drivers to know that they are in safe condition when driving.

Brian Egan (54521) Door position sensing in refrigerator
Brian Egan  (54521)  Door position sensing in refrigerator

Refrigerators equipped with a noncontact-type sensing technologies such as reed switches/sensors and Hall effect sensors to detect the door position. A reed sensor is mounted to the frame of the appliance and a permanent magnet actuator is mounted to the door. Each reed switch or Hall effect sensor and magnet actuator is positioned in such a way that the reed switch or Hall effect sensor is activated when the door is closed, and the light will turn off.


KAMARUL AZIZI BIN WAHAP (50562)
KAMARUL AZIZI BIN WAHAP (50562)
Door Sensor
(Contact Sensor)
Have you ever opened a door and notice this little thing on top of it? 
This is actually one of the common home security system, a door sensor. It works on a simple principle called "reed switch". Basically, it is used to determine when a protected area has been breached. 

A reed switch consists of a set of electrical connectors placed slightly apart. When a magnetic field is placed parallel to the electrical connectors, it pulls them together, closing the circuit.
To simplify, if someone opens an armed door, the magnet is pulled away from the switch, which breaks the circuit and triggers an event. Depending on your setup, this could be a chime alert or full-blown alarm.
Hawa anak Ringkai (50534)
Hawa anak Ringkai (50534)
- DIGITAL THERMOMETER -

Digital thermometer is slowly replacing the conventional mercury thermometer due to the ease of taking reading. It is mercury free and provides quick and highly accurate results over the body temperature range. Besides that, it is equipped with beep alarm and memory function and can record a wide range of temperature. It works on the principle that changes in temperature cause the resistance of a sensor to change allowing a computer to convert the difference to a digital read-out. The sensor is a thermoresistor, commonly called a thermistor. Thermistor elements are the most sensitive temperature sensors available. A thermistor is a semiconductor device with an electrical resistance that is proportional to temperature. There are two types of products: Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) and Positive temperature coefficient (PTC). Advantages include their small size and high degree of stability. NTCs are also long lasting and very accurate.  Disadvantages include their non-linearity, and unsuitability for use in extreme temperatures.

JOHNNY AK EMBAN (52056)
JOHNNY AK EMBAN (52056)
Capacitive sensor in laptop touch pad.

Have you been wondering how your laptop touch pad work? Well, your touch pad actually using either conductive or capacitive sensor but the most common sensor that being used is capacitive sensor. Capacitive sensors detect anything which is conductive or has dielectric properties. Since our body has the conductive properties, hence it works.  The capacitive sensitive touch pad has two parts; ground and sensor. When the finger is brought close to the touch pad, then capacitance of the system increases. From the position of capacitors which are charging and discharging at any point of time, the coordinates of point of touch is determined.
DOMINIC LASOO ANAK SEBASTIAN (51634)
DOMINIC LASOO ANAK SEBASTIAN (51634)
Radio-frequency identification (RFID)

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically-stored information. Passive tags collect energy from a nearby RFID reader's interrogating radio waves. Active tags have a local power source (such as a battery) and may operate hundreds of meters from the RFID reader. Unlike a barcode, the tag need not be within the line of sight of the reader, so it may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method for Automatic Identification and data capture (AIDC).

RFID tags are used in many industries, for example, an RFID tag attached to an automobile during production can be used to track its progress through the assembly line; RFID-tagged pharmaceuticals can be tracked through warehouses; and implanting RFID chips in livestock and pets allows for positive identification of animals.

The RFID tag can be affixed to an object and used to track and manage inventory, assets, people, etc. For example, it can be affixed to cars, computer equipment, books, mobile phones, etc.

RFID offers advantages over manual systems or use of bar codes. The tag can be read if passed near a reader, even if it is covered by the object or not visible. The tag can be read inside a case, carton, box or other container, and unlike barcodes, RFID tags can be read hundreds at a time. Bar codes can only be read one at a time using current devices.

MOHAMAD HISYAM BIN SUFFIAN - 45661
MOHAMAD HISYAM BIN SUFFIAN - 45661
(piezoelectric sensor)

A piezoelectric effect is detected by a sensor and from this measurements can be made on changes in pressure, acceleration, and force that are displayed in the form of an electrical charge. Piezoelectric crystals such as barium titanate and ceramic material such as lead zirconate titanate are considered smart materials for the purpose of generating a piezoelectric effect and are built in piezoelectric sensor technology. There are two types of pressure sensors (mechanical and electrical) that are typically used to measure the piezoelectric effect. Mechanical sensors are made of a sensing element known as a diaphragm, a rod, a three-terminal resistor that acts as a voltage divider, and a direct current voltage source. During the application of pressure, the diaphragm component to the piezoelectric sensor displaces the connecting rod which activates the potentiometer component to the sensor that generates an output voltage.
The second type of pressure sensor works by a slightly different principle. The diaphragm to this type of piezoelectric sensor is made up of polymer polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and works as a sensing and transducing element. Upon application of pressure to the diaphragm, instead of using a potentiometer, the pressure is directly converted into a voltage
NURUL FATINI BINTI FATHI (534599)
NURUL FATINI BINTI FATHI (534599)
RIP SENSOR (Pyroelectric sensor)
This type of sensor detect level of infrared radiation. Every object or moving object that has a temperature above absolute zero can emit heat energy in form of radiation that are invisible to the human eyes, but can easily detected by this special purpose electronic device such as PIR motion detector.  Whenever object is detected in the field of view of the sensor, then positive differential change will be produced between two halves with the interception of the first half of the PIR sensor, seen from the PIR is originally split into halves.  Same goes to when the object is leaving the field view of the sensor, but negative differential change will be produced. It is also known as the Passive Infrared sensor because it does not emit any energy or radiation for detecting the radiation. 
Sif Fowel Tami (50936)
Sif Fowel Tami (50936)
Torque Sensor
A Torque Sensor is a transducer that converts a torsional mechanical input into an electrical output signal. The picture below shows the Rotating dual Shaft Torque sensors, RST series. It is a low range rotating torque sensors that are available in eleven full scale ranges of 10 through 30K inch pounds. The sensing element incorporates bonded foiled strain gages of highest quality along the coined silver slip ring and silver brushes for data transmission.
MARK PHILLAY ANAK PHILIP (50587
MARK PHILLAY ANAK PHILIP (50587
electric linear actuator
Electric Linear Actuators are electrically powered, mechanical devices consisting of motors, linear guides, and drive mechanisms, which are used to convert electrical energy into linear displacement through mechanical transmission, electro-magnetism, or thermal expansion to provide straight line push/pull motion. Key specifications include the intended application, drive type, motor type, the mounting configuration, as well as other physical dimensions and electrical characteristics. Electric linear actuators are used primarily in automation applications when a machine component, tool, etc. requires a controlled movement to a particular position. They are used in a wide range of industries where linear positioning is needed. The actuators are driven by several means including ball or lead screws, belts, or voice coils, among others. Typical applications include opening and closing dampers, locking doors, braking machine motions, etc.
Nazmus Shakib (54389
Nazmus Shakib (54389
Ultrasonic Level sensor 
Ultrasonic waves are used to measure level of liquids and solid objects in industries. Ultrasonic level measurement is contact less principle and most suitable for level measurements of hot, corrosive and boiling liquids. The normal frequency range used for ultrasonic level measurements is within a range of 40-200 KHz. Ultrasonic waves detect an object in the same way as Radar does it. Ultrasonic uses the sound waves, and Radar uses radio waves. When ultrasonic pulse signal is targeted towards an object, it is reflected by the object and echo returns to the sender. The time traveled by the ultrasonic pulse is calculated, and the distance of the object is found. Bats use well known method to measure the distance while travelling. Ultrasonic level measurement principle is also used to find out fish positions in ocean, locate submarines below water level, also the position of a scuba diver in sea.

Patrick Renaldo Richard (50889)
Patrick Renaldo Richard (50889)
Phone Gyroscope sensor
It is a sensor that tells the orientation information of the phone. Due to this sensor, Android's Photo Sphere camera feature can tell how much a phone has been rotated also used by Google's Sky Map for telling what constellation the phone is pointing at.

Ng Sze Lam (52836)
Ng Sze Lam (52836)
Facial Detection Sensor / Face ID in i Phone X
Face ID uses a combination of light projectors and sensors to take several images of facial features.
To set up Face ID, move the head in a circular motion so that the camera able to take multiple shots of face for a 3D map. It uses Infrared light to clarify the face while capturing images, to work day or night, outdoor or indoor. Therefore, infrared illumination helps in enabling the face recognition to work in non-favorable condition.

Desmond Ngeraman Anak Stephen Lee (51611)
Desmond Ngeraman Anak Stephen Lee (51611)
Linear Actuator
This is the image of the actuator in my printer. It is a type of linear actuator which is stepper motor-driven linear actuator. Digital printers make use of linear actuator in printing automation processes. The linear actuator will move the ink cartridge in horizontal linear motion while it sprays ink to produced desired image on the paper.

Azieana binti Pendita (50426)
Azieana binti Pendita (50426)
Drone Distance Sensors
Distance measurement sensors provide an accurate distance reading to the closest object on their way. They are basically lightweight and handy to be used especially by drones. Distance measurement sensors can be divided into multiple categories that include acoustic (SoNAR), laser, radio (RaDAR), infrared, time of flight cameras and mono/stereo cameras. However, it is RaDAR that has been used widely for drones. Radio Detection And Ranging (RaDAR) has a transmitter that emits a particular signal and a receiver antenna detects its Eco. The object's speed and direction can be estimated by the Doppler effect. It applies the same as the Doppler concept of a moving car. While the car approaches, the sound waves get compressed, so their wavelength reduces and the pitch increases. 
Charmaine Joanna ak Stephen Cornet (50442)
Charmaine Joanna ak Stephen Cornet (50442)
Passive Infrared Sensors (PIR)
This sensors are mostly used for security applications and motion detection. PIR sensors is a pyroelectric sensor, and these sensor are divided into 2 halves such that whenever it detects moving object that emits infrared radiation, the sensor would sense it.The function of these halves depends on the infrared radiation as in if it detects any less or more infrared radiation, the PIR sensor would sense the movement. If it detects the same infrared radiation, the halves will cancel each other and the sensor would not sense the motion. The only drawback of this sensor is that it cannot detect any stationary or slow moving objects.
Raja Nurul Amira Bt Raja Jamam (50905)
Raja Nurul Amira Bt Raja Jamam (50905)
Parking sensor
Parking sensors are labelled by various vehicle manufacturers under many different brand names, such as Park Distance Control, Park Assist, Parktronic, or EPS, but they only come in two varieties: ultrasonic and electromagnetic.

Some parking sensors can detect moving objects as well, but they will react in much the same fashion regardless. In the case of an ultrasonic system, once a sensor receives a signal or wave that the computer determines is close, all sensors on the rear of the vehicle will then send a signal or wave simultaneously. Depending on which sensor receives the returned wave, the computer can determine if the object is moving or not. However, the system will still sound the alarm the entire time the object is within the sensory area.

Electromagnetic sensors will also register a moving obstruction in the same manner as a non-moving one if it's close enough. These sensors actually only react to objects approaching the bumper, so fixed accessories like tow bars don't perpetually set off the alarm, so a moving object, like a person, will set off the alarm until it leaves the field if it is in close enough proximity.

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Luke Teo Ngim Yeu ( 54711)
Luke Teo Ngim Yeu ( 54711) 
VVT Actuator and VVT oil control valve and sensor. 
VVT stand for variable valve timing. These both sensor can found new modem car especially very common for Japanese car maker such as Toyota and Mitsubishi. VVT actuator and VVT oil control valve and sensor are use to retard or advance the intake valve timing and exhaust valve for optimal performance and fuel efficiency. However, in order for VVT actuator to work in correct timing, all have to control by car on-board ECU program and sensor around engine, transmission and the power demand from driver foot ( accelerator ). This create different cam profile to suit the driving situation. VVT oil control valve and sensor are act as both feedback and pre controller for both VVT actuator and ECU. 
Siti Nuraisyah Afiqah binti Ahmat (50962)
Siti Nuraisyah Afiqah binti Ahmat (50962)
Oxygen sensor
It is installed in the car engine. The sensor is part of the emissions control system and feeds data to the­ engine management computer. It helps the engine run as efficiently as possible and also to produce as few emissions as possible. Oxygen sensor is positioned in the exhaust pipe and can detect rich and lean mixtures. The mechanism in most sensors involves a chemical reaction that generates a voltage. The engine's computer looks at the voltage to determine if the mixture is rich or lean and adjusts the amount of fuel entering the engine accordingly.

Mamunur Rashid 54436
Mamunur Rashid 54436
Automatic door activators are designed for the actuation of automatic swing, sliding, folding and curved sliding doors. They use active infrared light sensors that register people and objects, resulting in a detection zone that is accurately adjustable. Apart from human beings and animals, objects such as shopping trolleys and hospital beds trigger an opening signal, provided they are located within the detection zone. Automatic door activators are used to engage automatic door actuators and pneumatic door openers. There are many varieties that provide various functionalities. We have the approach sensor, such as a radar sensor (the door opens when a user approaches it), the push button mechanism and the pressure mat (the door opens when a user stands on the mat). There is also the access control activator – the door opens when a user activates a code reader or a swipe reader with a fob or remote-control button. The user is authorized to go through the door and after a pre-determined time the door closes and locks. An automatic door operator reopens the door if it closes into an obstacle (auto-reverse) on most modern automatic door operators. However, most automatic doors have sensors installed on them to prevent the door from ever meeting pedestrians using the door.

MARCUS ANAK BANGGAN (52419)
MARCUS ANAK BANGGAN (52419)
Stretch Sensor
Stretch sensors are a type of sensor designed to measure soft structures, including soft robots and the human body. It has ability to measure either stretch, bend, shear, or pressure. These stretch sensors are essentially flexible capacitors. When the sensor deforms (due to stretching or squeezing) its capacitance value changes. The sensor sends data about its capacitance to a Bluetooth enabled device, and the StretchSense App translates the data to give a user highly precise information about what the sensor is detecting. StretchSense sensors can be made in various sizes, elasticities, and sensitivities depending on desired application.

The inside of the stretch sensor consists of a stretchable signal electrode sandwiched between two ground electrodes which are separated by silicone dielectric insulators. Since the sensor is essentially a flexible parallel plate capacitor, the two dimensions that change when the sensor is stretched are thickness and area of the conductive layers. Stretching the sensor increases area and decreases thickness which both contribute to an increase in capacitance. Since capacitors resist a change in voltage, the capacitance can be indirectly measured through an applied voltage. By applying a voltage to the sensor and comparing the actual voltage output to what would be expected without a capacitor, the capacitance of the sensor can be determined. StretchSense offers two versions of stretch sensor: A silicone based sensor and a fabric based sensor. 

📎 Photo
Capacitive fingerprint sensor
Capacitive fingerprint sensor
Mohd alinafiah (50131)
Capacitive fingerprint scanners use arrays tiny capacitor circuits to collect data about a fingerprint. As capacitors can store electrical charge, connecting them up to conductive plates on the surface of the scanner allows them to be used to track the details of a fingerprint. The charge stored in the capacitor will be changed slightly when a finger’s ridge is placed over the conductive plates, while an air gap will leave the charge at the capacitor relatively unchanged. 

Beatrice Ubung Uyo 51330
Beatrice Ubung Uyo 51330
One of the applications of sensors are in the escalator system. Escalator is a type of vertical transportation in the form of a moving staircase which carries people between floors of a building. Escalator consists of a motor driven chain of individually linked steps on a track which cycle on a pair of tracks that keeps them horizontal. Nowadays, a few improvement has been made including implementing the passive infrared (PIR) motion sensor. The sensor will collect the infrared energy emitted by the body heat of a people. The PIR detectors are programmed to trigger only when it detects sharp increase in infrared energy. When sensor detects an increase in infrared energy, it will enable the escalator to rapidly accelerate from the standby state to the rated speed
AHMAD FARIDZUL BIN JAPAR (51073)
AHMAD FARIDZUL BIN JAPAR (51073)
Float Level Sensor measures liquid level by transmitting to a mechanism the rise and fall of a float that rides on the surface of the liquid. It used primarily in open tanks whereas float level switches may be designed to operate in a pressurized tank.
Muhammad Faez Bin Hamzah (50670
Muhammad Faez Bin Hamzah (50670
Optical Laser Sensor mice are the common devices that we encounter everyday.  An optical-based mouse utilizes an LED light source and a laser mouse uses a laser beam. The CMOS sensor installed in the mice will take the photo and detect movement.  Higher DPI is always better. Due to the optical or laser, the surface need to be opaque and non-translucent. The one marketed as optical models rely on an infrared or red LED that projects light onto a surface. This LED is typically mounted behind an angled lens, which focuses the illumination into a beam. That beam is bounced off the surface, through the “imaging” lens that magnifies the reflected light, and into the CMOS sensor. The sensor will process the data and command the movement of the cursor. 
 

 
Muhd Affifuddin Bin Abdullah (50699)
Muhd Affifuddin Bin Abdullah (50699)
A heat detector is a fire alarm device designed to respond when the converted thermal energy of a fire increases the temperature of a heat sensitive element. The thermal mass and conductivity of the element regulate the rate flow of heat into the element. Heat detectors are intended to minimize property damage by reacting to the change in temperature caused by a fire.
Burrghman Embam anak Enggong (50435)
Burrghman Embam anak Enggong (50435)
This is a door locking mechanism and it is a type of electric linear actuators. They are electrically powered, mechanical devices which is made up of motors,  linear guides and mechanisms. Those parts are used to convert electrical energy into linear displacement by undergoing mechanical transmission, electro-mechanism, or thermal expansion to provide straight line push/pull motion. The actuators are driven
by several ways that include ball or lead screws, belts, voice coils and etc.   
Qhalief Bin Sapawi (53613)
Qhalief Bin Sapawi (53613)
Optical LED Sensor and Laser Sensor On Gaming Mouse 
Mostly nowadays mouse especially gaming mouse using Optical Laser Sensor and Laser Sensor and remove the old ball tracker. For Optical Laser Sensor, offer constant stream to tracking to detect motion relative to surface image. There are precise benefits to all this, because there isn’t any calibration done when you lift up the mouse, keeping consistent feel to movement in the gaming. But, optical sensors are more reliant on the surface because of the LED is used for tracking. On the other hand, Laser Sensor designed for accuracy. Laser gaming sensors can track and precisely report mouse movements on specifically all types of surfaces. Laser sensors allow higher DPI settings that translates into more precise tracking. Basically professional gamers are able to take advantages from such extreme sensitivities, in that usual times they often need to move little to aim the enemy from afar.

Ling Tiew Cheon 52349
Ling Tiew Cheon 52349
(Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) CMOS Sensor on Mice
The CMOS sensor sends each image to a digital signal processor (DSP) for analysis. The DSP, operating at 18 MIPS (million instructions per second), is able to detect patterns in the images and see how those patterns have moved since the previous image. Based on the change in patterns over a sequence of images, the DSP determines how far the mouse has moved and sends the corresponding coordinates to the computer. The computer moves the cursor on the screen based on the coordinates received from the mouse. This happens hundreds of times each second, making the cursor appear to move very smoothly. This sensor allows mice to be used on any surface.
Kethiswary A/P Paramesvaran (52118)
Kethiswary A/P Paramesvaran (52118)
Automatic Doors
Some automatic doors operate on optic or motion sensors. These sensors might be mounted above a set of automatic doors or built on the top or the sides of the frames of the automatic doors. When these optic or motion sensors sense motion nearby, they trigger the automatic doors to open and then close.

ANATHASIA RABIAH ANAK STEWARD (50393)
ANATHASIA RABIAH ANAK STEWARD (50393)
Hand Dryer (Passive infrared sensor)

Hand dryers are electric machines found in public bathroom. They may either operate with the push of a button or automatically using a sensor which called passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor). PIR sensors used to sense motion and to detect whether a human has moved in or out of the sensors range. They are small, inexpensive, low-power, easy to use and don't wear out. PIR sensors are basically made of a pyroelectric sensor, which can detect levels of infrared radiation. The device detects motion and automatically turns on when hands are placed for drying. It is automatically turns off when hands are moved away from the dryer. Hand dryers consist of a heating element that is turned on when an infrared motion sensor is triggered. Air is blown over the heating element which makes the air warm. The air is blown out of a tube that points downward and focuses the air onto the hands. 


SITTI AISHAH BINTI NAJAMUDIN (50968
SITTI AISHAH BINTI NAJAMUDIN (50968
WHEEL SPEED SENSOR

A wheel speed sensor (WSS) is a device designed to read the speed of a vehicle's wheel rotation. The system also monitors the proper functioning of a range of features, including brake performance, ensuring vehicle safety.
NUR ATIKAH BINTI ABDUL RAZAK (53113)
NUR ATIKAH BINTI ABDUL RAZAK (53113)
Angular position sensor 

An angular position sensor (also referred to as a rotary sensor) measures the relation by which any position with respect to any other position is established. It calculates the orientation of an object with respect to a specified reference position as expressed by the amount of rotation necessary to change from one orientation to the other about a specified axis. There are many different kinds of angular position sensors. The most common types categorized by supply voltage, output type, sensing range, operating temperature range, packaging type and supply current. The most common values for supply voltage are 4.5 to 5.5 V. Also carry angular position sensors with supply voltage up to 36 V. Supply current can have a range between 100 µA and 13.5 A, with the most common chips having a supply current of 13.5 mA. Angular position sensors can be found in wide array of automotive and industrial applications including:

·  Steering Wheel Position sensing
·  Pedal Position sensing
·  Motor-shaft Position sensing
·  Throttle Position sensing

NUR AZREEN AMIRA BINTI ASIB (50764)
NUR AZREEN AMIRA BINTI ASIB (50764)
- LCD Projector -
Projectors using a liquid crystal display image engine are common in the workplace. They are, in essence, the same thing as a flat panel TV, just much smaller. They can be used to make presentations to clients, customers or employees. Most LCD projectors use three small transparent LCD panels -- one for red, one for green and one for blue -- sandwiched together with a bright light that shines through them. The nature of LCD technology gives it some significant benefits over other projector technologies like Digital Light Processing.
DAYANG RAMIZAH BT AWANG MORNI (50463)
DAYANG RAMIZAH BT AWANG MORNI (50463)
Barcode Scanner [Light Sensor]

Barcode scanner is an electronic device that can read and output printed barcodes into the computer.  It consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor translating optical impulses into electrical ones. Additionally, nearly all barcode readers contain decoder circuitry analyzing the barcode's image data provided by the sensor and sending the barcode's content to the scanner's output port. Specifically, the sensor in the barcode scanner detects the reflected light from the illumination system (the red light) and generates an analog signal that is sent to the decoder. The decoder interprets that signal, validates the barcode using the check digit, and coverts it into text. This converted text is delivered by the scanner to a computer software system holding a database of the maker, cost, and quantity of all products sold.


FENNYLIA URAISIRAN ANAK PHILLIP (50513)
FENNYLIA URAISIRAN ANAK PHILLIP (50513)
Microphone -  Acoustic Sound sensor

Microphones are acoustic sensors that converts sound waves or signal into electrical signal. Most of microphones light modulation, piezoelectric effect, capacitance change and electromagnetic induction to convert vibrations to electrical signal. Comparing pressure sensors and microphones, both have the same basic structure - consists of diaphragm and transducer. The deflection on the diaphragm caused by sound waves lead to vibrations and will be converted into electrical signal (audible sound). Two types of commonly used microphones are dynamic and condenser microphones. The working principle for dynamic microphones are based on electromagnetic induction. Sound waves trigger the diaphragm and coil attached to it while a magnet in the microphone produce magnetic field around the coil enabling current to flow. Thus, sound produced by dynamic microphones are in reversed direction only. This type of microphone are suitable for general purpose use and the design is simple. Meanwhile, condenser microphone are based on electrostatic field. It has a capacitor - two plates with voltage. One of the plate act as diaphragm and vibrate when being hit by sound waves.The vibration changes the distance between the plates and also changing the capacitance - electrical current is generated.

AUGUSTINE NANANG (51282)
AUGUSTINE NANANG (51282)
Force Torque sensor

Most robotic applications require a multi-axis or 6-axis FT sensor to give feedback to the robot about the tool itself which can be controlled along 6 axes (3 translations + 3 rotations). A 6-axis FT sensor means that the sensor can measure both the force and torque along the 3-axis (x-y-z). These are usually defined by the components of Fx-Fy-Fz and Tx-Ty-Tz. To measure the effort in all six axes, the force-torque sensor usually combines information from a minimum of 6 unitary measuring elements such as strain gauges. Using the geometry of these elements and the physical properties of the material on which they are installed, we can compute the force and torque along the axes which are meaningful to the robot control loop. When installed on the robot flange, the integrator needs to set the parameters for the relative position and orientation of the sensor with respect to the robot tool.
As you can see in the picture, the sensor is between the robot wrist and the tool. This position allows the sensor to feel the force and torque applied on the tool. 


CHIKIA EDWIN (51464)
CHIKIA EDWIN (51464)
AIRCRAFT DOOR ACTUATION:
The A380 has numerous passenger doors that are quite heavy and would therefore require a large cabin crew to operate.  As a result, the A380 passenger aircraft doors were among the first to be operated automatically. Three actuators are involved: “Lift” to lift the door out of cabin-pressure security positon, “Swivel”  to allow door to open even in the event of a crash whereby the aircraft is lying on  its side, and “Lock”. These actuators are fully autonomous and the mechanics,  electric motors, controllers, and power supply needed to operate them are  integrated into the door. This ensures doors can still be operated even in the event of power shortage.
51655 EDWIN ANAK BRAIN
51655 EDWIN ANAK BRAIN
The sensor sends information, in the form of electronic signals back to the controller.  Sensors also give the robot controller information about its surroundings and lets it know the exact position of the arm, or the state of the world around it. 
 5 senses are the kinds of information we get from our world.  Robots can be designed and programmed to get specific information that is beyond what our 5 senses can tell us. For example, a robot sensor might "see" in the dark, that we cannot do but robot might detect tiny amounts of invisible radiation or measure movement that is too small or fast for the human eye to see.
Sensors can be made simple and complex, depending on how much information needs to be stored.
For example light sensors. It can measure:
1)light intensity (how light/dark it is)
2)differential intensity (difference between photocells)
3)break-beam (change/drop in intensity)
Light sensors can be shielded and focused in different ways

Amabelle Mae binti Aldrin (51160)
Amabelle Mae binti Aldrin (51160)
Magnetic Sensor
Magnetic sensor is mainly used to give an accurate positioning details which cannot even achieved with GPS. Some of the application of these sensors are they can provide navigation in urban areas and indoor areas. They also can deliver point of product advertising. For example, there are magnetic sensors in our smartphones and tablets.
Kelvin Louise Awi (52111)
Kelvin Louise Awi (52111)
SMOKE SENSOR
A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control as part of a fire alarm system, while household smoke detectors, also known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector itself.
All smoke detectors consist of two basic parts: a sensor to sense the smoke and a very loud electronic horn to wake people up. Smoke detectors can run off of a 9-volt battery or 120-volt house current.

Yong Leong Ming 54283
Yong Leong Ming 54283
An Ls-Model is a device that can fly to the sky while receive the infrared signal. The actuator of the model is small and light. It can control the direction either to left or right when remote it by the controller. The sensor will receive the infrared from the controller and move the actuator and make it rotate and finally rise.
Nur Sofiani Binti Mohd Yusof (53277
Nur Sofiani Binti Mohd Yusof (53277
An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance to an object by using sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a specific frequency and listening for that sound wave to bounce back. By recording the elapsed time between the sound wave being generated and the sound wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance between the sonar sensor and the object.
 
LESLIE TANJONG ANAK LAGONG (52280) - Metal Sensor Detector
LESLIE TANJONG ANAK LAGONG (52280) - Metal Sensor Detector
A metal sensor detector is an electronic instrument which detects the presence of metal nearby. Metal sensor detectors are useful for finding metal inclusions hidden within objects, or metal objects buried underground. They often consist of a handheld unit with a sensor probe which can be swept over the ground or other objects. If the sensor comes near a piece of metal this is indicated by a changing tone in earphones, or a needle moving on an indicator. Usually the device gives some indication of distance where the closer the metal is, the higher the tone in the earphone or the higher the needle goes. Another common type are stationary “walk through" metal sensor detectors used for security screening at access points in prisons, courthouses, and airports to detect concealed metal weapons on a person's body. The simplest form of a metal sensor detector consists of an oscillator producing an alternating current that passes through a coil producing an alternating magnetic field. If a piece of electrically conductive metal is close to the coil, Eddy currents will be induced in the metal, and this produces a magnetic field of its own. If another coil is used to measure the magnetic field which is acting as a magnetometer, the change in the magnetic field due to the metallic object can be detected. Uses include detecting land mines, the detection of weapons such as knives and guns especially in airport security, geophysical prospecting, archaeology and treasure hunting. Metal sensor detectors are also used to detect foreign bodies in food, and in the construction industry to detect steel reinforcing bars in concrete and pipes and wires buried in walls and floors.

LEONARD RAYMOND (50574) - Aircraft flap actuator
LEONARD RAYMOND (50574) - Aircraft flap actuator
Linear  hydraulic actuator are used as the flap actuator of the aircraft and it is located on each wing. They are used to maintain efficient flight at low air speeds. A flap actuator is mounted in the aircraft wing with a screw that rotates. When the screw turns, it activates the flap which move it up and down accordingly. 

Maureen Anak Tambi (52451)
Maureen Anak Tambi (52451)
Speed Sensors
Speed sensor used for detecting speed of an object or vehicle. There are different type of speed sensors to detect speed such as Wheel speed sensor, speedometers, LIDAR, ground speed radar pitot tube and so on. PIC microcontroller based project for speed synchronization of multiple motors in industries using wireless technology is a typical application of the speed sensor.  KMI 17/4 is an example for wheel speed sensor. It measures the rotational speed or the wheel speed. It plays vital role in providing best performance for ABS system. It is easy application and low cost system. It is integrated with magnet and is suitable for ferromagnetic gear wheel application. 

Valentine Entukan Anak Langka (54143).
Valentine Entukan Anak Langka (54143).
Traffic Light Sensors 
Every traffic light signal has either a timer or sensor which helps it direct traffic flow. 
In the suburbs and up county roads, traffic signal sensors (detectors) are usually preferred because they not only manage the inconsistent traffic flow effectively, but also detect when cars arrive at intersections, when several cars are stacked at an intersection and when cars have entered turn lanes. 
These sensors use different technologies, from induction loops, microwave radar, cameras, lasers to rubber hoses filled with air. 
Muhamad Hakim bin Hamdan(52638)
Muhamad Hakim bin Hamdan(52638)
Flame Detector
Sensor designed to detect and respond to the presence of a flame/fire, allowing flame detection. Responses to a detected flame depend on the installation, but can include sounding an alarm, deactivating a fuel line (such as a propane or a natural gas line), and activating a fire suppression system.  A flame detector can often respond faster and more accurately than a smoke or heat detector due to the mechanisms(optical flame detector such as UV detector,infrared,IR flame detection and more) it uses to detect the flame. 
Hafiq Azfahsyaz bin Hashim (50525)
Hafiq Azfahsyaz bin Hashim (50525)
Proximity sensor
Mobile phone use IR-based proximity sensor to detect the presence of a human ear. This sensing is done to reduce display power consumption by turning off the LCD backlight and to disable the touch screen to avoid inadvertent touches by the cheek.
Melvin Luat anak Augustine Lubon (52467)
Melvin Luat anak Augustine Lubon (52467)
Radio Wave Sensor Anti-theft System
As we walk through the doorway without paying for something, the radio waves from the transmitter (hidden in on one of the door gates) are picked up by the coiled metal antenna in the label. This generates a tiny electrical current that makes the label transmit a new radio signal of its own at a very specific frequency. The receiver (hidden in the other door gate) picks up the radio signal that the tag transmits and sounds the alarm. Special tags and labels are fixed to merchandise or books. These tags or labels are removed or "deactivated" by the clerks when the item is properly bought or checked out. Hence, the alarm would not be sound as the tag been removed.

Eng Leong Ching (50479) Automatic Plant Irrigation System Circuit
Eng Leong Ching (50479) Automatic Plant Irrigation System Circuit  
This automatic irrigation system senses the moisture content of the soil and automatically switches the pump when the power is on. A proper usage of irrigation system is very important because the main reason is the shortage of land reserved water due to lack of rain, unplanned use of water as a result large amounts of water goes waste. For this reason, we use this automatic plant watering system, and this system is very useful in all climatic conditions.
Maxvin Anak Usup (50591) - Coolant temperature sensor
Maxvin Anak Usup (50591) - Coolant temperature sensor
The coolant temperature sensor (CTS) on most vehicle can be found near the engine thermostat. Thermostat and/or coolant given off certain temperature and it is being measured by the sensor. The on-board control system then received the temperature. This temperature information is used by vehicle's computer either to keep on operating or adjust certain functions of engine. This is significant in order to keep the temperature of engine at an ideal level of operation. Cooling fan is either shut off or turn on as the control system receive the temperature from CTS. Moreover, the need for richer fuel mixture or opening the re-circulation of exhaust gas is signaled by the CTS.

  
Don Perez anak Liap (50467
Don Perez anak Liap (50467
Tachometer (speed sensor)
A tachometer is a sensor device for measuring the rotation speed of an object such as the engine shaft in a car. This device indicates the revolutions per minute (RPM) performed by the object. The device comprises of a dial, a needle to indicate the current reading, and markings to indicate safe and dangerous levels.

Liew Tzek Khen (52302) - Heart rate monitor sensor
Liew Tzek Khen (52302) - Heart rate monitor sensor
This image shown the heart rate monitor sensor on my smart phone.  When we place and hold a finger on it,  the built-in  heart rate monitor will allows us to check our heart rate . Beside that, we also can check the stress level, blood pressure, blood glucose.
Arif Affandi Ngadimin (50406) 2018 Perodua Myvi's Advanced Safety Assist
Arif Affandi Ngadimin (50406) 2018 Perodua Myvi's Advanced Safety Assist 
ASA is a suite of active safety features that includes Pre-Collision Warning (PCW), Pre-Collision Braking (PCB), Front Departure Alert (FDA) and Pedal Misoperation Control (PMC). The ASA components are existing Daihatsu systems called (Smart Assist in JDM Daihatsus). They operate through a forward-facing stereo camera on top of the windscreen which detects car shapes.

Sources: 
https://paultan.org/2017/11/08/2018-perodua-myvi-advanced-safety-assist/
CHARLES PERUMAL (51421) Hydraulic Cylinder
CHARLES PERUMAL (51421) Hydraulic Cylinder
Hydraulic cylinder is a mechanical actuator that is used to give unidirectional force through a unidirectional stroke. It is mainly used in many application especially in construction equipment. Below image shows the example of the usage of hydraulic cylinder as an actuator in a excavator.
Hydraulic cylinders get their power from pressurized hydraulic fluid, which is typically oil. The hydraulic cylinder consists of a cylinder barrel, in which a piston connected to a piston rod moves back and forth. The barrel is closed on one end by the cylinder bottom (also called the cap) and the other end by the cylinder head (also called the gland) where the piston rod comes out of the cylinder. The piston has sliding rings and seals. The piston divides the inside of the cylinder into two chambers, the bottom chamber (cap end) and the piston rod side chamber (rod end / head end).

Sheldon Ijau anak Winston (50934)
Sheldon Ijau anak Winston (50934)
Fan:
The image shown is the fan in my house. The fan motor is the actuator and it is used to rotate the fan blades. The buttons on the fan are regulators which controls the voltage which goes to the motor to control its speed. The motor consists of permanent magnets, commutator and coil. When current flows through the commutator which then flows through the coil, the magnet causes the coil to rotate and the commutator periodically changes the current direction in the coil to complement the magnets so it rotates in the same direction.
Sherri Sheralina Jecklen (53794)
Sherri Sheralina Jecklen (53794)
Touch screen sensor:

A touch screen sensor is generally a clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface. The touch sensor/panel is placed over a display screen so that the responsive area of the panel covers the viewable area of the screen. The sensor normally has an electrical current or signal going through it and touching the screen causes a voltage or signal change. This voltage change is used to determine the location of the touch on the screen. Touch sensors are completely sealable which helps to create a device resistant to water spills and dusts to a larger extent. Touch sensors provide fast response which eliminates the delay caused by mechanical buttons in general devices.

Erica Lanja Anak Kapong (51697)
Erica Lanja Anak Kapong (51697)
Image Sensor: 
There are two types of image sensors used in CCTV camera: CCD (charge-coupled device) image sensors which generally provide better low light sensitivity and have been around for over 30 years, and are often found in older models of cameras. Another is CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) image sensors utilize newer technology to record better HD resolution and fast-moving activity, and are found in the majority of IP new cameras
An image sensor is the part of your IP camera that captures the light hitting the camera lens and turns it into electrical signals, which get recorded as the video you see when monitoring your system. As light passes through your camera lens, it hits the image sensor. The sensor is made up for many little photosites (each photosite becomes a pixel in the video resolution), and the amount of light on each individual photosite determines how much light will be in each pixel of your video. Together, the light/dark sections of each pixel make up one cohesive image in the final video. Every IP surveillance camera needs an image sensor to create a video. For high quality surveillance video, the newer CMOS image sensors help ensure your video stays clear even at high resolutions or when objects are moving.

Chrisanthea Fong Shau Wen (51506)
Chrisanthea Fong Shau Wen (51506)
Thermometer sensor:
Infrared radiation thermometer is often said to be radiance dependence on temperature in order to produce a value and to display the results. The infrared radiation light works like a typical visible light which can be focused, reflected and absorbed. It uses a lens to focus on the light from one object onto the detector which is known as thermopile. Thermopile absorbs infrared radiation and turn it into heat. When there is more infrared radiation energy, the thermopile turns hotter, and vice versa. The heat from thermopile is then turned into electricity for the detector to determine the temperature. Higher temperature generates more electricity, thus higher reading on the display.
Dustin Kirrin Anak Adrin (51643)
Dustin Kirrin Anak Adrin (51643)
Day/night sensor.The DNS25 Day/Night Sensor can automatically turn on or off lights at dusk and dawn. It is not only convenient but also practical; it can control the lighting loads by working only at night. Examples of use are street lights, office lights, warehouse and factory lights, garden lights, etc. For these purposes people mainly go for outdoor flood lights as due to their specifics (wide beam angle) this is the best choice for illuminating wide areas and large objects such as your home. There are many types of flood lights available with different features and sensors included. 

Flood lights with dusk-to-dawn settings basically work by sensing the amount of natural light and they turn on only when it has reached particular level of dimness. As the name of the flood light indicates, it works from dusk to dawn i.e. it will work only during the darkest hours of the day and will automatically switch themselves off in the morning. This option seems to be a lot more reasonable and energy efficient than having your flood lights on all the evening and morning. Some people also go for motion sensors but they can be a bit too annoying and react to the movements that you do not want or need to be detected e.g. cars and people passing by. If your main purpose of installing flood lights is to illuminate your home and yard during the night only, then out of the three given options (no sensor, motion sensor or dusk-to-dawn lighting), dusk-to-dawn outdoor flood lights simply seem to be the most reasonable of the choices. Nevertheless, some consumers claim that for them the combination of two sensors has worked out the best. For instance it is possible to combine dusk-to-dawn settings with passive infra-red detector that detects movement.


Abdul Haniff bin Sahari (51035)
Abdul Haniff bin Sahari (51035)
Door opener. In the picture shows that the door opener applying the linear actuator. The motion of the actuator is linear which means its only allow the actuator to move in one direction. Therefore when switch or sensor send the signal to open, the actuator will push out the link connected to the door.
Nur Hafizah bt Haratono (50783)
Nur Hafizah bt Haratono (50783)
Door sensors (sometimes known as photoelectric or infrared beam, electric safety door edges, door detector, electric proximity edges or electric doorman) is an elevator device that detects a passenger or an object on the doorway which prevents the doors from closing. It is usually installed for accessibility. If a person or an objects blocks the doorway ,the sensors detects the person or the objects. The door will reopen then stays open and will not closed until the person moves away or the object is removed from the doorway.
shawn felix ak stephen (53782)
shawn felix ak stephen (53782)
CAR REVERSE ULTRASONIC SENSOR
An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance to an object by using sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a specific frequency and listening for that sound wave to bounce back. By recording the elapsed time between the sound wave being generated and the sound wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance between the sonar sensor and the object.
Mohammad Nur Arif bin Sulai @ Sulaihi (49795)
Mohammad Nur Arif bin Sulai @ Sulaihi (49795)
Chemical sensor
Sensors detect the presence of energy, changes in or the transfer of energy. Sensors detect by
receiving a signal from a device such as a transducer, then responding to that signal by converting it into an output that can easily be read and understood. Chemical sensors detect the presence of certain chemicals or classes of chemicals and quantify the amount and/or type of chemical detected. For example: 
a) Oxygen sensor – measures the percentage of oxygen in a gas or liquid being analyzed. 
b)Carbon dioxide detector – detects the presence of CO2.
Chemical sensing is an application that really benefits from the use of microtechnology
These devices have numerous medical, industrial, and commercial
applications such as environmental, quality control, food processing, and medical diagnosis.
SYAMMIL MOHD ISHAK (50981)
SYAMMIL MOHD ISHAK (50981)
Infrared Tyre Temperature Sensor

Tyres are critical to lap time in Formula One. Taking temperature readings from the surface of a rotating tyre clearly requires a non-contact sensor. Black rubber tyres have high emissitivity, which is the amount of radiated heat they reflected. There is also an optical means of infrared temperature sensing, which was first used by McLaren. These types of temperature sensor use convection and radiation to monitor changes in temperature. They can be used to detect liquids and gases that emit radiant energy as heat rises and cold settles to the bottom in convection currents or detect radiant energy being transmitted from an object in the form of infrared radiation.
Chai Cheng Ying (51391
Chai Cheng Ying (51391
TV Remote Control
The main technology used in home remote controls is infrared (IR) light. The signal between a remote control handset and the device it controls consists of pulses of infrared light, which is invisible to the human eye, but can be seen through a digital camera, video camera or a phone camera. The transmitter in the remote control handset sends out a stream of pulses of infrared light when the user presses a button on the handset. A transmitter is often a light emitting diode (LED) which is built into the pointing end of the remote control handset. The infrared light pulses form a pattern unique to that button. The receiver in the device recognizes the pattern and causes the device to respond accordingly.
Elatta Bin Odita (50473)
Elatta Bin Odita (50473)
Engine sensors
A modern car’s Engine Management consists of a wide range of electronic and electrical components. It comprises of engine sensors, relays, and actuators. They work together to provide the car’s Engine Control Unit with vital data parameters essential to govern various engine functions effectively. Generally speaking, Engine sensors are electro-mechanical devices which monitor various engine parameters.


ABDUL AZIZ BIN ROSLI (45412)
ABDUL AZIZ BIN ROSLI (45412)
Thermometer
sensors are tools that detect specific biological, chemical, or physical processes and then transmit or report this data.

I choose digital thermometer as a chosen sensors because it's typically can be found around us. This sensors detect heat in the body to give exact reading of body temperature.
This device use thermoresistor or thermistor. This device changes its resistance with changes in temperature. A computer or other circuit measures the resistance and converts it to a temperature, either to display it or to make decisions about turning something on or off 
Fadzil J. (50669)
Fadzil J. (50669)              
My Samsung Tab 8 "Directional Sensor"

Sensor is a device to sense (and displays or indicates the sensed matter) and there are various types of them have been invented for the sake of human convenience. 

In my case , I have chosen my Samsung Tab 8 to present an example of sensor that is "around me". This Tab 8 is equipped with several remarkable features (not that I have intention of promoting the product...but realistically speaking..) such as accelerometer, gyro or gyroscope, and smartphone compass (or might also be known as magnetic field sensor).

These 3 components work together for the tablet's "directional sensor". The mechanism is simple.

When I use a compass app in my Tab 8, the tablet somehow knows the direction of me pointing the tablet. The presence of accelerometer allows the tablet to identify the orientation made up of axis-based motion sensing. On the other hand, the gyroscope is used to help along the accelerometer senses motion from six axes i.e. right, left, up, down, forward and backward. It also detects the roll, pitch and yaw motions. Yaw, Roll and Pitch are the angular moments seen from three axes which are X, Y and Z and therefore contributing great helps in navigation purpose and detecting the gesture recognition systems used in the tablet 8. Lastly, the magnetic field sensor, in this case, helps in reducing the error caused by nearby magnetic fields as to enhance the accuracy of "compass direction : North and South" sensing. To even more enhance the quality of the sensor, the directions measured by accelerometer and gyro usually connected with Global Positioning System (GPS), which, however, requires internet connection.

Per the use in its application, this directional sensor allows muslim user to obtain Qiblah direction for prayer purposes.
 
Attached is the image of my Samsung Tablet 8 , illustrated gyroscope and accelerometer components in conventional smartphones.
Ivan Ho Chia Haw (54637)
Ivan Ho Chia Haw (54637)
Speed Sensor
It is a type of small object that mostly used in nowadays vehicles which to detect the speed of a car. Speed sensors are usually installed on four sides located at the car wheels. It is very important element because it relates to the safety of a car. It will monitor every of the speed of each wheels and send an output to the ABS if one or two wheels are turning faster than the others, which in turn provides the braking control to maintain a safe vehicle deceleration. Nowadays vehicles were usually installed with this element to ensure that the drivers are always safe while daily driving. For European cars such as Volkswagen and Audi are always common to have this element installed on their vehicles. When ABS checklight indicator appear on the dashboard speedometer, most possibilities is that there might be problem with the speed sensor which may need to replace with a new one. This advance technology is convenient that allows drivers to know that they are in safe condition when driving.

Brian Egan (54521) Door position sensing in refrigerator
Brian Egan  (54521)  Door position sensing in refrigerator

Refrigerators equipped with a noncontact-type sensing technologies such as reed switches/sensors and Hall effect sensors to detect the door position. A reed sensor is mounted to the frame of the appliance and a permanent magnet actuator is mounted to the door. Each reed switch or Hall effect sensor and magnet actuator is positioned in such a way that the reed switch or Hall effect sensor is activated when the door is closed, and the light will turn off.
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KAMARUL AZIZI BIN WAHAP (50562)
KAMARUL AZIZI BIN WAHAP (50562)
Door Sensor
(Contact Sensor)
Have you ever opened a door and notice this little thing on top of it? 
This is actually one of the common home security system, a door sensor. It works on a simple principle called "reed switch". Basically, it is used to determine when a protected area has been breached. 

A reed switch consists of a set of electrical connectors placed slightly apart. When a magnetic field is placed parallel to the electrical connectors, it pulls them together, closing the circuit.
To simplify, if someone opens an armed door, the magnet is pulled away from the switch, which breaks the circuit and triggers an event. Depending on your setup, this could be a chime alert or full-blown alarm.
Hawa anak Ringkai (50534)
Hawa anak Ringkai (50534)
- DIGITAL THERMOMETER -

Digital thermometer is slowly replacing the conventional mercury thermometer due to the ease of taking reading. It is mercury free and provides quick and highly accurate results over the body temperature range. Besides that, it is equipped with beep alarm and memory function and can record a wide range of temperature. It works on the principle that changes in temperature cause the resistance of a sensor to change allowing a computer to convert the difference to a digital read-out. The sensor is a thermoresistor, commonly called a thermistor. Thermistor elements are the most sensitive temperature sensors available. A thermistor is a semiconductor device with an electrical resistance that is proportional to temperature. There are two types of products: Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) and Positive temperature coefficient (PTC). Advantages include their small size and high degree of stability. NTCs are also long lasting and very accurate.  Disadvantages include their non-linearity, and unsuitability for use in extreme temperatures.

JOHNNY AK EMBAN (52056)
JOHNNY AK EMBAN (52056)
Capacitive sensor in laptop touch pad.

Have you been wondering how your laptop touch pad work? Well, your touch pad actually using either conductive or capacitive sensor but the most common sensor that being used is capacitive sensor. Capacitive sensors detect anything which is conductive or has dielectric properties. Since our body has the conductive properties, hence it works.  The capacitive sensitive touch pad has two parts; ground and sensor. When the finger is brought close to the touch pad, then capacitance of the system increases. From the position of capacitors which are charging and discharging at any point of time, the coordinates of point of touch is determined.
DOMINIC LASOO ANAK SEBASTIAN (51634)
DOMINIC LASOO ANAK SEBASTIAN (51634)
Radio-frequency identification (RFID)

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically-stored information. Passive tags collect energy from a nearby RFID reader's interrogating radio waves. Active tags have a local power source (such as a battery) and may operate hundreds of meters from the RFID reader. Unlike a barcode, the tag need not be within the line of sight of the reader, so it may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method for Automatic Identification and data capture (AIDC).

RFID tags are used in many industries, for example, an RFID tag attached to an automobile during production can be used to track its progress through the assembly line; RFID-tagged pharmaceuticals can be tracked through warehouses; and implanting RFID chips in livestock and pets allows for positive identification of animals.

The RFID tag can be affixed to an object and used to track and manage inventory, assets, people, etc. For example, it can be affixed to cars, computer equipment, books, mobile phones, etc.

RFID offers advantages over manual systems or use of bar codes. The tag can be read if passed near a reader, even if it is covered by the object or not visible. The tag can be read inside a case, carton, box or other container, and unlike barcodes, RFID tags can be read hundreds at a time. Bar codes can only be read one at a time using current devices.

MOHAMAD HISYAM BIN SUFFIAN - 45661
MOHAMAD HISYAM BIN SUFFIAN - 45661
(piezoelectric sensor)

A piezoelectric effect is detected by a sensor and from this measurements can be made on changes in pressure, acceleration, and force that are displayed in the form of an electrical charge. Piezoelectric crystals such as barium titanate and ceramic material such as lead zirconate titanate are considered smart materials for the purpose of generating a piezoelectric effect and are built in piezoelectric sensor technology. There are two types of pressure sensors (mechanical and electrical) that are typically used to measure the piezoelectric effect. Mechanical sensors are made of a sensing element known as a diaphragm, a rod, a three-terminal resistor that acts as a voltage divider, and a direct current voltage source. During the application of pressure, the diaphragm component to the piezoelectric sensor displaces the connecting rod which activates the potentiometer component to the sensor that generates an output voltage.
The second type of pressure sensor works by a slightly different principle. The diaphragm to this type of piezoelectric sensor is made up of polymer polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and works as a sensing and transducing element. Upon application of pressure to the diaphragm, instead of using a potentiometer, the pressure is directly converted into a voltage
NURUL FATINI BINTI FATHI (534599)
NURUL FATINI BINTI FATHI (534599)
RIP SENSOR (Pyroelectric sensor)
This type of sensor detect level of infrared radiation. Every object or moving object that has a temperature above absolute zero can emit heat energy in form of radiation that are invisible to the human eyes, but can easily detected by this special purpose electronic device such as PIR motion detector.  Whenever object is detected in the field of view of the sensor, then positive differential change will be produced between two halves with the interception of the first half of the PIR sensor, seen from the PIR is originally split into halves.  Same goes to when the object is leaving the field view of the sensor, but negative differential change will be produced. It is also known as the Passive Infrared sensor because it does not emit any energy or radiation for detecting the radiation. 
Sif Fowel Tami (50936)
Sif Fowel Tami (50936)
Torque Sensor
A Torque Sensor is a transducer that converts a torsional mechanical input into an electrical output signal. The picture below shows the Rotating dual Shaft Torque sensors, RST series. It is a low range rotating torque sensors that are available in eleven full scale ranges of 10 through 30K inch pounds. The sensing element incorporates bonded foiled strain gages of highest quality along the coined silver slip ring and silver brushes for data transmission.
MARK PHILLAY ANAK PHILIP (50587
MARK PHILLAY ANAK PHILIP (50587
electric linear actuator
Electric Linear Actuators are electrically powered, mechanical devices consisting of motors, linear guides, and drive mechanisms, which are used to convert electrical energy into linear displacement through mechanical transmission, electro-magnetism, or thermal expansion to provide straight line push/pull motion. Key specifications include the intended application, drive type, motor type, the mounting configuration, as well as other physical dimensions and electrical characteristics. Electric linear actuators are used primarily in automation applications when a machine component, tool, etc. requires a controlled movement to a particular position. They are used in a wide range of industries where linear positioning is needed. The actuators are driven by several means including ball or lead screws, belts, or voice coils, among others. Typical applications include opening and closing dampers, locking doors, braking machine motions, etc.
Nazmus Shakib (54389
Nazmus Shakib (54389
Ultrasonic Level sensor 
Ultrasonic waves are used to measure level of liquids and solid objects in industries. Ultrasonic level measurement is contact less principle and most suitable for level measurements of hot, corrosive and boiling liquids. The normal frequency range used for ultrasonic level measurements is within a range of 40-200 KHz. Ultrasonic waves detect an object in the same way as Radar does it. Ultrasonic uses the sound waves, and Radar uses radio waves. When ultrasonic pulse signal is targeted towards an object, it is reflected by the object and echo returns to the sender. The time traveled by the ultrasonic pulse is calculated, and the distance of the object is found. Bats use well known method to measure the distance while travelling. Ultrasonic level measurement principle is also used to find out fish positions in ocean, locate submarines below water level, also the position of a scuba diver in sea.

Patrick Renaldo Richard (50889)
Patrick Renaldo Richard (50889)
Phone Gyroscope sensor
It is a sensor that tells the orientation information of the phone. Due to this sensor, Android's Photo Sphere camera feature can tell how much a phone has been rotated also used by Google's Sky Map for telling what constellation the phone is pointing at.
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Ng Sze Lam (52836)
Ng Sze Lam (52836)
Facial Detection Sensor / Face ID in i Phone X
Face ID uses a combination of light projectors and sensors to take several images of facial features.
To set up Face ID, move the head in a circular motion so that the camera able to take multiple shots of face for a 3D map. It uses Infrared light to clarify the face while capturing images, to work day or night, outdoor or indoor. Therefore, infrared illumination helps in enabling the face recognition to work in non-favorable condition.

Desmond Ngeraman Anak Stephen Lee (51611)
Desmond Ngeraman Anak Stephen Lee (51611)
Linear Actuator
This is the image of the actuator in my printer. It is a type of linear actuator which is stepper motor-driven linear actuator. Digital printers make use of linear actuator in printing automation processes. The linear actuator will move the ink cartridge in horizontal linear motion while it sprays ink to produced desired image on the paper.

Azieana binti Pendita (50426)
Azieana binti Pendita (50426)
Drone Distance Sensors
Distance measurement sensors provide an accurate distance reading to the closest object on their way. They are basically lightweight and handy to be used especially by drones. Distance measurement sensors can be divided into multiple categories that include acoustic (SoNAR), laser, radio (RaDAR), infrared, time of flight cameras and mono/stereo cameras. However, it is RaDAR that has been used widely for drones. Radio Detection And Ranging (RaDAR) has a transmitter that emits a particular signal and a receiver antenna detects its Eco. The object's speed and direction can be estimated by the Doppler effect. It applies the same as the Doppler concept of a moving car. While the car approaches, the sound waves get compressed, so their wavelength reduces and the pitch increases. 
Charmaine Joanna ak Stephen Cornet (50442)
Charmaine Joanna ak Stephen Cornet (50442)
Passive Infrared Sensors (PIR)
This sensors are mostly used for security applications and motion detection. PIR sensors is a pyroelectric sensor, and these sensor are divided into 2 halves such that whenever it detects moving object that emits infrared radiation, the sensor would sense it.The function of these halves depends on the infrared radiation as in if it detects any less or more infrared radiation, the PIR sensor would sense the movement. If it detects the same infrared radiation, the halves will cancel each other and the sensor would not sense the motion. The only drawback of this sensor is that it cannot detect any stationary or slow moving objects.
Raja Nurul Amira Bt Raja Jamam (50905)
Raja Nurul Amira Bt Raja Jamam (50905)
Parking sensor
Parking sensors are labelled by various vehicle manufacturers under many different brand names, such as Park Distance Control, Park Assist, Parktronic, or EPS, but they only come in two varieties: ultrasonic and electromagnetic.

Some parking sensors can detect moving objects as well, but they will react in much the same fashion regardless. In the case of an ultrasonic system, once a sensor receives a signal or wave that the computer determines is close, all sensors on the rear of the vehicle will then send a signal or wave simultaneously. Depending on which sensor receives the returned wave, the computer can determine if the object is moving or not. However, the system will still sound the alarm the entire time the object is within the sensory area.

Electromagnetic sensors will also register a moving obstruction in the same manner as a non-moving one if it's close enough. These sensors actually only react to objects approaching the bumper, so fixed accessories like tow bars don't perpetually set off the alarm, so a moving object, like a person, will set off the alarm until it leaves the field if it is in close enough proximity.

Comments


Luke Teo Ngim Yeu ( 54711)
Luke Teo Ngim Yeu ( 54711) 
VVT Actuator and VVT oil control valve and sensor. 
VVT stand for variable valve timing. These both sensor can found new modem car especially very common for Japanese car maker such as Toyota and Mitsubishi. VVT actuator and VVT oil control valve and sensor are use to retard or advance the intake valve timing and exhaust valve for optimal performance and fuel efficiency. However, in order for VVT actuator to work in correct timing, all have to control by car on-board ECU program and sensor around engine, transmission and the power demand from driver foot ( accelerator ). This create different cam profile to suit the driving situation. VVT oil control valve and sensor are act as both feedback and pre controller for both VVT actuator and ECU. 
Siti Nuraisyah Afiqah binti Ahmat (50962)
Siti Nuraisyah Afiqah binti Ahmat (50962)
Oxygen sensor
It is installed in the car engine. The sensor is part of the emissions control system and feeds data to the­ engine management computer. It helps the engine run as efficiently as possible and also to produce as few emissions as possible. Oxygen sensor is positioned in the exhaust pipe and can detect rich and lean mixtures. The mechanism in most sensors involves a chemical reaction that generates a voltage. The engine's computer looks at the voltage to determine if the mixture is rich or lean and adjusts the amount of fuel entering the engine accordingly.

Mamunur Rashid 54436
Mamunur Rashid 54436
Automatic door activators are designed for the actuation of automatic swing, sliding, folding and curved sliding doors. They use active infrared light sensors that register people and objects, resulting in a detection zone that is accurately adjustable. Apart from human beings and animals, objects such as shopping trolleys and hospital beds trigger an opening signal, provided they are located within the detection zone. Automatic door activators are used to engage automatic door actuators and pneumatic door openers. There are many varieties that provide various functionalities. We have the approach sensor, such as a radar sensor (the door opens when a user approaches it), the push button mechanism and the pressure mat (the door opens when a user stands on the mat). There is also the access control activator – the door opens when a user activates a code reader or a swipe reader with a fob or remote-control button. The user is authorized to go through the door and after a pre-determined time the door closes and locks. An automatic door operator reopens the door if it closes into an obstacle (auto-reverse) on most modern automatic door operators. However, most automatic doors have sensors installed on them to prevent the door from ever meeting pedestrians using the door.

MARCUS ANAK BANGGAN (52419)
MARCUS ANAK BANGGAN (52419)
Stretch Sensor
Stretch sensors are a type of sensor designed to measure soft structures, including soft robots and the human body. It has ability to measure either stretch, bend, shear, or pressure. These stretch sensors are essentially flexible capacitors. When the sensor deforms (due to stretching or squeezing) its capacitance value changes. The sensor sends data about its capacitance to a Bluetooth enabled device, and the StretchSense App translates the data to give a user highly precise information about what the sensor is detecting. StretchSense sensors can be made in various sizes, elasticities, and sensitivities depending on desired application.

The inside of the stretch sensor consists of a stretchable signal electrode sandwiched between two ground electrodes which are separated by silicone dielectric insulators. Since the sensor is essentially a flexible parallel plate capacitor, the two dimensions that change when the sensor is stretched are thickness and area of the conductive layers. Stretching the sensor increases area and decreases thickness which both contribute to an increase in capacitance. Since capacitors resist a change in voltage, the capacitance can be indirectly measured through an applied voltage. By applying a voltage to the sensor and comparing the actual voltage output to what would be expected without a capacitor, the capacitance of the sensor can be determined. StretchSense offers two versions of stretch sensor: A silicone based sensor and a fabric based sensor. 

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Capacitive fingerprint sensor
Capacitive fingerprint sensor
Mohd alinafiah (50131)
Capacitive fingerprint scanners use arrays tiny capacitor circuits to collect data about a fingerprint. As capacitors can store electrical charge, connecting them up to conductive plates on the surface of the scanner allows them to be used to track the details of a fingerprint. The charge stored in the capacitor will be changed slightly when a finger’s ridge is placed over the conductive plates, while an air gap will leave the charge at the capacitor relatively unchanged. 

Beatrice Ubung Uyo 51330
Beatrice Ubung Uyo 51330
One of the applications of sensors are in the escalator system. Escalator is a type of vertical transportation in the form of a moving staircase which carries people between floors of a building. Escalator consists of a motor driven chain of individually linked steps on a track which cycle on a pair of tracks that keeps them horizontal. Nowadays, a few improvement has been made including implementing the passive infrared (PIR) motion sensor. The sensor will collect the infrared energy emitted by the body heat of a people. The PIR detectors are programmed to trigger only when it detects sharp increase in infrared energy. When sensor detects an increase in infrared energy, it will enable the escalator to rapidly accelerate from the standby state to the rated speed
AHMAD FARIDZUL BIN JAPAR (51073)
AHMAD FARIDZUL BIN JAPAR (51073)
Float Level Sensor measures liquid level by transmitting to a mechanism the rise and fall of a float that rides on the surface of the liquid. It used primarily in open tanks whereas float level switches may be designed to operate in a pressurized tank.
Muhammad Faez Bin Hamzah (50670
Muhammad Faez Bin Hamzah (50670
Optical Laser Sensor mice are the common devices that we encounter everyday.  An optical-based mouse utilizes an LED light source and a laser mouse uses a laser beam. The CMOS sensor installed in the mice will take the photo and detect movement.  Higher DPI is always better. Due to the optical or laser, the surface need to be opaque and non-translucent. The one marketed as optical models rely on an infrared or red LED that projects light onto a surface. This LED is typically mounted behind an angled lens, which focuses the illumination into a beam. That beam is bounced off the surface, through the “imaging” lens that magnifies the reflected light, and into the CMOS sensor. The sensor will process the data and command the movement of the cursor. 
 

 
Muhd Affifuddin Bin Abdullah (50699)
Muhd Affifuddin Bin Abdullah (50699)
A heat detector is a fire alarm device designed to respond when the converted thermal energy of a fire increases the temperature of a heat sensitive element. The thermal mass and conductivity of the element regulate the rate flow of heat into the element. Heat detectors are intended to minimize property damage by reacting to the change in temperature caused by a fire.
Burrghman Embam anak Enggong (50435)
Burrghman Embam anak Enggong (50435)
This is a door locking mechanism and it is a type of electric linear actuators. They are electrically powered, mechanical devices which is made up of motors,  linear guides and mechanisms. Those parts are used to convert electrical energy into linear displacement by undergoing mechanical transmission, electro-mechanism, or thermal expansion to provide straight line push/pull motion. The actuators are driven
by several ways that include ball or lead screws, belts, voice coils and etc.   
Qhalief Bin Sapawi (53613)
Qhalief Bin Sapawi (53613)
Optical LED Sensor and Laser Sensor On Gaming Mouse 
Mostly nowadays mouse especially gaming mouse using Optical Laser Sensor and Laser Sensor and remove the old ball tracker. For Optical Laser Sensor, offer constant stream to tracking to detect motion relative to surface image. There are precise benefits to all this, because there isn’t any calibration done when you lift up the mouse, keeping consistent feel to movement in the gaming. But, optical sensors are more reliant on the surface because of the LED is used for tracking. On the other hand, Laser Sensor designed for accuracy. Laser gaming sensors can track and precisely report mouse movements on specifically all types of surfaces. Laser sensors allow higher DPI settings that translates into more precise tracking. Basically professional gamers are able to take advantages from such extreme sensitivities, in that usual times they often need to move little to aim the enemy from afar.

Ling Tiew Cheon 52349
Ling Tiew Cheon 52349
(Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) CMOS Sensor on Mice
The CMOS sensor sends each image to a digital signal processor (DSP) for analysis. The DSP, operating at 18 MIPS (million instructions per second), is able to detect patterns in the images and see how those patterns have moved since the previous image. Based on the change in patterns over a sequence of images, the DSP determines how far the mouse has moved and sends the corresponding coordinates to the computer. The computer moves the cursor on the screen based on the coordinates received from the mouse. This happens hundreds of times each second, making the cursor appear to move very smoothly. This sensor allows mice to be used on any surface.
Kethiswary A/P Paramesvaran (52118)
Kethiswary A/P Paramesvaran (52118)
Automatic Doors
Some automatic doors operate on optic or motion sensors. These sensors might be mounted above a set of automatic doors or built on the top or the sides of the frames of the automatic doors. When these optic or motion sensors sense motion nearby, they trigger the automatic doors to open and then close.

ANATHASIA RABIAH ANAK STEWARD (50393)
ANATHASIA RABIAH ANAK STEWARD (50393)
Hand Dryer (Passive infrared sensor)

Hand dryers are electric machines found in public bathroom. They may either operate with the push of a button or automatically using a sensor which called passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor). PIR sensors used to sense motion and to detect whether a human has moved in or out of the sensors range. They are small, inexpensive, low-power, easy to use and don't wear out. PIR sensors are basically made of a pyroelectric sensor, which can detect levels of infrared radiation. The device detects motion and automatically turns on when hands are placed for drying. It is automatically turns off when hands are moved away from the dryer. Hand dryers consist of a heating element that is turned on when an infrared motion sensor is triggered. Air is blown over the heating element which makes the air warm. The air is blown out of a tube that points downward and focuses the air onto the hands. 


SITTI AISHAH BINTI NAJAMUDIN (50968
SITTI AISHAH BINTI NAJAMUDIN (50968
WHEEL SPEED SENSOR

A wheel speed sensor (WSS) is a device designed to read the speed of a vehicle's wheel rotation. The system also monitors the proper functioning of a range of features, including brake performance, ensuring vehicle safety.
NUR ATIKAH BINTI ABDUL RAZAK (53113)
NUR ATIKAH BINTI ABDUL RAZAK (53113)
Angular position sensor 

An angular position sensor (also referred to as a rotary sensor) measures the relation by which any position with respect to any other position is established. It calculates the orientation of an object with respect to a specified reference position as expressed by the amount of rotation necessary to change from one orientation to the other about a specified axis. There are many different kinds of angular position sensors. The most common types categorized by supply voltage, output type, sensing range, operating temperature range, packaging type and supply current. The most common values for supply voltage are 4.5 to 5.5 V. Also carry angular position sensors with supply voltage up to 36 V. Supply current can have a range between 100 µA and 13.5 A, with the most common chips having a supply current of 13.5 mA. Angular position sensors can be found in wide array of automotive and industrial applications including:

·  Steering Wheel Position sensing
·  Pedal Position sensing
·  Motor-shaft Position sensing
·  Throttle Position sensing

NUR AZREEN AMIRA BINTI ASIB (50764)
NUR AZREEN AMIRA BINTI ASIB (50764)
- LCD Projector -
Projectors using a liquid crystal display image engine are common in the workplace. They are, in essence, the same thing as a flat panel TV, just much smaller. They can be used to make presentations to clients, customers or employees. Most LCD projectors use three small transparent LCD panels -- one for red, one for green and one for blue -- sandwiched together with a bright light that shines through them. The nature of LCD technology gives it some significant benefits over other projector technologies like Digital Light Processing.
DAYANG RAMIZAH BT AWANG MORNI (50463)
DAYANG RAMIZAH BT AWANG MORNI (50463)
Barcode Scanner [Light Sensor]

Barcode scanner is an electronic device that can read and output printed barcodes into the computer.  It consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor translating optical impulses into electrical ones. Additionally, nearly all barcode readers contain decoder circuitry analyzing the barcode's image data provided by the sensor and sending the barcode's content to the scanner's output port. Specifically, the sensor in the barcode scanner detects the reflected light from the illumination system (the red light) and generates an analog signal that is sent to the decoder. The decoder interprets that signal, validates the barcode using the check digit, and coverts it into text. This converted text is delivered by the scanner to a computer software system holding a database of the maker, cost, and quantity of all products sold.


FENNYLIA URAISIRAN ANAK PHILLIP (50513)
FENNYLIA URAISIRAN ANAK PHILLIP (50513)
Microphone -  Acoustic Sound sensor

Microphones are acoustic sensors that converts sound waves or signal into electrical signal. Most of microphones light modulation, piezoelectric effect, capacitance change and electromagnetic induction to convert vibrations to electrical signal. Comparing pressure sensors and microphones, both have the same basic structure - consists of diaphragm and transducer. The deflection on the diaphragm caused by sound waves lead to vibrations and will be converted into electrical signal (audible sound). Two types of commonly used microphones are dynamic and condenser microphones. The working principle for dynamic microphones are based on electromagnetic induction. Sound waves trigger the diaphragm and coil attached to it while a magnet in the microphone produce magnetic field around the coil enabling current to flow. Thus, sound produced by dynamic microphones are in reversed direction only. This type of microphone are suitable for general purpose use and the design is simple. Meanwhile, condenser microphone are based on electrostatic field. It has a capacitor - two plates with voltage. One of the plate act as diaphragm and vibrate when being hit by sound waves.The vibration changes the distance between the plates and also changing the capacitance - electrical current is generated.

AUGUSTINE NANANG (51282)
AUGUSTINE NANANG (51282)
Force Torque sensor

Most robotic applications require a multi-axis or 6-axis FT sensor to give feedback to the robot about the tool itself which can be controlled along 6 axes (3 translations + 3 rotations). A 6-axis FT sensor means that the sensor can measure both the force and torque along the 3-axis (x-y-z). These are usually defined by the components of Fx-Fy-Fz and Tx-Ty-Tz. To measure the effort in all six axes, the force-torque sensor usually combines information from a minimum of 6 unitary measuring elements such as strain gauges. Using the geometry of these elements and the physical properties of the material on which they are installed, we can compute the force and torque along the axes which are meaningful to the robot control loop. When installed on the robot flange, the integrator needs to set the parameters for the relative position and orientation of the sensor with respect to the robot tool.
As you can see in the picture, the sensor is between the robot wrist and the tool. This position allows the sensor to feel the force and torque applied on the tool. 


CHIKIA EDWIN (51464)
CHIKIA EDWIN (51464)
AIRCRAFT DOOR ACTUATION:
The A380 has numerous passenger doors that are quite heavy and would therefore require a large cabin crew to operate.  As a result, the A380 passenger aircraft doors were among the first to be operated automatically. Three actuators are involved: “Lift” to lift the door out of cabin-pressure security positon, “Swivel”  to allow door to open even in the event of a crash whereby the aircraft is lying on  its side, and “Lock”. These actuators are fully autonomous and the mechanics,  electric motors, controllers, and power supply needed to operate them are  integrated into the door. This ensures doors can still be operated even in the event of power shortage.
51655 EDWIN ANAK BRAIN
51655 EDWIN ANAK BRAIN
The sensor sends information, in the form of electronic signals back to the controller.  Sensors also give the robot controller information about its surroundings and lets it know the exact position of the arm, or the state of the world around it. 
 5 senses are the kinds of information we get from our world.  Robots can be designed and programmed to get specific information that is beyond what our 5 senses can tell us. For example, a robot sensor might "see" in the dark, that we cannot do but robot might detect tiny amounts of invisible radiation or measure movement that is too small or fast for the human eye to see.
Sensors can be made simple and complex, depending on how much information needs to be stored.
For example light sensors. It can measure:
1)light intensity (how light/dark it is)
2)differential intensity (difference between photocells)
3)break-beam (change/drop in intensity)
Light sensors can be shielded and focused in different ways

Amabelle Mae binti Aldrin (51160)
Amabelle Mae binti Aldrin (51160)
Magnetic Sensor
Magnetic sensor is mainly used to give an accurate positioning details which cannot even achieved with GPS. Some of the application of these sensors are they can provide navigation in urban areas and indoor areas. They also can deliver point of product advertising. For example, there are magnetic sensors in our smartphones and tablets.
Kelvin Louise Awi (52111)
Kelvin Louise Awi (52111)
SMOKE SENSOR
A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control as part of a fire alarm system, while household smoke detectors, also known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector itself.
All smoke detectors consist of two basic parts: a sensor to sense the smoke and a very loud electronic horn to wake people up. Smoke detectors can run off of a 9-volt battery or 120-volt house current.

Yong Leong Ming 54283
Yong Leong Ming 54283
An Ls-Model is a device that can fly to the sky while receive the infrared signal. The actuator of the model is small and light. It can control the direction either to left or right when remote it by the controller. The sensor will receive the infrared from the controller and move the actuator and make it rotate and finally rise.
Nur Sofiani Binti Mohd Yusof (53277
Nur Sofiani Binti Mohd Yusof (53277
An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance to an object by using sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a specific frequency and listening for that sound wave to bounce back. By recording the elapsed time between the sound wave being generated and the sound wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance between the sonar sensor and the object.
 
LESLIE TANJONG ANAK LAGONG (52280) - Metal Sensor Detector
LESLIE TANJONG ANAK LAGONG (52280) - Metal Sensor Detector
A metal sensor detector is an electronic instrument which detects the presence of metal nearby. Metal sensor detectors are useful for finding metal inclusions hidden within objects, or metal objects buried underground. They often consist of a handheld unit with a sensor probe which can be swept over the ground or other objects. If the sensor comes near a piece of metal this is indicated by a changing tone in earphones, or a needle moving on an indicator. Usually the device gives some indication of distance where the closer the metal is, the higher the tone in the earphone or the higher the needle goes. Another common type are stationary “walk through" metal sensor detectors used for security screening at access points in prisons, courthouses, and airports to detect concealed metal weapons on a person's body. The simplest form of a metal sensor detector consists of an oscillator producing an alternating current that passes through a coil producing an alternating magnetic field. If a piece of electrically conductive metal is close to the coil, Eddy currents will be induced in the metal, and this produces a magnetic field of its own. If another coil is used to measure the magnetic field which is acting as a magnetometer, the change in the magnetic field due to the metallic object can be detected. Uses include detecting land mines, the detection of weapons such as knives and guns especially in airport security, geophysical prospecting, archaeology and treasure hunting. Metal sensor detectors are also used to detect foreign bodies in food, and in the construction industry to detect steel reinforcing bars in concrete and pipes and wires buried in walls and floors.

LEONARD RAYMOND (50574) - Aircraft flap actuator
LEONARD RAYMOND (50574) - Aircraft flap actuator
Linear  hydraulic actuator are used as the flap actuator of the aircraft and it is located on each wing. They are used to maintain efficient flight at low air speeds. A flap actuator is mounted in the aircraft wing with a screw that rotates. When the screw turns, it activates the flap which move it up and down accordingly. 

Maureen Anak Tambi (52451)
Maureen Anak Tambi (52451)
Speed Sensors
Speed sensor used for detecting speed of an object or vehicle. There are different type of speed sensors to detect speed such as Wheel speed sensor, speedometers, LIDAR, ground speed radar pitot tube and so on. PIC microcontroller based project for speed synchronization of multiple motors in industries using wireless technology is a typical application of the speed sensor.  KMI 17/4 is an example for wheel speed sensor. It measures the rotational speed or the wheel speed. It plays vital role in providing best performance for ABS system. It is easy application and low cost system. It is integrated with magnet and is suitable for ferromagnetic gear wheel application. 

Valentine Entukan Anak Langka (54143).
Valentine Entukan Anak Langka (54143).
Traffic Light Sensors 
Every traffic light signal has either a timer or sensor which helps it direct traffic flow. 
In the suburbs and up county roads, traffic signal sensors (detectors) are usually preferred because they not only manage the inconsistent traffic flow effectively, but also detect when cars arrive at intersections, when several cars are stacked at an intersection and when cars have entered turn lanes. 
These sensors use different technologies, from induction loops, microwave radar, cameras, lasers to rubber hoses filled with air. 
Muhamad Hakim bin Hamdan(52638)
Muhamad Hakim bin Hamdan(52638)
Flame Detector
Sensor designed to detect and respond to the presence of a flame/fire, allowing flame detection. Responses to a detected flame depend on the installation, but can include sounding an alarm, deactivating a fuel line (such as a propane or a natural gas line), and activating a fire suppression system.  A flame detector can often respond faster and more accurately than a smoke or heat detector due to the mechanisms(optical flame detector such as UV detector,infrared,IR flame detection and more) it uses to detect the flame. 
Hafiq Azfahsyaz bin Hashim (50525)
Hafiq Azfahsyaz bin Hashim (50525)
Proximity sensor
Mobile phone use IR-based proximity sensor to detect the presence of a human ear. This sensing is done to reduce display power consumption by turning off the LCD backlight and to disable the touch screen to avoid inadvertent touches by the cheek.
Melvin Luat anak Augustine Lubon (52467)
Melvin Luat anak Augustine Lubon (52467)
Radio Wave Sensor Anti-theft System
As we walk through the doorway without paying for something, the radio waves from the transmitter (hidden in on one of the door gates) are picked up by the coiled metal antenna in the label. This generates a tiny electrical current that makes the label transmit a new radio signal of its own at a very specific frequency. The receiver (hidden in the other door gate) picks up the radio signal that the tag transmits and sounds the alarm. Special tags and labels are fixed to merchandise or books. These tags or labels are removed or "deactivated" by the clerks when the item is properly bought or checked out. Hence, the alarm would not be sound as the tag been removed.

Eng Leong Ching (50479) Automatic Plant Irrigation System Circuit
Eng Leong Ching (50479) Automatic Plant Irrigation System Circuit  
This automatic irrigation system senses the moisture content of the soil and automatically switches the pump when the power is on. A proper usage of irrigation system is very important because the main reason is the shortage of land reserved water due to lack of rain, unplanned use of water as a result large amounts of water goes waste. For this reason, we use this automatic plant watering system, and this system is very useful in all climatic conditions.
Maxvin Anak Usup (50591) - Coolant temperature sensor
Maxvin Anak Usup (50591) - Coolant temperature sensor
The coolant temperature sensor (CTS) on most vehicle can be found near the engine thermostat. Thermostat and/or coolant given off certain temperature and it is being measured by the sensor. The on-board control system then received the temperature. This temperature information is used by vehicle's computer either to keep on operating or adjust certain functions of engine. This is significant in order to keep the temperature of engine at an ideal level of operation. Cooling fan is either shut off or turn on as the control system receive the temperature from CTS. Moreover, the need for richer fuel mixture or opening the re-circulation of exhaust gas is signaled by the CTS.

  
Don Perez anak Liap (50467
Don Perez anak Liap (50467
Tachometer (speed sensor)
A tachometer is a sensor device for measuring the rotation speed of an object such as the engine shaft in a car. This device indicates the revolutions per minute (RPM) performed by the object. The device comprises of a dial, a needle to indicate the current reading, and markings to indicate safe and dangerous levels.

Liew Tzek Khen (52302) - Heart rate monitor sensor
Liew Tzek Khen (52302) - Heart rate monitor sensor
This image shown the heart rate monitor sensor on my smart phone.  When we place and hold a finger on it,  the built-in  heart rate monitor will allows us to check our heart rate . Beside that, we also can check the stress level, blood pressure, blood glucose.
Arif Affandi Ngadimin (50406) 2018 Perodua Myvi's Advanced Safety Assist
Arif Affandi Ngadimin (50406) 2018 Perodua Myvi's Advanced Safety Assist 
ASA is a suite of active safety features that includes Pre-Collision Warning (PCW), Pre-Collision Braking (PCB), Front Departure Alert (FDA) and Pedal Misoperation Control (PMC). The ASA components are existing Daihatsu systems called (Smart Assist in JDM Daihatsus). They operate through a forward-facing stereo camera on top of the windscreen which detects car shapes.

Sources: 
https://paultan.org/2017/11/08/2018-perodua-myvi-advanced-safety-assist/
CHARLES PERUMAL (51421) Hydraulic Cylinder
CHARLES PERUMAL (51421) Hydraulic Cylinder
Hydraulic cylinder is a mechanical actuator that is used to give unidirectional force through a unidirectional stroke. It is mainly used in many application especially in construction equipment. Below image shows the example of the usage of hydraulic cylinder as an actuator in a excavator.
Hydraulic cylinders get their power from pressurized hydraulic fluid, which is typically oil. The hydraulic cylinder consists of a cylinder barrel, in which a piston connected to a piston rod moves back and forth. The barrel is closed on one end by the cylinder bottom (also called the cap) and the other end by the cylinder head (also called the gland) where the piston rod comes out of the cylinder. The piston has sliding rings and seals. The piston divides the inside of the cylinder into two chambers, the bottom chamber (cap end) and the piston rod side chamber (rod end / head end).

Sheldon Ijau anak Winston (50934)
Sheldon Ijau anak Winston (50934)
Fan:
The image shown is the fan in my house. The fan motor is the actuator and it is used to rotate the fan blades. The buttons on the fan are regulators which controls the voltage which goes to the motor to control its speed. The motor consists of permanent magnets, commutator and coil. When current flows through the commutator which then flows through the coil, the magnet causes the coil to rotate and the commutator periodically changes the current direction in the coil to complement the magnets so it rotates in the same direction.
Sherri Sheralina Jecklen (53794)
Sherri Sheralina Jecklen (53794)
Touch screen sensor:

A touch screen sensor is generally a clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface. The touch sensor/panel is placed over a display screen so that the responsive area of the panel covers the viewable area of the screen. The sensor normally has an electrical current or signal going through it and touching the screen causes a voltage or signal change. This voltage change is used to determine the location of the touch on the screen. Touch sensors are completely sealable which helps to create a device resistant to water spills and dusts to a larger extent. Touch sensors provide fast response which eliminates the delay caused by mechanical buttons in general devices.

Erica Lanja Anak Kapong (51697)
Erica Lanja Anak Kapong (51697)
Image Sensor: 
There are two types of image sensors used in CCTV camera: CCD (charge-coupled device) image sensors which generally provide better low light sensitivity and have been around for over 30 years, and are often found in older models of cameras. Another is CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) image sensors utilize newer technology to record better HD resolution and fast-moving activity, and are found in the majority of IP new cameras
An image sensor is the part of your IP camera that captures the light hitting the camera lens and turns it into electrical signals, which get recorded as the video you see when monitoring your system. As light passes through your camera lens, it hits the image sensor. The sensor is made up for many little photosites (each photosite becomes a pixel in the video resolution), and the amount of light on each individual photosite determines how much light will be in each pixel of your video. Together, the light/dark sections of each pixel make up one cohesive image in the final video. Every IP surveillance camera needs an image sensor to create a video. For high quality surveillance video, the newer CMOS image sensors help ensure your video stays clear even at high resolutions or when objects are moving.

Chrisanthea Fong Shau Wen (51506)
Chrisanthea Fong Shau Wen (51506)
Thermometer sensor:
Infrared radiation thermometer is often said to be radiance dependence on temperature in order to produce a value and to display the results. The infrared radiation light works like a typical visible light which can be focused, reflected and absorbed. It uses a lens to focus on the light from one object onto the detector which is known as thermopile. Thermopile absorbs infrared radiation and turn it into heat. When there is more infrared radiation energy, the thermopile turns hotter, and vice versa. The heat from thermopile is then turned into electricity for the detector to determine the temperature. Higher temperature generates more electricity, thus higher reading on the display.
Dustin Kirrin Anak Adrin (51643)
Dustin Kirrin Anak Adrin (51643)
Day/night sensor.The DNS25 Day/Night Sensor can automatically turn on or off lights at dusk and dawn. It is not only convenient but also practical; it can control the lighting loads by working only at night. Examples of use are street lights, office lights, warehouse and factory lights, garden lights, etc. For these purposes people mainly go for outdoor flood lights as due to their specifics (wide beam angle) this is the best choice for illuminating wide areas and large objects such as your home. There are many types of flood lights available with different features and sensors included. 

Flood lights with dusk-to-dawn settings basically work by sensing the amount of natural light and they turn on only when it has reached particular level of dimness. As the name of the flood light indicates, it works from dusk to dawn i.e. it will work only during the darkest hours of the day and will automatically switch themselves off in the morning. This option seems to be a lot more reasonable and energy efficient than having your flood lights on all the evening and morning. Some people also go for motion sensors but they can be a bit too annoying and react to the movements that you do not want or need to be detected e.g. cars and people passing by. If your main purpose of installing flood lights is to illuminate your home and yard during the night only, then out of the three given options (no sensor, motion sensor or dusk-to-dawn lighting), dusk-to-dawn outdoor flood lights simply seem to be the most reasonable of the choices. Nevertheless, some consumers claim that for them the combination of two sensors has worked out the best. For instance it is possible to combine dusk-to-dawn settings with passive infra-red detector that detects movement.


Abdul Haniff bin Sahari (51035)
Abdul Haniff bin Sahari (51035)
Door opener. In the picture shows that the door opener applying the linear actuator. The motion of the actuator is linear which means its only allow the actuator to move in one direction. Therefore when switch or sensor send the signal to open, the actuator will push out the link connected to the door.
Nur Hafizah bt Haratono (50783)
Nur Hafizah bt Haratono (50783)
Door sensors (sometimes known as photoelectric or infrared beam, electric safety door edges, door detector, electric proximity edges or electric doorman) is an elevator device that detects a passenger or an object on the doorway which prevents the doors from closing. It is usually installed for accessibility. If a person or an objects blocks the doorway ,the sensors detects the person or the objects. The door will reopen then stays open and will not closed until the person moves away or the object is removed from the doorway.
shawn felix ak stephen (53782)
shawn felix ak stephen (53782)
CAR REVERSE ULTRASONIC SENSOR
An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance to an object by using sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a specific frequency and listening for that sound wave to bounce back. By recording the elapsed time between the sound wave being generated and the sound wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance between the sonar sensor and the object.

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Traffic Light Sensor

Every traffic light signal has either a timer or sensor which helps it direct traffic flow. In large cities where vehicles cross road intersections across the clock, traffic is usually dictated by traffic lights that use timers. But in the suburbs and up county roads, traffic signal sensors (detectors) are usually preferred because they not only manage the inconsistent traffic flow effectively, but also detect when cars arrive at intersections, when several cars are stacked at an intersection and when cars have entered turn lanes.These sensors use different technologies, from induction loops, microwave radar, cameras, lasers to rubber hoses filled with air.

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Fire Detector
This sensor will detect the carbon monoxide and measures the levels of CO release in the air. The alarm will ring to alert people. Since the CO is odorless, this can be a lifesaver.

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Electromyography sensor (EMG)
Measuring muscle activity by detecting its electric potential, referred to as electromyography (EMG), has traditionally been used for medical research. However, with the advent of ever shrinking yet more powerful microcontrollers and integrated circuits, EMG circuits and sensors have found their way into all kinds of control systems.

This sensor will measure the filtered and rectified electrical activity of a muscle; outputting 0-Vs Volts depending the amount of activity in the selected muscle, where Vs signifies the voltage of the power source.

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Temperature Sensor (Thermistor)
Thermistor is a type of temperature sensor, whose name is a combination of the words THERM-ally sensitive res-ISTOR. A thermistor is a special type of resistor which changes its physical resistance when exposed to changes in temperature.

Thermistors are generally made from ceramic materials such as oxides of nickel, manganese or cobalt coated in glass which makes them easily damaged. Their main advantage over snap-action types is their speed of response to any changes in temperature, accuracy and repeatability.
Image of Thermistor

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Mohammad Nur Arif bin Sulai @ Sulaihi (49795)

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Mohammad Nur Arif bin Sulai @ Sulaihi (49795)

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Chemical sensor
Sensors detect the presence of energy, changes in or the transfer of energy. Sensors detect by
receiving a signal from a device such as a transducer, then responding to that signal by converting it into an output that can easily be read and understood. Chemical sensors detect the presence of certain chemicals or classes of chemicals and quantify the amount and/or type of chemical detected. For example:
a) Oxygen sensor – measures the percentage of oxygen in a gas or liquid being analyzed.
b)Carbon dioxide detector – detects the presence of CO2.
Chemical sensing is an application that really benefits from the use of microtechnology
These devices have numerous medical, industrial, and commercial
applications such as environmental, quality control, food processing, and medical diagnosis.

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Puteri Noorazimah Bt. Mohamed @ Mahmood (45980)
Puteri Noorazimah Bt. Mohamed @ Mahmood (45980)
Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV)
An automated guided vehicle (AGV) can be built with as little as two components: a magnetic guide sensor and a dual-channel motor controller. The AGV will follow a track made of an adhesive magnetic tape affixed on the floor. The magnetic sensor will measure how far from the center of the tape it is and provide the information to the motor controller, which will then adjust the steering so the vehicle remains at the center of the track.
Magnetic markers positioned on the left and right side of the track give the AGV location information that will be used to make stop and fork left/right decisions.
The sensor should be placed as shown in the diagrams for each chassis design. For the first two chassis types, the sensor must be placed near the front edge of the chassis. On long AGVs, this means that a little steering will cause a wide swing at the front and will make the steering control more difficult.
On the steerable drive wheel design, the sensor can be placed on the chassis. Or it may be made part of the wheel assembly and turn with it.
For best results, place the sensor at 30 mm above the floor and ensure that the height fluctuates within +/-10 mm at most as the AGV moves along the track.
SYAMMIL MOHD ISHAK (50981)
SYAMMIL MOHD ISHAK (50981)
Infrared Tyre Temperature Sensor

Tyres are critical to lap time in Formula One. Taking temperature readings from the surface of a rotating tyre clearly requires a non-contact sensor. Black rubber tyres have high emissitivity, which is the amount of radiated heat they reflected. There is also an optical means of infrared temperature sensing, which was first used by McLaren. These types of temperature sensor use convection and radiation to monitor changes in temperature. They can be used to detect liquids and gases that emit radiant energy as heat rises and cold settles to the bottom in convection currents or detect radiant energy being transmitted from an object in the form of infrared radiation.
Chai Cheng Ying (51391
Chai Cheng Ying (51391
TV Remote Control
The main technology used in home remote controls is infrared (IR) light. The signal between a remote control handset and the device it controls consists of pulses of infrared light, which is invisible to the human eye, but can be seen through a digital camera, video camera or a phone camera. The transmitter in the remote control handset sends out a stream of pulses of infrared light when the user presses a button on the handset. A transmitter is often a light emitting diode (LED) which is built into the pointing end of the remote control handset. The infrared light pulses form a pattern unique to that button. The receiver in the device recognizes the pattern and causes the device to respond accordingly.
Elatta Bin Odita (50473)
Elatta Bin Odita (50473)
Engine sensors
A modern car’s Engine Management consists of a wide range of electronic and electrical components. It comprises of engine sensors, relays, and actuators. They work together to provide the car’s Engine Control Unit with vital data parameters essential to govern various engine functions effectively. Generally speaking, Engine sensors are electro-mechanical devices which monitor various engine parameters.


ABDUL AZIZ BIN ROSLI (45412)
ABDUL AZIZ BIN ROSLI (45412)
Thermometer
sensors are tools that detect specific biological, chemical, or physical processes and then transmit or report this data.

I choose digital thermometer as a chosen sensors because it's typically can be found around us. This sensors detect heat in the body to give exact reading of body temperature.
This device use thermoresistor or thermistor. This device changes its resistance with changes in temperature. A computer or other circuit measures the resistance and converts it to a temperature, either to display it or to make decisions about turning something on or off 
Fadzil J. (50669)
Fadzil J. (50669)              
My Samsung Tab 8 "Directional Sensor"

Sensor is a device to sense (and displays or indicates the sensed matter) and there are various types of them have been invented for the sake of human convenience. 

In my case , I have chosen my Samsung Tab 8 to present an example of sensor that is "around me". This Tab 8 is equipped with several remarkable features (not that I have intention of promoting the product...but realistically speaking..) such as accelerometer, gyro or gyroscope, and smartphone compass (or might also be known as magnetic field sensor).

These 3 components work together for the tablet's "directional sensor". The mechanism is simple.

When I use a compass app in my Tab 8, the tablet somehow knows the direction of me pointing the tablet. The presence of accelerometer allows the tablet to identify the orientation made up of axis-based motion sensing. On the other hand, the gyroscope is used to help along the accelerometer senses motion from six axes i.e. right, left, up, down, forward and backward. It also detects the roll, pitch and yaw motions. Yaw, Roll and Pitch are the angular moments seen from three axes which are X, Y and Z and therefore contributing great helps in navigation purpose and detecting the gesture recognition systems used in the tablet 8. Lastly, the magnetic field sensor, in this case, helps in reducing the error caused by nearby magnetic fields as to enhance the accuracy of "compass direction : North and South" sensing. To even more enhance the quality of the sensor, the directions measured by accelerometer and gyro usually connected with Global Positioning System (GPS), which, however, requires internet connection.

Per the use in its application, this directional sensor allows muslim user to obtain Qiblah direction for prayer purposes.
 
Attached is the image of my Samsung Tablet 8 , illustrated gyroscope and accelerometer components in conventional smartphones.
Ivan Ho Chia Haw (54637)
Ivan Ho Chia Haw (54637)
Speed Sensor
It is a type of small object that mostly used in nowadays vehicles which to detect the speed of a car. Speed sensors are usually installed on four sides located at the car wheels. It is very important element because it relates to the safety of a car. It will monitor every of the speed of each wheels and send an output to the ABS if one or two wheels are turning faster than the others, which in turn provides the braking control to maintain a safe vehicle deceleration. Nowadays vehicles were usually installed with this element to ensure that the drivers are always safe while daily driving. For European cars such as Volkswagen and Audi are always common to have this element installed on their vehicles. When ABS checklight indicator appear on the dashboard speedometer, most possibilities is that there might be problem with the speed sensor which may need to replace with a new one. This advance technology is convenient that allows drivers to know that they are in safe condition when driving.

Brian Egan (54521) Door position sensing in refrigerator
Brian Egan  (54521)  Door position sensing in refrigerator

Refrigerators equipped with a noncontact-type sensing technologies such as reed switches/sensors and Hall effect sensors to detect the door position. A reed sensor is mounted to the frame of the appliance and a permanent magnet actuator is mounted to the door. Each reed switch or Hall effect sensor and magnet actuator is positioned in such a way that the reed switch or Hall effect sensor is activated when the door is closed, and the light will turn off.
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KAMARUL AZIZI BIN WAHAP (50562)
KAMARUL AZIZI BIN WAHAP (50562)
Door Sensor
(Contact Sensor)
Have you ever opened a door and notice this little thing on top of it? 
This is actually one of the common home security system, a door sensor. It works on a simple principle called "reed switch". Basically, it is used to determine when a protected area has been breached. 

A reed switch consists of a set of electrical connectors placed slightly apart. When a magnetic field is placed parallel to the electrical connectors, it pulls them together, closing the circuit.
To simplify, if someone opens an armed door, the magnet is pulled away from the switch, which breaks the circuit and triggers an event. Depending on your setup, this could be a chime alert or full-blown alarm.
Hawa anak Ringkai (50534)
Hawa anak Ringkai (50534)
- DIGITAL THERMOMETER -

Digital thermometer is slowly replacing the conventional mercury thermometer due to the ease of taking reading. It is mercury free and provides quick and highly accurate results over the body temperature range. Besides that, it is equipped with beep alarm and memory function and can record a wide range of temperature. It works on the principle that changes in temperature cause the resistance of a sensor to change allowing a computer to convert the difference to a digital read-out. The sensor is a thermoresistor, commonly called a thermistor. Thermistor elements are the most sensitive temperature sensors available. A thermistor is a semiconductor device with an electrical resistance that is proportional to temperature. There are two types of products: Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) and Positive temperature coefficient (PTC). Advantages include their small size and high degree of stability. NTCs are also long lasting and very accurate.  Disadvantages include their non-linearity, and unsuitability for use in extreme temperatures.

JOHNNY AK EMBAN (52056)
JOHNNY AK EMBAN (52056)
Capacitive sensor in laptop touch pad.

Have you been wondering how your laptop touch pad work? Well, your touch pad actually using either conductive or capacitive sensor but the most common sensor that being used is capacitive sensor. Capacitive sensors detect anything which is conductive or has dielectric properties. Since our body has the conductive properties, hence it works.  The capacitive sensitive touch pad has two parts; ground and sensor. When the finger is brought close to the touch pad, then capacitance of the system increases. From the position of capacitors which are charging and discharging at any point of time, the coordinates of point of touch is determined.
DOMINIC LASOO ANAK SEBASTIAN (51634)
DOMINIC LASOO ANAK SEBASTIAN (51634)
Radio-frequency identification (RFID)

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically-stored information. Passive tags collect energy from a nearby RFID reader's interrogating radio waves. Active tags have a local power source (such as a battery) and may operate hundreds of meters from the RFID reader. Unlike a barcode, the tag need not be within the line of sight of the reader, so it may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method for Automatic Identification and data capture (AIDC).

RFID tags are used in many industries, for example, an RFID tag attached to an automobile during production can be used to track its progress through the assembly line; RFID-tagged pharmaceuticals can be tracked through warehouses; and implanting RFID chips in livestock and pets allows for positive identification of animals.

The RFID tag can be affixed to an object and used to track and manage inventory, assets, people, etc. For example, it can be affixed to cars, computer equipment, books, mobile phones, etc.

RFID offers advantages over manual systems or use of bar codes. The tag can be read if passed near a reader, even if it is covered by the object or not visible. The tag can be read inside a case, carton, box or other container, and unlike barcodes, RFID tags can be read hundreds at a time. Bar codes can only be read one at a time using current devices.

MOHAMAD HISYAM BIN SUFFIAN - 45661
MOHAMAD HISYAM BIN SUFFIAN - 45661
(piezoelectric sensor)

A piezoelectric effect is detected by a sensor and from this measurements can be made on changes in pressure, acceleration, and force that are displayed in the form of an electrical charge. Piezoelectric crystals such as barium titanate and ceramic material such as lead zirconate titanate are considered smart materials for the purpose of generating a piezoelectric effect and are built in piezoelectric sensor technology. There are two types of pressure sensors (mechanical and electrical) that are typically used to measure the piezoelectric effect. Mechanical sensors are made of a sensing element known as a diaphragm, a rod, a three-terminal resistor that acts as a voltage divider, and a direct current voltage source. During the application of pressure, the diaphragm component to the piezoelectric sensor displaces the connecting rod which activates the potentiometer component to the sensor that generates an output voltage.
The second type of pressure sensor works by a slightly different principle. The diaphragm to this type of piezoelectric sensor is made up of polymer polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and works as a sensing and transducing element. Upon application of pressure to the diaphragm, instead of using a potentiometer, the pressure is directly converted into a voltage
NURUL FATINI BINTI FATHI (534599)
NURUL FATINI BINTI FATHI (534599)
RIP SENSOR (Pyroelectric sensor)
This type of sensor detect level of infrared radiation. Every object or moving object that has a temperature above absolute zero can emit heat energy in form of radiation that are invisible to the human eyes, but can easily detected by this special purpose electronic device such as PIR motion detector.  Whenever object is detected in the field of view of the sensor, then positive differential change will be produced between two halves with the interception of the first half of the PIR sensor, seen from the PIR is originally split into halves.  Same goes to when the object is leaving the field view of the sensor, but negative differential change will be produced. It is also known as the Passive Infrared sensor because it does not emit any energy or radiation for detecting the radiation. 
Sif Fowel Tami (50936)
Sif Fowel Tami (50936)
Torque Sensor
A Torque Sensor is a transducer that converts a torsional mechanical input into an electrical output signal. The picture below shows the Rotating dual Shaft Torque sensors, RST series. It is a low range rotating torque sensors that are available in eleven full scale ranges of 10 through 30K inch pounds. The sensing element incorporates bonded foiled strain gages of highest quality along the coined silver slip ring and silver brushes for data transmission.
MARK PHILLAY ANAK PHILIP (50587
MARK PHILLAY ANAK PHILIP (50587
electric linear actuator
Electric Linear Actuators are electrically powered, mechanical devices consisting of motors, linear guides, and drive mechanisms, which are used to convert electrical energy into linear displacement through mechanical transmission, electro-magnetism, or thermal expansion to provide straight line push/pull motion. Key specifications include the intended application, drive type, motor type, the mounting configuration, as well as other physical dimensions and electrical characteristics. Electric linear actuators are used primarily in automation applications when a machine component, tool, etc. requires a controlled movement to a particular position. They are used in a wide range of industries where linear positioning is needed. The actuators are driven by several means including ball or lead screws, belts, or voice coils, among others. Typical applications include opening and closing dampers, locking doors, braking machine motions, etc.
Nazmus Shakib (54389
Nazmus Shakib (54389
Ultrasonic Level sensor 
Ultrasonic waves are used to measure level of liquids and solid objects in industries. Ultrasonic level measurement is contact less principle and most suitable for level measurements of hot, corrosive and boiling liquids. The normal frequency range used for ultrasonic level measurements is within a range of 40-200 KHz. Ultrasonic waves detect an object in the same way as Radar does it. Ultrasonic uses the sound waves, and Radar uses radio waves. When ultrasonic pulse signal is targeted towards an object, it is reflected by the object and echo returns to the sender. The time traveled by the ultrasonic pulse is calculated, and the distance of the object is found. Bats use well known method to measure the distance while travelling. Ultrasonic level measurement principle is also used to find out fish positions in ocean, locate submarines below water level, also the position of a scuba diver in sea.

Patrick Renaldo Richard (50889)
Patrick Renaldo Richard (50889)
Phone Gyroscope sensor
It is a sensor that tells the orientation information of the phone. Due to this sensor, Android's Photo Sphere camera feature can tell how much a phone has been rotated also used by Google's Sky Map for telling what constellation the phone is pointing at.
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Ng Sze Lam (52836)
Ng Sze Lam (52836)
Facial Detection Sensor / Face ID in i Phone X
Face ID uses a combination of light projectors and sensors to take several images of facial features.
To set up Face ID, move the head in a circular motion so that the camera able to take multiple shots of face for a 3D map. It uses Infrared light to clarify the face while capturing images, to work day or night, outdoor or indoor. Therefore, infrared illumination helps in enabling the face recognition to work in non-favorable condition.

Desmond Ngeraman Anak Stephen Lee (51611)
Desmond Ngeraman Anak Stephen Lee (51611)
Linear Actuator
This is the image of the actuator in my printer. It is a type of linear actuator which is stepper motor-driven linear actuator. Digital printers make use of linear actuator in printing automation processes. The linear actuator will move the ink cartridge in horizontal linear motion while it sprays ink to produced desired image on the paper.

Azieana binti Pendita (50426)
Azieana binti Pendita (50426)
Drone Distance Sensors
Distance measurement sensors provide an accurate distance reading to the closest object on their way. They are basically lightweight and handy to be used especially by drones. Distance measurement sensors can be divided into multiple categories that include acoustic (SoNAR), laser, radio (RaDAR), infrared, time of flight cameras and mono/stereo cameras. However, it is RaDAR that has been used widely for drones. Radio Detection And Ranging (RaDAR) has a transmitter that emits a particular signal and a receiver antenna detects its Eco. The object's speed and direction can be estimated by the Doppler effect. It applies the same as the Doppler concept of a moving car. While the car approaches, the sound waves get compressed, so their wavelength reduces and the pitch increases. 
Charmaine Joanna ak Stephen Cornet (50442)
Charmaine Joanna ak Stephen Cornet (50442)
Passive Infrared Sensors (PIR)
This sensors are mostly used for security applications and motion detection. PIR sensors is a pyroelectric sensor, and these sensor are divided into 2 halves such that whenever it detects moving object that emits infrared radiation, the sensor would sense it.The function of these halves depends on the infrared radiation as in if it detects any less or more infrared radiation, the PIR sensor would sense the movement. If it detects the same infrared radiation, the halves will cancel each other and the sensor would not sense the motion. The only drawback of this sensor is that it cannot detect any stationary or slow moving objects.
Raja Nurul Amira Bt Raja Jamam (50905)
Raja Nurul Amira Bt Raja Jamam (50905)
Parking sensor
Parking sensors are labelled by various vehicle manufacturers under many different brand names, such as Park Distance Control, Park Assist, Parktronic, or EPS, but they only come in two varieties: ultrasonic and electromagnetic.

Some parking sensors can detect moving objects as well, but they will react in much the same fashion regardless. In the case of an ultrasonic system, once a sensor receives a signal or wave that the computer determines is close, all sensors on the rear of the vehicle will then send a signal or wave simultaneously. Depending on which sensor receives the returned wave, the computer can determine if the object is moving or not. However, the system will still sound the alarm the entire time the object is within the sensory area.

Electromagnetic sensors will also register a moving obstruction in the same manner as a non-moving one if it's close enough. These sensors actually only react to objects approaching the bumper, so fixed accessories like tow bars don't perpetually set off the alarm, so a moving object, like a person, will set off the alarm until it leaves the field if it is in close enough proximity.

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Luke Teo Ngim Yeu ( 54711)
Luke Teo Ngim Yeu ( 54711) 
VVT Actuator and VVT oil control valve and sensor. 
VVT stand for variable valve timing. These both sensor can found new modem car especially very common for Japanese car maker such as Toyota and Mitsubishi. VVT actuator and VVT oil control valve and sensor are use to retard or advance the intake valve timing and exhaust valve for optimal performance and fuel efficiency. However, in order for VVT actuator to work in correct timing, all have to control by car on-board ECU program and sensor around engine, transmission and the power demand from driver foot ( accelerator ). This create different cam profile to suit the driving situation. VVT oil control valve and sensor are act as both feedback and pre controller for both VVT actuator and ECU. 
Siti Nuraisyah Afiqah binti Ahmat (50962)
Siti Nuraisyah Afiqah binti Ahmat (50962)
Oxygen sensor
It is installed in the car engine. The sensor is part of the emissions control system and feeds data to the­ engine management computer. It helps the engine run as efficiently as possible and also to produce as few emissions as possible. Oxygen sensor is positioned in the exhaust pipe and can detect rich and lean mixtures. The mechanism in most sensors involves a chemical reaction that generates a voltage. The engine's computer looks at the voltage to determine if the mixture is rich or lean and adjusts the amount of fuel entering the engine accordingly.

Mamunur Rashid 54436
Mamunur Rashid 54436
Automatic door activators are designed for the actuation of automatic swing, sliding, folding and curved sliding doors. They use active infrared light sensors that register people and objects, resulting in a detection zone that is accurately adjustable. Apart from human beings and animals, objects such as shopping trolleys and hospital beds trigger an opening signal, provided they are located within the detection zone. Automatic door activators are used to engage automatic door actuators and pneumatic door openers. There are many varieties that provide various functionalities. We have the approach sensor, such as a radar sensor (the door opens when a user approaches it), the push button mechanism and the pressure mat (the door opens when a user stands on the mat). There is also the access control activator – the door opens when a user activates a code reader or a swipe reader with a fob or remote-control button. The user is authorized to go through the door and after a pre-determined time the door closes and locks. An automatic door operator reopens the door if it closes into an obstacle (auto-reverse) on most modern automatic door operators. However, most automatic doors have sensors installed on them to prevent the door from ever meeting pedestrians using the door.

MARCUS ANAK BANGGAN (52419)
MARCUS ANAK BANGGAN (52419)
Stretch Sensor
Stretch sensors are a type of sensor designed to measure soft structures, including soft robots and the human body. It has ability to measure either stretch, bend, shear, or pressure. These stretch sensors are essentially flexible capacitors. When the sensor deforms (due to stretching or squeezing) its capacitance value changes. The sensor sends data about its capacitance to a Bluetooth enabled device, and the StretchSense App translates the data to give a user highly precise information about what the sensor is detecting. StretchSense sensors can be made in various sizes, elasticities, and sensitivities depending on desired application.

The inside of the stretch sensor consists of a stretchable signal electrode sandwiched between two ground electrodes which are separated by silicone dielectric insulators. Since the sensor is essentially a flexible parallel plate capacitor, the two dimensions that change when the sensor is stretched are thickness and area of the conductive layers. Stretching the sensor increases area and decreases thickness which both contribute to an increase in capacitance. Since capacitors resist a change in voltage, the capacitance can be indirectly measured through an applied voltage. By applying a voltage to the sensor and comparing the actual voltage output to what would be expected without a capacitor, the capacitance of the sensor can be determined. StretchSense offers two versions of stretch sensor: A silicone based sensor and a fabric based sensor. 

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Capacitive fingerprint sensor
Capacitive fingerprint sensor
Mohd alinafiah (50131)
Capacitive fingerprint scanners use arrays tiny capacitor circuits to collect data about a fingerprint. As capacitors can store electrical charge, connecting them up to conductive plates on the surface of the scanner allows them to be used to track the details of a fingerprint. The charge stored in the capacitor will be changed slightly when a finger’s ridge is placed over the conductive plates, while an air gap will leave the charge at the capacitor relatively unchanged. 

Beatrice Ubung Uyo 51330
Beatrice Ubung Uyo 51330
One of the applications of sensors are in the escalator system. Escalator is a type of vertical transportation in the form of a moving staircase which carries people between floors of a building. Escalator consists of a motor driven chain of individually linked steps on a track which cycle on a pair of tracks that keeps them horizontal. Nowadays, a few improvement has been made including implementing the passive infrared (PIR) motion sensor. The sensor will collect the infrared energy emitted by the body heat of a people. The PIR detectors are programmed to trigger only when it detects sharp increase in infrared energy. When sensor detects an increase in infrared energy, it will enable the escalator to rapidly accelerate from the standby state to the rated speed
AHMAD FARIDZUL BIN JAPAR (51073)
AHMAD FARIDZUL BIN JAPAR (51073)
Float Level Sensor measures liquid level by transmitting to a mechanism the rise and fall of a float that rides on the surface of the liquid. It used primarily in open tanks whereas float level switches may be designed to operate in a pressurized tank.
Muhammad Faez Bin Hamzah (50670
Muhammad Faez Bin Hamzah (50670
Optical Laser Sensor mice are the common devices that we encounter everyday.  An optical-based mouse utilizes an LED light source and a laser mouse uses a laser beam. The CMOS sensor installed in the mice will take the photo and detect movement.  Higher DPI is always better. Due to the optical or laser, the surface need to be opaque and non-translucent. The one marketed as optical models rely on an infrared or red LED that projects light onto a surface. This LED is typically mounted behind an angled lens, which focuses the illumination into a beam. That beam is bounced off the surface, through the “imaging” lens that magnifies the reflected light, and into the CMOS sensor. The sensor will process the data and command the movement of the cursor. 
 

 
Muhd Affifuddin Bin Abdullah (50699)
Muhd Affifuddin Bin Abdullah (50699)
A heat detector is a fire alarm device designed to respond when the converted thermal energy of a fire increases the temperature of a heat sensitive element. The thermal mass and conductivity of the element regulate the rate flow of heat into the element. Heat detectors are intended to minimize property damage by reacting to the change in temperature caused by a fire.
Burrghman Embam anak Enggong (50435)
Burrghman Embam anak Enggong (50435)
This is a door locking mechanism and it is a type of electric linear actuators. They are electrically powered, mechanical devices which is made up of motors,  linear guides and mechanisms. Those parts are used to convert electrical energy into linear displacement by undergoing mechanical transmission, electro-mechanism, or thermal expansion to provide straight line push/pull motion. The actuators are driven
by several ways that include ball or lead screws, belts, voice coils and etc.   
Qhalief Bin Sapawi (53613)
Qhalief Bin Sapawi (53613)
Optical LED Sensor and Laser Sensor On Gaming Mouse 
Mostly nowadays mouse especially gaming mouse using Optical Laser Sensor and Laser Sensor and remove the old ball tracker. For Optical Laser Sensor, offer constant stream to tracking to detect motion relative to surface image. There are precise benefits to all this, because there isn’t any calibration done when you lift up the mouse, keeping consistent feel to movement in the gaming. But, optical sensors are more reliant on the surface because of the LED is used for tracking. On the other hand, Laser Sensor designed for accuracy. Laser gaming sensors can track and precisely report mouse movements on specifically all types of surfaces. Laser sensors allow higher DPI settings that translates into more precise tracking. Basically professional gamers are able to take advantages from such extreme sensitivities, in that usual times they often need to move little to aim the enemy from afar.

Ling Tiew Cheon 52349
Ling Tiew Cheon 52349
(Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) CMOS Sensor on Mice
The CMOS sensor sends each image to a digital signal processor (DSP) for analysis. The DSP, operating at 18 MIPS (million instructions per second), is able to detect patterns in the images and see how those patterns have moved since the previous image. Based on the change in patterns over a sequence of images, the DSP determines how far the mouse has moved and sends the corresponding coordinates to the computer. The computer moves the cursor on the screen based on the coordinates received from the mouse. This happens hundreds of times each second, making the cursor appear to move very smoothly. This sensor allows mice to be used on any surface.
Kethiswary A/P Paramesvaran (52118)
Kethiswary A/P Paramesvaran (52118)
Automatic Doors
Some automatic doors operate on optic or motion sensors. These sensors might be mounted above a set of automatic doors or built on the top or the sides of the frames of the automatic doors. When these optic or motion sensors sense motion nearby, they trigger the automatic doors to open and then close.

ANATHASIA RABIAH ANAK STEWARD (50393)
ANATHASIA RABIAH ANAK STEWARD (50393)
Hand Dryer (Passive infrared sensor)

Hand dryers are electric machines found in public bathroom. They may either operate with the push of a button or automatically using a sensor which called passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor). PIR sensors used to sense motion and to detect whether a human has moved in or out of the sensors range. They are small, inexpensive, low-power, easy to use and don't wear out. PIR sensors are basically made of a pyroelectric sensor, which can detect levels of infrared radiation. The device detects motion and automatically turns on when hands are placed for drying. It is automatically turns off when hands are moved away from the dryer. Hand dryers consist of a heating element that is turned on when an infrared motion sensor is triggered. Air is blown over the heating element which makes the air warm. The air is blown out of a tube that points downward and focuses the air onto the hands. 


SITTI AISHAH BINTI NAJAMUDIN (50968
SITTI AISHAH BINTI NAJAMUDIN (50968
WHEEL SPEED SENSOR

A wheel speed sensor (WSS) is a device designed to read the speed of a vehicle's wheel rotation. The system also monitors the proper functioning of a range of features, including brake performance, ensuring vehicle safety.
NUR ATIKAH BINTI ABDUL RAZAK (53113)
NUR ATIKAH BINTI ABDUL RAZAK (53113)
Angular position sensor 

An angular position sensor (also referred to as a rotary sensor) measures the relation by which any position with respect to any other position is established. It calculates the orientation of an object with respect to a specified reference position as expressed by the amount of rotation necessary to change from one orientation to the other about a specified axis. There are many different kinds of angular position sensors. The most common types categorized by supply voltage, output type, sensing range, operating temperature range, packaging type and supply current. The most common values for supply voltage are 4.5 to 5.5 V. Also carry angular position sensors with supply voltage up to 36 V. Supply current can have a range between 100 µA and 13.5 A, with the most common chips having a supply current of 13.5 mA. Angular position sensors can be found in wide array of automotive and industrial applications including:

·  Steering Wheel Position sensing
·  Pedal Position sensing
·  Motor-shaft Position sensing
·  Throttle Position sensing

NUR AZREEN AMIRA BINTI ASIB (50764)
NUR AZREEN AMIRA BINTI ASIB (50764)
- LCD Projector -
Projectors using a liquid crystal display image engine are common in the workplace. They are, in essence, the same thing as a flat panel TV, just much smaller. They can be used to make presentations to clients, customers or employees. Most LCD projectors use three small transparent LCD panels -- one for red, one for green and one for blue -- sandwiched together with a bright light that shines through them. The nature of LCD technology gives it some significant benefits over other projector technologies like Digital Light Processing.
DAYANG RAMIZAH BT AWANG MORNI (50463)
DAYANG RAMIZAH BT AWANG MORNI (50463)
Barcode Scanner [Light Sensor]

Barcode scanner is an electronic device that can read and output printed barcodes into the computer.  It consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor translating optical impulses into electrical ones. Additionally, nearly all barcode readers contain decoder circuitry analyzing the barcode's image data provided by the sensor and sending the barcode's content to the scanner's output port. Specifically, the sensor in the barcode scanner detects the reflected light from the illumination system (the red light) and generates an analog signal that is sent to the decoder. The decoder interprets that signal, validates the barcode using the check digit, and coverts it into text. This converted text is delivered by the scanner to a computer software system holding a database of the maker, cost, and quantity of all products sold.


FENNYLIA URAISIRAN ANAK PHILLIP (50513)
FENNYLIA URAISIRAN ANAK PHILLIP (50513)
Microphone -  Acoustic Sound sensor

Microphones are acoustic sensors that converts sound waves or signal into electrical signal. Most of microphones light modulation, piezoelectric effect, capacitance change and electromagnetic induction to convert vibrations to electrical signal. Comparing pressure sensors and microphones, both have the same basic structure - consists of diaphragm and transducer. The deflection on the diaphragm caused by sound waves lead to vibrations and will be converted into electrical signal (audible sound). Two types of commonly used microphones are dynamic and condenser microphones. The working principle for dynamic microphones are based on electromagnetic induction. Sound waves trigger the diaphragm and coil attached to it while a magnet in the microphone produce magnetic field around the coil enabling current to flow. Thus, sound produced by dynamic microphones are in reversed direction only. This type of microphone are suitable for general purpose use and the design is simple. Meanwhile, condenser microphone are based on electrostatic field. It has a capacitor - two plates with voltage. One of the plate act as diaphragm and vibrate when being hit by sound waves.The vibration changes the distance between the plates and also changing the capacitance - electrical current is generated.

AUGUSTINE NANANG (51282)
AUGUSTINE NANANG (51282)
Force Torque sensor

Most robotic applications require a multi-axis or 6-axis FT sensor to give feedback to the robot about the tool itself which can be controlled along 6 axes (3 translations + 3 rotations). A 6-axis FT sensor means that the sensor can measure both the force and torque along the 3-axis (x-y-z). These are usually defined by the components of Fx-Fy-Fz and Tx-Ty-Tz. To measure the effort in all six axes, the force-torque sensor usually combines information from a minimum of 6 unitary measuring elements such as strain gauges. Using the geometry of these elements and the physical properties of the material on which they are installed, we can compute the force and torque along the axes which are meaningful to the robot control loop. When installed on the robot flange, the integrator needs to set the parameters for the relative position and orientation of the sensor with respect to the robot tool.
As you can see in the picture, the sensor is between the robot wrist and the tool. This position allows the sensor to feel the force and torque applied on the tool. 


CHIKIA EDWIN (51464)
CHIKIA EDWIN (51464)
AIRCRAFT DOOR ACTUATION:
The A380 has numerous passenger doors that are quite heavy and would therefore require a large cabin crew to operate.  As a result, the A380 passenger aircraft doors were among the first to be operated automatically. Three actuators are involved: “Lift” to lift the door out of cabin-pressure security positon, “Swivel”  to allow door to open even in the event of a crash whereby the aircraft is lying on  its side, and “Lock”. These actuators are fully autonomous and the mechanics,  electric motors, controllers, and power supply needed to operate them are  integrated into the door. This ensures doors can still be operated even in the event of power shortage.
51655 EDWIN ANAK BRAIN
51655 EDWIN ANAK BRAIN
The sensor sends information, in the form of electronic signals back to the controller.  Sensors also give the robot controller information about its surroundings and lets it know the exact position of the arm, or the state of the world around it. 
 5 senses are the kinds of information we get from our world.  Robots can be designed and programmed to get specific information that is beyond what our 5 senses can tell us. For example, a robot sensor might "see" in the dark, that we cannot do but robot might detect tiny amounts of invisible radiation or measure movement that is too small or fast for the human eye to see.
Sensors can be made simple and complex, depending on how much information needs to be stored.
For example light sensors. It can measure:
1)light intensity (how light/dark it is)
2)differential intensity (difference between photocells)
3)break-beam (change/drop in intensity)
Light sensors can be shielded and focused in different ways

Amabelle Mae binti Aldrin (51160)
Amabelle Mae binti Aldrin (51160)
Magnetic Sensor
Magnetic sensor is mainly used to give an accurate positioning details which cannot even achieved with GPS. Some of the application of these sensors are they can provide navigation in urban areas and indoor areas. They also can deliver point of product advertising. For example, there are magnetic sensors in our smartphones and tablets.
Kelvin Louise Awi (52111)
Kelvin Louise Awi (52111)
SMOKE SENSOR
A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control as part of a fire alarm system, while household smoke detectors, also known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector itself.
All smoke detectors consist of two basic parts: a sensor to sense the smoke and a very loud electronic horn to wake people up. Smoke detectors can run off of a 9-volt battery or 120-volt house current.

Yong Leong Ming 54283
Yong Leong Ming 54283
An Ls-Model is a device that can fly to the sky while receive the infrared signal. The actuator of the model is small and light. It can control the direction either to left or right when remote it by the controller. The sensor will receive the infrared from the controller and move the actuator and make it rotate and finally rise.
Nur Sofiani Binti Mohd Yusof (53277
Nur Sofiani Binti Mohd Yusof (53277
An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance to an object by using sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a specific frequency and listening for that sound wave to bounce back. By recording the elapsed time between the sound wave being generated and the sound wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance between the sonar sensor and the object.
 
LESLIE TANJONG ANAK LAGONG (52280) - Metal Sensor Detector
LESLIE TANJONG ANAK LAGONG (52280) - Metal Sensor Detector
A metal sensor detector is an electronic instrument which detects the presence of metal nearby. Metal sensor detectors are useful for finding metal inclusions hidden within objects, or metal objects buried underground. They often consist of a handheld unit with a sensor probe which can be swept over the ground or other objects. If the sensor comes near a piece of metal this is indicated by a changing tone in earphones, or a needle moving on an indicator. Usually the device gives some indication of distance where the closer the metal is, the higher the tone in the earphone or the higher the needle goes. Another common type are stationary “walk through" metal sensor detectors used for security screening at access points in prisons, courthouses, and airports to detect concealed metal weapons on a person's body. The simplest form of a metal sensor detector consists of an oscillator producing an alternating current that passes through a coil producing an alternating magnetic field. If a piece of electrically conductive metal is close to the coil, Eddy currents will be induced in the metal, and this produces a magnetic field of its own. If another coil is used to measure the magnetic field which is acting as a magnetometer, the change in the magnetic field due to the metallic object can be detected. Uses include detecting land mines, the detection of weapons such as knives and guns especially in airport security, geophysical prospecting, archaeology and treasure hunting. Metal sensor detectors are also used to detect foreign bodies in food, and in the construction industry to detect steel reinforcing bars in concrete and pipes and wires buried in walls and floors.

LEONARD RAYMOND (50574) - Aircraft flap actuator
LEONARD RAYMOND (50574) - Aircraft flap actuator
Linear  hydraulic actuator are used as the flap actuator of the aircraft and it is located on each wing. They are used to maintain efficient flight at low air speeds. A flap actuator is mounted in the aircraft wing with a screw that rotates. When the screw turns, it activates the flap which move it up and down accordingly. 

Maureen Anak Tambi (52451)
Maureen Anak Tambi (52451)
Speed Sensors
Speed sensor used for detecting speed of an object or vehicle. There are different type of speed sensors to detect speed such as Wheel speed sensor, speedometers, LIDAR, ground speed radar pitot tube and so on. PIC microcontroller based project for speed synchronization of multiple motors in industries using wireless technology is a typical application of the speed sensor.  KMI 17/4 is an example for wheel speed sensor. It measures the rotational speed or the wheel speed. It plays vital role in providing best performance for ABS system. It is easy application and low cost system. It is integrated with magnet and is suitable for ferromagnetic gear wheel application. 

Valentine Entukan Anak Langka (54143).
Valentine Entukan Anak Langka (54143).
Traffic Light Sensors 
Every traffic light signal has either a timer or sensor which helps it direct traffic flow. 
In the suburbs and up county roads, traffic signal sensors (detectors) are usually preferred because they not only manage the inconsistent traffic flow effectively, but also detect when cars arrive at intersections, when several cars are stacked at an intersection and when cars have entered turn lanes. 
These sensors use different technologies, from induction loops, microwave radar, cameras, lasers to rubber hoses filled with air. 
Muhamad Hakim bin Hamdan(52638)
Muhamad Hakim bin Hamdan(52638)
Flame Detector
Sensor designed to detect and respond to the presence of a flame/fire, allowing flame detection. Responses to a detected flame depend on the installation, but can include sounding an alarm, deactivating a fuel line (such as a propane or a natural gas line), and activating a fire suppression system.  A flame detector can often respond faster and more accurately than a smoke or heat detector due to the mechanisms(optical flame detector such as UV detector,infrared,IR flame detection and more) it uses to detect the flame. 
Hafiq Azfahsyaz bin Hashim (50525)
Hafiq Azfahsyaz bin Hashim (50525)
Proximity sensor
Mobile phone use IR-based proximity sensor to detect the presence of a human ear. This sensing is done to reduce display power consumption by turning off the LCD backlight and to disable the touch screen to avoid inadvertent touches by the cheek.
Melvin Luat anak Augustine Lubon (52467)
Melvin Luat anak Augustine Lubon (52467)
Radio Wave Sensor Anti-theft System
As we walk through the doorway without paying for something, the radio waves from the transmitter (hidden in on one of the door gates) are picked up by the coiled metal antenna in the label. This generates a tiny electrical current that makes the label transmit a new radio signal of its own at a very specific frequency. The receiver (hidden in the other door gate) picks up the radio signal that the tag transmits and sounds the alarm. Special tags and labels are fixed to merchandise or books. These tags or labels are removed or "deactivated" by the clerks when the item is properly bought or checked out. Hence, the alarm would not be sound as the tag been removed.

Eng Leong Ching (50479) Automatic Plant Irrigation System Circuit
Eng Leong Ching (50479) Automatic Plant Irrigation System Circuit  
This automatic irrigation system senses the moisture content of the soil and automatically switches the pump when the power is on. A proper usage of irrigation system is very important because the main reason is the shortage of land reserved water due to lack of rain, unplanned use of water as a result large amounts of water goes waste. For this reason, we use this automatic plant watering system, and this system is very useful in all climatic conditions.
Maxvin Anak Usup (50591) - Coolant temperature sensor
Maxvin Anak Usup (50591) - Coolant temperature sensor
The coolant temperature sensor (CTS) on most vehicle can be found near the engine thermostat. Thermostat and/or coolant given off certain temperature and it is being measured by the sensor. The on-board control system then received the temperature. This temperature information is used by vehicle's computer either to keep on operating or adjust certain functions of engine. This is significant in order to keep the temperature of engine at an ideal level of operation. Cooling fan is either shut off or turn on as the control system receive the temperature from CTS. Moreover, the need for richer fuel mixture or opening the re-circulation of exhaust gas is signaled by the CTS.

  
Don Perez anak Liap (50467
Don Perez anak Liap (50467
Tachometer (speed sensor)
A tachometer is a sensor device for measuring the rotation speed of an object such as the engine shaft in a car. This device indicates the revolutions per minute (RPM) performed by the object. The device comprises of a dial, a needle to indicate the current reading, and markings to indicate safe and dangerous levels.

Liew Tzek Khen (52302) - Heart rate monitor sensor
Liew Tzek Khen (52302) - Heart rate monitor sensor
This image shown the heart rate monitor sensor on my smart phone.  When we place and hold a finger on it,  the built-in  heart rate monitor will allows us to check our heart rate . Beside that, we also can check the stress level, blood pressure, blood glucose.
Arif Affandi Ngadimin (50406) 2018 Perodua Myvi's Advanced Safety Assist
Arif Affandi Ngadimin (50406) 2018 Perodua Myvi's Advanced Safety Assist 
ASA is a suite of active safety features that includes Pre-Collision Warning (PCW), Pre-Collision Braking (PCB), Front Departure Alert (FDA) and Pedal Misoperation Control (PMC). The ASA components are existing Daihatsu systems called (Smart Assist in JDM Daihatsus). They operate through a forward-facing stereo camera on top of the windscreen which detects car shapes.

Sources: 
https://paultan.org/2017/11/08/2018-perodua-myvi-advanced-safety-assist/
CHARLES PERUMAL (51421) Hydraulic Cylinder
CHARLES PERUMAL (51421) Hydraulic Cylinder
Hydraulic cylinder is a mechanical actuator that is used to give unidirectional force through a unidirectional stroke. It is mainly used in many application especially in construction equipment. Below image shows the example of the usage of hydraulic cylinder as an actuator in a excavator.
Hydraulic cylinders get their power from pressurized hydraulic fluid, which is typically oil. The hydraulic cylinder consists of a cylinder barrel, in which a piston connected to a piston rod moves back and forth. The barrel is closed on one end by the cylinder bottom (also called the cap) and the other end by the cylinder head (also called the gland) where the piston rod comes out of the cylinder. The piston has sliding rings and seals. The piston divides the inside of the cylinder into two chambers, the bottom chamber (cap end) and the piston rod side chamber (rod end / head end).

Sheldon Ijau anak Winston (50934)
Sheldon Ijau anak Winston (50934)
Fan:
The image shown is the fan in my house. The fan motor is the actuator and it is used to rotate the fan blades. The buttons on the fan are regulators which controls the voltage which goes to the motor to control its speed. The motor consists of permanent magnets, commutator and coil. When current flows through the commutator which then flows through the coil, the magnet causes the coil to rotate and the commutator periodically changes the current direction in the coil to complement the magnets so it rotates in the same direction.
Sherri Sheralina Jecklen (53794)
Sherri Sheralina Jecklen (53794)
Touch screen sensor:

A touch screen sensor is generally a clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface. The touch sensor/panel is placed over a display screen so that the responsive area of the panel covers the viewable area of the screen. The sensor normally has an electrical current or signal going through it and touching the screen causes a voltage or signal change. This voltage change is used to determine the location of the touch on the screen. Touch sensors are completely sealable which helps to create a device resistant to water spills and dusts to a larger extent. Touch sensors provide fast response which eliminates the delay caused by mechanical buttons in general devices.

Erica Lanja Anak Kapong (51697)
Erica Lanja Anak Kapong (51697)
Image Sensor: 
There are two types of image sensors used in CCTV camera: CCD (charge-coupled device) image sensors which generally provide better low light sensitivity and have been around for over 30 years, and are often found in older models of cameras. Another is CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) image sensors utilize newer technology to record better HD resolution and fast-moving activity, and are found in the majority of IP new cameras
An image sensor is the part of your IP camera that captures the light hitting the camera lens and turns it into electrical signals, which get recorded as the video you see when monitoring your system. As light passes through your camera lens, it hits the image sensor. The sensor is made up for many little photosites (each photosite becomes a pixel in the video resolution), and the amount of light on each individual photosite determines how much light will be in each pixel of your video. Together, the light/dark sections of each pixel make up one cohesive image in the final video. Every IP surveillance camera needs an image sensor to create a video. For high quality surveillance video, the newer CMOS image sensors help ensure your video stays clear even at high resolutions or when objects are moving.

Chrisanthea Fong Shau Wen (51506)
Chrisanthea Fong Shau Wen (51506)
Thermometer sensor:
Infrared radiation thermometer is often said to be radiance dependence on temperature in order to produce a value and to display the results. The infrared radiation light works like a typical visible light which can be focused, reflected and absorbed. It uses a lens to focus on the light from one object onto the detector which is known as thermopile. Thermopile absorbs infrared radiation and turn it into heat. When there is more infrared radiation energy, the thermopile turns hotter, and vice versa. The heat from thermopile is then turned into electricity for the detector to determine the temperature. Higher temperature generates more electricity, thus higher reading on the display.
Dustin Kirrin Anak Adrin (51643)
Dustin Kirrin Anak Adrin (51643)
Day/night sensor.The DNS25 Day/Night Sensor can automatically turn on or off lights at dusk and dawn. It is not only convenient but also practical; it can control the lighting loads by working only at night. Examples of use are street lights, office lights, warehouse and factory lights, garden lights, etc. For these purposes people mainly go for outdoor flood lights as due to their specifics (wide beam angle) this is the best choice for illuminating wide areas and large objects such as your home. There are many types of flood lights available with different features and sensors included. 

Flood lights with dusk-to-dawn settings basically work by sensing the amount of natural light and they turn on only when it has reached particular level of dimness. As the name of the flood light indicates, it works from dusk to dawn i.e. it will work only during the darkest hours of the day and will automatically switch themselves off in the morning. This option seems to be a lot more reasonable and energy efficient than having your flood lights on all the evening and morning. Some people also go for motion sensors but they can be a bit too annoying and react to the movements that you do not want or need to be detected e.g. cars and people passing by. If your main purpose of installing flood lights is to illuminate your home and yard during the night only, then out of the three given options (no sensor, motion sensor or dusk-to-dawn lighting), dusk-to-dawn outdoor flood lights simply seem to be the most reasonable of the choices. Nevertheless, some consumers claim that for them the combination of two sensors has worked out the best. For instance it is possible to combine dusk-to-dawn settings with passive infra-red detector that detects movement.


Abdul Haniff bin Sahari (51035)
Abdul Haniff bin Sahari (51035)
Door opener. In the picture shows that the door opener applying the linear actuator. The motion of the actuator is linear which means its only allow the actuator to move in one direction. Therefore when switch or sensor send the signal to open, the actuator will push out the link connected to the door.
Nur Hafizah bt Haratono (50783)
Nur Hafizah bt Haratono (50783)
Door sensors (sometimes known as photoelectric or infrared beam, electric safety door edges, door detector, electric proximity edges or electric doorman) is an elevator device that detects a passenger or an object on the doorway which prevents the doors from closing. It is usually installed for accessibility. If a person or an objects blocks the doorway ,the sensors detects the person or the objects. The door will reopen then stays open and will not closed until the person moves away or the object is removed from the doorway.
shawn felix ak stephen (53782)
shawn felix ak stephen (53782)
CAR REVERSE ULTRASONIC SENSOR
An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance to an object by using sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a specific frequency and listening for that sound wave to bounce back. By recording the elapsed time between the sound wave being generated and the sound wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance between the sonar sensor and the object.

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Puteri Noorazimah Bt. Mohamed @ Mahmood (45980)

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Puteri Noorazimah Bt. Mohamed @ Mahmood (45980)

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Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV)

An automated guided vehicle (AGV) can be built with as little as two components: a magnetic guide sensor and a dual-channel motor controller. The AGV will follow a track made of an adhesive magnetic tape affixed on the floor. The magnetic sensor will measure how far from the center of the tape it is and provide the information to the motor controller, which will then adjust the steering so the vehicle remains at the center of the track.

Magnetic markers positioned on the left and right side of the track give the AGV location information that will be used to make stop and fork left/right decisions.
The sensor should be placed as shown in the diagrams for each chassis design. For the first two chassis types, the sensor must be placed near the front edge of the chassis. On long AGVs, this means that a little steering will cause a wide swing at the front and will make the steering control more difficult.

On the steerable drive wheel design, the sensor can be placed on the chassis. Or it may be made part of the wheel assembly and turn with it.

For best results, place the sensor at 30 mm above the floor and ensure that the height fluctuates within +/-10 mm at most as the AGV moves along the track.

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Infrared Tyre Temperature Sensor

Tyres are critical to lap time in Formula One. Taking temperature readings from the surface of a rotating tyre clearly requires a non-contact sensor. Black rubber tyres have high emissitivity, which is the amount of radiated heat they reflected. There is also an optical means of infrared temperature sensing, which was first used by McLaren. These types of temperature sensor use convection and radiation to monitor changes in temperature. They can be used to detect liquids and gases that emit radiant energy as heat rises and cold settles to the bottom in convection currents or detect radiant energy being transmitted from an object in the form of infrared radiation.

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TV Remote Control
The main technology used in home remote controls is infrared (IR) light. The signal between a remote control handset and the device it controls consists of pulses of infrared light, which is invisible to the human eye, but can be seen through a digital camera, video camera or a phone camera. The transmitter in the remote control handset sends out a stream of pulses of infrared light when the user presses a button on the handset. A transmitter is often a light emitting diode (LED) which is built into the pointing end of the remote control handset. The infrared light pulses form a pattern unique to that button. The receiver in the device recognizes the pattern and causes the device to respond accordingly.

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Engine sensors
A modern car’s Engine Management consists of a wide range of electronic and electrical components. It comprises of engine sensors, relays, and actuators. They work together to provide the car’s Engine Control Unit with vital data parameters essential to govern various engine functions effectively. Generally speaking, Engine sensors are electro-mechanical devices which monitor various engine parameters.

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Thermometer
sensors are tools that detect specific biological, chemical, or physical processes and then transmit or report this data.

I choose digital thermometer as a chosen sensors because it's typically can be found around us. This sensors detect heat in the body to give exact reading of body temperature.
This device use thermoresistor or thermistor. This device changes its resistance with changes in temperature. A computer or other circuit measures the resistance and converts it to a temperature, either to display it or to make decisions about turning something on or off

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My Samsung Tab 8 "Directional Sensor"

Sensor is a device to sense (and displays or indicates the sensed matter) and there are various types of them have been invented for the sake of human convenience.

In my case , I have chosen my Samsung Tab 8 to present an example of sensor that is "around me". This Tab 8 is equipped with several remarkable features (not that I have intention of promoting the product...but realistically speaking..) such as accelerometer, gyro or gyroscope, and smartphone compass (or might also be known as magnetic field sensor).

These 3 components work together for the tablet's "directional sensor". The mechanism is simple.

When I use a compass app in my Tab 8, the tablet somehow knows the direction of me pointing the tablet. The presence of accelerometer allows the tablet to identify the orientation made up of axis-based motion sensing. On the other hand, the gyroscope is used to help along the accelerometer senses motion from six axes i.e. right, left, up, down, forward and backward. It also detects the roll, pitch and yaw motions. Yaw, Roll and Pitch are the angular moments seen from three axes which are X, Y and Z and therefore contributing great helps in navigation purpose and detecting the gesture recognition systems used in the tablet 8. Lastly, the magnetic field sensor, in this case, helps in reducing the error caused by nearby magnetic fields as to enhance the accuracy of "compass direction : North and South" sensing. To even more enhance the quality of the sensor, the directions measured by accelerometer and gyro usually connected with Global Positioning System (GPS), which, however, requires internet connection.

Per the use in its application, this directional sensor allows muslim user to obtain Qiblah direction for prayer purposes.

Attached is the image of my Samsung Tablet 8 , illustrated gyroscope and accelerometer components in conventional smartphones.

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Speed Sensor
It is a type of small object that mostly used in nowadays vehicles which to detect the speed of a car. Speed sensors are usually installed on four sides located at the car wheels. It is very important element because it relates to the safety of a car. It will monitor every of the speed of each wheels and send an output to the ABS if one or two wheels are turning faster than the others, which in turn provides the braking control to maintain a safe vehicle deceleration. Nowadays vehicles were usually installed with this element to ensure that the drivers are always safe while daily driving. For European cars such as Volkswagen and Audi are always common to have this element installed on their vehicles. When ABS checklight indicator appear on the dashboard speedometer, most possibilities is that there might be problem with the speed sensor which may need to replace with a new one. This advance technology is convenient that allows drivers to know that they are in safe condition when driving.

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Brian Egan  (54521)  Door position sensing in refrigerator

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Brian Egan  (54521)  Door position sensing in refrigerator

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Refrigerators equipped with a noncontact-type sensing technologies such as reed switches/sensors and Hall effect sensors to detect the door position. A reed sensor is mounted to the frame of the appliance and a permanent magnet actuator is mounted to the door. Each reed switch or Hall effect sensor and magnet actuator is positioned in such a way that the reed switch or Hall effect sensor is activated when the door is closed, and the light will turn off.

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- DIGITAL THERMOMETER -

Digital thermometer is slowly replacing the conventional mercury thermometer due to the ease of taking reading. It is mercury free and provides quick and highly accurate results over the body temperature range. Besides that, it is equipped with beep alarm and memory function and can record a wide range of temperature. It works on the principle that changes in temperature cause the resistance of a sensor to change allowing a computer to convert the difference to a digital read-out. The sensor is a thermoresistor, commonly called a thermistor. Thermistor elements are the most sensitive temperature sensors available. A thermistor is a semiconductor device with an electrical resistance that is proportional to temperature. There are two types of products: Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) and Positive temperature coefficient (PTC). Advantages include their small size and high degree of stability. NTCs are also long lasting and very accurate.  Disadvantages include their non-linearity, and unsuitability for use in extreme temperatures.

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RIP SENSOR (Pyroelectric sensor)
This type of sensor detect level of infrared radiation. Every object or moving object that has a temperature above absolute zero can emit heat energy in form of radiation that are invisible to the human eyes, but can easily detected by this special purpose electronic device such as PIR motion detector.  Whenever object is detected in the field of view of the sensor, then positive differential change will be produced between two halves with the interception of the first half of the PIR sensor, seen from the PIR is originally split into halves.  Same goes to when the object is leaving the field view of the sensor, but negative differential change will be produced. It is also known as the Passive Infrared sensor because it does not emit any energy or radiation for detecting the radiation.

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Capacitive sensor in laptop touch pad.

Have you been wondering how your laptop touch pad work? Well, your touch pad actually using either conductive or capacitive sensor but the most common sensor that being used is capacitive sensor. Capacitive sensors detect anything which is conductive or has dielectric properties. Since our body has the conductive properties, hence it works.  The capacitive sensitive touch pad has two parts; ground and sensor. When the finger is brought close to the touch pad, then capacitance of the system increases. From the position of capacitors which are charging and discharging at any point of time, the coordinates of point of touch is determined.

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Radio-frequency identification (RFID)

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically-stored information. Passive tags collect energy from a nearby RFID reader's interrogating radio waves. Active tags have a local power source (such as a battery) and may operate hundreds of meters from the RFID reader. Unlike a barcode, the tag need not be within the line of sight of the reader, so it may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method for Automatic Identification and data capture (AIDC).

RFID tags are used in many industries, for example, an RFID tag attached to an automobile during production can be used to track its progress through the assembly line; RFID-tagged pharmaceuticals can be tracked through warehouses; and implanting RFID chips in livestock and pets allows for positive identification of animals.

The RFID tag can be affixed to an object and used to track and manage inventory, assets, people, etc. For example, it can be affixed to cars, computer equipment, books, mobile phones, etc.

RFID offers advantages over manual systems or use of bar codes. The tag can be read if passed near a reader, even if it is covered by the object or not visible. The tag can be read inside a case, carton, box or other container, and unlike barcodes, RFID tags can be read hundreds at a time. Bar codes can only be read one at a time using current devices.

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(piezoelectric sensor)

A piezoelectric effect is detected by a sensor and from this measurements can be made on changes in pressure, acceleration, and force that are displayed in the form of an electrical charge. Piezoelectric crystals such as barium titanate and ceramic material such as lead zirconate titanate are considered smart materials for the purpose of generating a piezoelectric effect and are built in piezoelectric sensor technology. There are two types of pressure sensors (mechanical and electrical) that are typically used to measure the piezoelectric effect. Mechanical sensors are made of a sensing element known as a diaphragm, a rod, a three-terminal resistor that acts as a voltage divider, and a direct current voltage source. During the application of pressure, the diaphragm component to the piezoelectric sensor displaces the connecting rod which activates the potentiometer component to the sensor that generates an output voltage.
The second type of pressure sensor works by a slightly different principle. The diaphragm to this type of piezoelectric sensor is made up of polymer polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and works as a sensing and transducing element. Upon application of pressure to the diaphragm, instead of using a potentiometer, the pressure is directly converted into a voltage

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Torque Sensor
A Torque Sensor is a transducer that converts a torsional mechanical input into an electrical output signal. The picture below shows the Rotating dual Shaft Torque sensors, RST series. It is a low range rotating torque sensors that are available in eleven full scale ranges of 10 through 30K inch pounds. The sensing element incorporates bonded foiled strain gages of highest quality along the coined silver slip ring and silver brushes for data transmission.

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electric linear actuator
Electric Linear Actuators are electrically powered, mechanical devices consisting of motors, linear guides, and drive mechanisms, which are used to convert electrical energy into linear displacement through mechanical transmission, electro-magnetism, or thermal expansion to provide straight line push/pull motion. Key specifications include the intended application, drive type, motor type, the mounting configuration, as well as other physical dimensions and electrical characteristics. Electric linear actuators are used primarily in automation applications when a machine component, tool, etc. requires a controlled movement to a particular position. They are used in a wide range of industries where linear positioning is needed. The actuators are driven by several means including ball or lead screws, belts, or voice coils, among others. Typical applications include opening and closing dampers, locking doors, braking machine motions, etc.

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Ultrasonic Level sensor
Ultrasonic waves are used to measure level of liquids and solid objects in industries. Ultrasonic level measurement is contact less principle and most suitable for level measurements of hot, corrosive and boiling liquids. The normal frequency range used for ultrasonic level measurements is within a range of 40-200 KHz. Ultrasonic waves detect an object in the same way as Radar does it. Ultrasonic uses the sound waves, and Radar uses radio waves. When ultrasonic pulse signal is targeted towards an object, it is reflected by the object and echo returns to the sender. The time traveled by the ultrasonic pulse is calculated, and the distance of the object is found. Bats use well known method to measure the distance while travelling. Ultrasonic level measurement principle is also used to find out fish positions in ocean, locate submarines below water level, also the position of a scuba diver in sea.

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Phone Gyroscope sensor
It is a sensor that tells the orientation information of the phone. Due to this sensor, Android's Photo Sphere camera feature can tell how much a phone has been rotated also used by Google's Sky Map for telling what constellation the phone is pointing at.

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Facial Detection Sensor / Face ID in i Phone X
Face ID uses a combination of light projectors and sensors to take several images of facial features.
To set up Face ID, move the head in a circular motion so that the camera able to take multiple shots of face for a 3D map. It uses Infrared light to clarify the face while capturing images, to work day or night, outdoor or indoor. Therefore, infrared illumination helps in enabling the face recognition to work in non-favorable condition.

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Desmond Ngeraman Anak Stephen Lee (51611)

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Desmond Ngeraman Anak Stephen Lee (51611)

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Linear Actuator
This is the image of the actuator in my printer. It is a type of linear actuator which is stepper motor-driven linear actuator. Digital printers make use of linear actuator in printing automation processes. The linear actuator will move the ink cartridge in horizontal linear motion while it sprays ink to produced desired image on the paper.

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Drone Distance Sensors
Distance measurement sensors provide an accurate distance reading to the closest object on their way. They are basically lightweight and handy to be used especially by drones. Distance measurement sensors can be divided into multiple categories that include acoustic (SoNAR), laser, radio (RaDAR), infrared, time of flight cameras and mono/stereo cameras. However, it is RaDAR that has been used widely for drones. Radio Detection And Ranging (RaDAR) has a transmitter that emits a particular signal and a receiver antenna detects its Eco. The object's speed and direction can be estimated by the Doppler effect. It applies the same as the Doppler concept of a moving car. While the car approaches, the sound waves get compressed, so their wavelength reduces and the pitch increases.

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Charmaine Joanna ak Stephen Cornet (50442)

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Charmaine Joanna ak Stephen Cornet (50442)

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Passive Infrared Sensors (PIR)
This sensors are mostly used for security applications and motion detection. PIR sensors is a pyroelectric sensor, and these sensor are divided into 2 halves such that whenever it detects moving object that emits infrared radiation, the sensor would sense it.The function of these halves depends on the infrared radiation as in if it detects any less or more infrared radiation, the PIR sensor would sense the movement. If it detects the same infrared radiation, the halves will cancel each other and the sensor would not sense the motion. The only drawback of this sensor is that it cannot detect any stationary or slow moving objects.

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Parking sensor
Parking sensors are labelled by various vehicle manufacturers under many different brand names, such as Park Distance Control, Park Assist, Parktronic, or EPS, but they only come in two varieties: ultrasonic and electromagnetic.

Some parking sensors can detect moving objects as well, but they will react in much the same fashion regardless. In the case of an ultrasonic system, once a sensor receives a signal or wave that the computer determines is close, all sensors on the rear of the vehicle will then send a signal or wave simultaneously. Depending on which sensor receives the returned wave, the computer can determine if the object is moving or not. However, the system will still sound the alarm the entire time the object is within the sensory area.

Electromagnetic sensors will also register a moving obstruction in the same manner as a non-moving one if it's close enough. These sensors actually only react to objects approaching the bumper, so fixed accessories like tow bars don't perpetually set off the alarm, so a moving object, like a person, will set off the alarm until it leaves the field if it is in close enough proximity.

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VVT Actuator and VVT oil control valve and sensor.
VVT stand for variable valve timing. These both sensor can found new modem car especially very common for Japanese car maker such as Toyota and Mitsubishi. VVT actuator and VVT oil control valve and sensor are use to retard or advance the intake valve timing and exhaust valve for optimal performance and fuel efficiency. However, in order for VVT actuator to work in correct timing, all have to control by car on-board ECU program and sensor around engine, transmission and the power demand from driver foot ( accelerator ). This create different cam profile to suit the driving situation. VVT oil control valve and sensor are act as both feedback and pre controller for both VVT actuator and ECU.

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Siti Nuraisyah Afiqah binti Ahmat (50962)

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Siti Nuraisyah Afiqah binti Ahmat (50962)

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Oxygen sensor
It is installed in the car engine. The sensor is part of the emissions control system and feeds data to the engine management computer. It helps the engine run as efficiently as possible and also to produce as few emissions as possible. Oxygen sensor is positioned in the exhaust pipe and can detect rich and lean mixtures. The mechanism in most sensors involves a chemical reaction that generates a voltage. The engine's computer looks at the voltage to determine if the mixture is rich or lean and adjusts the amount of fuel entering the engine accordingly.

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Car Engine Diagram Car Engine Clip Art Old Car Engines Car Engine Parts Muscle Car Engines Car Engine Drawings Cartoon Car Engine Car Engine Animation V8 Engine Cars V6 Engine Cars V12 Engine Cars Car Transmission Motor Car Car Battery Car Exhaust Car Oil All Parts of a Car Simple

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Automatic door activators are designed for the actuation of automatic swing, sliding, folding and curved sliding doors. They use active infrared light sensors that register people and objects, resulting in a detection zone that is accurately adjustable. Apart from human beings and animals, objects such as shopping trolleys and hospital beds trigger an opening signal, provided they are located within the detection zone. Automatic door activators are used to engage automatic door actuators and pneumatic door openers. There are many varieties that provide various functionalities. We have the approach sensor, such as a radar sensor (the door opens when a user approaches it), the push button mechanism and the pressure mat (the door opens when a user stands on the mat). There is also the access control activator – the door opens when a user activates a code reader or a swipe reader with a fob or remote-control button. The user is authorized to go through the door and after a pre-determined time the door closes and locks. An automatic door operator reopens the door if it closes into an obstacle (auto-reverse) on most modern automatic door operators. However, most automatic doors have sensors installed on them to prevent the door from ever meeting pedestrians using the door.

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Stretch Sensor
Stretch sensors are a type of sensor designed to measure soft structures, including soft robots and the human body. It has ability to measure either stretch, bend, shear, or pressure. These stretch sensors are essentially flexible capacitors. When the sensor deforms (due to stretching or squeezing) its capacitance value changes. The sensor sends data about its capacitance to a Bluetooth enabled device, and the StretchSense App translates the data to give a user highly precise information about what the sensor is detecting. StretchSense sensors can be made in various sizes, elasticities, and sensitivities depending on desired application.

The inside of the stretch sensor consists of a stretchable signal electrode sandwiched between two ground electrodes which are separated by silicone dielectric insulators. Since the sensor is essentially a flexible parallel plate capacitor, the two dimensions that change when the sensor is stretched are thickness and area of the conductive layers. Stretching the sensor increases area and decreases thickness which both contribute to an increase in capacitance. Since capacitors resist a change in voltage, the capacitance can be indirectly measured through an applied voltage. By applying a voltage to the sensor and comparing the actual voltage output to what would be expected without a capacitor, the capacitance of the sensor can be determined. StretchSense offers two versions of stretch sensor: A silicone based sensor and a fabric based sensor.

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Mohd alinafiah (50131)
Capacitive fingerprint scanners use arrays tiny capacitor circuits to collect data about a fingerprint. As capacitors can store electrical charge, connecting them up to conductive plates on the surface of the scanner allows them to be used to track the details of a fingerprint. The charge stored in the capacitor will be changed slightly when a finger’s ridge is placed over the conductive plates, while an air gap will leave the charge at the capacitor relatively unchanged.

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One of the applications of sensors are in the escalator system. Escalator is a type of vertical transportation in the form of a moving staircase which carries people between floors of a building. Escalator consists of a motor driven chain of individually linked steps on a track which cycle on a pair of tracks that keeps them horizontal. Nowadays, a few improvement has been made including implementing the passive infrared (PIR) motion sensor. The sensor will collect the infrared energy emitted by the body heat of a people. The PIR detectors are programmed to trigger only when it detects sharp increase in infrared energy. When sensor detects an increase in infrared energy, it will enable the escalator to rapidly accelerate from the standby state to the rated speed

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Float Level Sensor measures liquid level by transmitting to a mechanism the rise and fall of a float that rides on the surface of the liquid. It used primarily in open tanks whereas float level switches may be designed to operate in a pressurized tank.

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Optical Laser Sensor mice are the common devices that we encounter everyday.  An optical-based mouse utilizes an LED light source and a laser mouse uses a laser beam. The CMOS sensor installed in the mice will take the photo and detect movement.  Higher DPI is always better. Due to the optical or laser, the surface need to be opaque and non-translucent. The one marketed as optical models rely on an infrared or red LED that projects light onto a surface. This LED is typically mounted behind an angled lens, which focuses the illumination into a beam. That beam is bounced off the surface, through the “imaging” lens that magnifies the reflected light, and into the CMOS sensor. The sensor will process the data and command the movement of the cursor.

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A heat detector is a fire alarm device designed to respond when the converted thermal energy of a fire increases the temperature of a heat sensitive element. The thermal mass and conductivity of the element regulate the rate flow of heat into the element. Heat detectors are intended to minimize property damage by reacting to the change in temperature caused by a fire.

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This is a door locking mechanism and it is a type of electric linear actuators. They are electrically powered, mechanical devices which is made up of motors,  linear guides and mechanisms. Those parts are used to convert electrical energy into linear displacement by undergoing mechanical transmission, electro-mechanism, or thermal expansion to provide straight line push/pull motion. The actuators are driven
by several ways that include ball or lead screws, belts, voice coils and etc.

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Optical LED Sensor and Laser Sensor On Gaming Mouse
Mostly nowadays mouse especially gaming mouse using Optical Laser Sensor and Laser Sensor and remove the old ball tracker. For Optical Laser Sensor, offer constant stream to tracking to detect motion relative to surface image. There are precise benefits to all this, because there isn’t any calibration done when you lift up the mouse, keeping consistent feel to movement in the gaming. But, optical sensors are more reliant on the surface because of the LED is used for tracking. On the other hand, Laser Sensor designed for accuracy. Laser gaming sensors can track and precisely report mouse movements on specifically all types of surfaces. Laser sensors allow higher DPI settings that translates into more precise tracking. Basically professional gamers are able to take advantages from such extreme sensitivities, in that usual times they often need to move little to aim the enemy from afar.

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(Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) CMOS Sensor on Mice
The CMOS sensor sends each image to a digital signal processor (DSP) for analysis. The DSP, operating at 18 MIPS (million instructions per second), is able to detect patterns in the images and see how those patterns have moved since the previous image. Based on the change in patterns over a sequence of images, the DSP determines how far the mouse has moved and sends the corresponding coordinates to the computer. The computer moves the cursor on the screen based on the coordinates received from the mouse. This happens hundreds of times each second, making the cursor appear to move very smoothly. This sensor allows mice to be used on any surface.

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Automatic Doors
Some automatic doors operate on optic or motion sensors. These sensors might be mounted above a set of automatic doors or built on the top or the sides of the frames of the automatic doors. When these optic or motion sensors sense motion nearby, they trigger the automatic doors to open and then close.

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Hand Dryer (Passive infrared sensor)

Hand dryers are electric machines found in public bathroom. They may either operate with the push of a button or automatically using a sensor which called passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor). PIR sensors used to sense motion and to detect whether a human has moved in or out of the sensors range. They are small, inexpensive, low-power, easy to use and don't wear out. PIR sensors are basically made of a pyroelectric sensor, which can detect levels of infrared radiation. The device detects motion and automatically turns on when hands are placed for drying. It is automatically turns off when hands are moved away from the dryer. Hand dryers consist of a heating element that is turned on when an infrared motion sensor is triggered. Air is blown over the heating element which makes the air warm. The air is blown out of a tube that points downward and focuses the air onto the hands.

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WHEEL SPEED SENSOR

A wheel speed sensor (WSS) is a device designed to read the speed of a vehicle's wheel rotation. The system also monitors the proper functioning of a range of features, including brake performance, ensuring vehicle safety.

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Angular position sensor

An angular position sensor (also referred to as a rotary sensor) measures the relation by which any position with respect to any other position is established. It calculates the orientation of an object with respect to a specified reference position as expressed by the amount of rotation necessary to change from one orientation to the other about a specified axis. There are many different kinds of angular position sensors. The most common types categorized by supply voltage, output type, sensing range, operating temperature range, packaging type and supply current. The most common values for supply voltage are 4.5 to 5.5 V. Also carry angular position sensors with supply voltage up to 36 V. Supply current can have a range between 100 µA and 13.5 A, with the most common chips having a supply current of 13.5 mA. Angular position sensors can be found in wide array of automotive and industrial applications including:

·  Steering Wheel Position sensing

·  Pedal Position sensing

·  Motor-shaft Position sensing

·  Throttle Position sensing

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- LCD Projector -
Projectors using a liquid crystal display image engine are common in the workplace. They are, in essence, the same thing as a flat panel TV, just much smaller. They can be used to make presentations to clients, customers or employees. Most LCD projectors use three small transparent LCD panels -- one for red, one for green and one for blue -- sandwiched together with a bright light that shines through them. The nature of LCD technology gives it some significant benefits over other projector technologies like Digital Light Processing.

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Barcode Scanner [Light Sensor]

Barcode scanner is an electronic device that can read and output printed barcodes into the computer.  It consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor translating optical impulses into electrical ones. Additionally, nearly all barcode readers contain decoder circuitry analyzing the barcode's image data provided by the sensor and sending the barcode's content to the scanner's output port. Specifically, the sensor in the barcode scanner detects the reflected light from the illumination system (the red light) and generates an analog signal that is sent to the decoder. The decoder interprets that signal, validates the barcode using the check digit, and coverts it into text. This converted text is delivered by the scanner to a computer software system holding a database of the maker, cost, and quantity of all products sold.

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Microphone -  Acoustic Sound sensor

Microphones are acoustic sensors that converts sound waves or signal into electrical signal. Most of microphones light modulation, piezoelectric effect, capacitance change and electromagnetic induction to convert vibrations to electrical signal. Comparing pressure sensors and microphones, both have the same basic structure - consists of diaphragm and transducer. The deflection on the diaphragm caused by sound waves lead to vibrations and will be converted into electrical signal (audible sound). Two types of commonly used microphones are dynamic and condenser microphones. The working principle for dynamic microphones are based on electromagnetic induction. Sound waves trigger the diaphragm and coil attached to it while a magnet in the microphone produce magnetic field around the coil enabling current to flow. Thus, sound produced by dynamic microphones are in reversed direction only. This type of microphone are suitable for general purpose use and the design is simple. Meanwhile, condenser microphone are based on electrostatic field. It has a capacitor - two plates with voltage. One of the plate act as diaphragm and vibrate when being hit by sound waves.The vibration changes the distance between the plates and also changing the capacitance - electrical current is generated.

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Force Torque sensor

Most robotic applications require a multi-axis or 6-axis FT sensor to give feedback to the robot about the tool itself which can be controlled along 6 axes (3 translations + 3 rotations). A 6-axis FT sensor means that the sensor can measure both the force and torque along the 3-axis (x-y-z). These are usually defined by the components of Fx-Fy-Fz and Tx-Ty-Tz. To measure the effort in all six axes, the force-torque sensor usually combines information from a minimum of 6 unitary measuring elements such as strain gauges. Using the geometry of these elements and the physical properties of the material on which they are installed, we can compute the force and torque along the axes which are meaningful to the robot control loop. When installed on the robot flange, the integrator needs to set the parameters for the relative position and orientation of the sensor with respect to the robot tool.

As you can see in the picture, the sensor is between the robot wrist and the tool. This position allows the sensor to feel the force and torque applied on the tool.

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AIRCRAFT DOOR ACTUATION:

The A380 has numerous passenger doors that are quite heavy and would therefore require a large cabin crew to operate.  As a result, the A380 passenger aircraft doors were among the first to be operated automatically. Three actuators are involved: “Lift” to lift the door out of cabin-pressure security positon, “Swivel”  to allow door to open even in the event of a crash whereby the aircraft is lying on  its side, and “Lock”. These actuators are fully autonomous and the mechanics,  electric motors, controllers, and power supply needed to operate them are  integrated into the door. This ensures doors can still be operated even in the event of power shortage.

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The sensor sends information, in the form of electronic signals back to the controller.  Sensors also give the robot controller information about its surroundings and lets it know the exact position of the arm, or the state of the world around it.
5 senses are the kinds of information we get from our world.  Robots can be designed and programmed to get specific information that is beyond what our 5 senses can tell us. For example, a robot sensor might "see" in the dark, that we cannot do but robot might detect tiny amounts of invisible radiation or measure movement that is too small or fast for the human eye to see.
Sensors can be made simple and complex, depending on how much information needs to be stored.
For example light sensors. It can measure:
1)light intensity (how light/dark it is)

2)differential intensity (difference between photocells)

3)break-beam (change/drop in intensity)
Light sensors can be shielded and focused in different ways

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Magnetic Sensor
Magnetic sensor is mainly used to give an accurate positioning details which cannot even achieved with GPS. Some of the application of these sensors are they can provide navigation in urban areas and indoor areas. They also can deliver point of product advertising. For example, there are magnetic sensors in our smartphones and tablets.

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SMOKE SENSOR
A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control as part of a fire alarm system, while household smoke detectors, also known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector itself.
All smoke detectors consist of two basic parts: a sensor to sense the smoke and a very loud electronic horn to wake people up. Smoke detectors can run off of a 9-volt battery or 120-volt house current.

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An Ls-Model is a device that can fly to the sky while receive the infrared signal. The actuator of the model is small and light. It can control the direction either to left or right when remote it by the controller. The sensor will receive the infrared from the controller and move the actuator and make it rotate and finally rise.

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An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance to an object by using sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a specific frequency and listening for that sound wave to bounce back. By recording the elapsed time between the sound wave being generated and the sound wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance between the sonar sensor and the object.

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LESLIE TANJONG ANAK LAGONG (52280) - Metal Sensor Detector

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LESLIE TANJONG ANAK LAGONG (52280) - Metal Sensor Detector

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A metal sensor detector is an electronic instrument which detects the presence of metal nearby. Metal sensor detectors are useful for finding metal inclusions hidden within objects, or metal objects buried underground. They often consist of a handheld unit with a sensor probe which can be swept over the ground or other objects. If the sensor comes near a piece of metal this is indicated by a changing tone in earphones, or a needle moving on an indicator. Usually the device gives some indication of distance where the closer the metal is, the higher the tone in the earphone or the higher the needle goes. Another common type are stationary “walk through" metal sensor detectors used for security screening at access points in prisons, courthouses, and airports to detect concealed metal weapons on a person's body. The simplest form of a metal sensor detector consists of an oscillator producing an alternating current that passes through a coil producing an alternating magnetic field. If a piece of electrically conductive metal is close to the coil, Eddy currents will be induced in the metal, and this produces a magnetic field of its own. If another coil is used to measure the magnetic field which is acting as a magnetometer, the change in the magnetic field due to the metallic object can be detected. Uses include detecting land mines, the detection of weapons such as knives and guns especially in airport security, geophysical prospecting, archaeology and treasure hunting. Metal sensor detectors are also used to detect foreign bodies in food, and in the construction industry to detect steel reinforcing bars in concrete and pipes and wires buried in walls and floors.

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LEONARD RAYMOND (50574) - Aircraft flap actuator

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LEONARD RAYMOND (50574) - Aircraft flap actuator

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Linear  hydraulic actuator are used as the flap actuator of the aircraft and it is located on each wing. They are used to maintain efficient flight at low air speeds. A flap actuator is mounted in the aircraft wing with a screw that rotates. When the screw turns, it activates the flap which move it up and down accordingly.

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Speed Sensors
Speed sensor used for detecting speed of an object or vehicle. There are different type of speed sensors to detect speed such as Wheel speed sensor, speedometers, LIDAR, ground speed radar pitot tube and so on. PIC microcontroller based project for speed synchronization of multiple motors in industries using wireless technology is a typical application of the speed sensor.  KMI 17/4 is an example for wheel speed sensor. It measures the rotational speed or the wheel speed. It plays vital role in providing best performance for ABS system. It is easy application and low cost system. It is integrated with magnet and is suitable for ferromagnetic gear wheel application.

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Traffic Light Sensors
Every traffic light signal has either a timer or sensor which helps it direct traffic flow.
In the suburbs and up county roads, traffic signal sensors (detectors) are usually preferred because they not only manage the inconsistent traffic flow effectively, but also detect when cars arrive at intersections, when several cars are stacked at an intersection and when cars have entered turn lanes.
These sensors use different technologies, from induction loops, microwave radar, cameras, lasers to rubber hoses filled with air.

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Maxvin Anak Usup (50591) - Coolant temperature sensor

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Maxvin Anak Usup (50591) - Coolant temperature sensor

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The coolant temperature sensor (CTS) on most vehicle can be found near the engine thermostat. Thermostat and/or coolant given off certain temperature and it is being measured by the sensor. The on-board control system then received the temperature. This temperature information is used by vehicle's computer either to keep on operating or adjust certain functions of engine. This is significant in order to keep the temperature of engine at an ideal level of operation. Cooling fan is either shut off or turn on as the control system receive the temperature from CTS. Moreover, the need for richer fuel mixture or opening the re-circulation of exhaust gas is signaled by the CTS.

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Flame Detector
Sensor designed to detect and respond to the presence of a flame/fire, allowing flame detection. Responses to a detected flame depend on the installation, but can include sounding an alarm, deactivating a fuel line (such as a propane or a natural gas line), and activating a fire suppression system. A flame detector can often respond faster and more accurately than a smoke or heat detector due to the mechanisms(optical flame detector such as UV detector,infrared,IR flame detection and more) it uses to detect the flame.

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Proximity sensor
Mobile phone use IR-based proximity sensor to detect the presence of a human ear. This sensing is done to reduce display power consumption by turning off the LCD backlight and to disable the touch screen to avoid inadvertent touches by the cheek.

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Melvin Luat anak Augustine Lubon (52467)

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Melvin Luat anak Augustine Lubon (52467)

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Radio Wave Sensor Anti-theft System
As we walk through the doorway without paying for something, the radio waves from the transmitter (hidden in on one of the door gates) are picked up by the coiled metal antenna in the label. This generates a tiny electrical current that makes the label transmit a new radio signal of its own at a very specific frequency. The receiver (hidden in the other door gate) picks up the radio signal that the tag transmits and sounds the alarm. Special tags and labels are fixed to merchandise or books. These tags or labels are removed or "deactivated" by the clerks when the item is properly bought or checked out. Hence, the alarm would not be sound as the tag been removed.

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Eng Leong Ching (50479) Automatic Plant Irrigation System Circuit  

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Eng Leong Ching (50479) Automatic Plant Irrigation System Circuit  

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This automatic irrigation system senses the moisture content of the soil and automatically switches the pump when the power is on. A proper usage of irrigation system is very important because the main reason is the shortage of land reserved water due to lack of rain, unplanned use of water as a result large amounts of water goes waste. For this reason, we use this automatic plant watering system, and this system is very useful in all climatic conditions.

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Tachometer (speed sensor)
A tachometer is a sensor device for measuring the rotation speed of an object such as the engine shaft in a car. This device indicates the revolutions per minute (RPM) performed by the object. The device comprises of a dial, a needle to indicate the current reading, and markings to indicate safe and dangerous levels.

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Liew Tzek Khen (52302) - Heart rate monitor sensor

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Liew Tzek Khen (52302) - Heart rate monitor sensor

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This image shown the heart rate monitor sensor on my smart phone. When we place and hold a finger on it, the built-in heart rate monitor will allows us to check our heart rate . Beside that, we also can check the stress level, blood pressure, blood glucose.

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Arif Affandi Ngadimin (50406) 2018 Perodua Myvi's Advanced Safety Assist 

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Arif Affandi Ngadimin (50406) 2018 Perodua Myvi's Advanced Safety Assist 

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ASA is a suite of active safety features that includes Pre-Collision Warning (PCW), Pre-Collision Braking (PCB), Front Departure Alert (FDA) and Pedal Misoperation Control (PMC). The ASA components are existing Daihatsu systems called (Smart Assist in JDM Daihatsus). They operate through a forward-facing stereo camera on top of the windscreen which detects car shapes.

Sources:
https://paultan.org/2017/11/08/2018-perodua-myvi-advanced-safety-assist/

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CHARLES PERUMAL (51421) Hydraulic Cylinder

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CHARLES PERUMAL (51421) Hydraulic Cylinder

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Hydraulic cylinder is a mechanical actuator that is used to give unidirectional force through a unidirectional stroke. It is mainly used in many application especially in construction equipment. Below image shows the example of the usage of hydraulic cylinder as an actuator in a excavator.
Hydraulic cylinders get their power from pressurized hydraulic fluid, which is typically oil. The hydraulic cylinder consists of a cylinder barrel, in which a piston connected to a piston rod moves back and forth. The barrel is closed on one end by the cylinder bottom (also called the cap) and the other end by the cylinder head (also called the gland) where the piston rod comes out of the cylinder. The piston has sliding rings and seals. The piston divides the inside of the cylinder into two chambers, the bottom chamber (cap end) and the piston rod side chamber (rod end / head end).

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Fan:
The image shown is the fan in my house. The fan motor is the actuator and it is used to rotate the fan blades. The buttons on the fan are regulators which controls the voltage which goes to the motor to control its speed. The motor consists of permanent magnets, commutator and coil. When current flows through the commutator which then flows through the coil, the magnet causes the coil to rotate and the commutator periodically changes the current direction in the coil to complement the magnets so it rotates in the same direction.

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Touch screen sensor:

A touch screen sensor is generally a clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface. The touch sensor/panel is placed over a display screen so that the responsive area of the panel covers the viewable area of the screen. The sensor normally has an electrical current or signal going through it and touching the screen causes a voltage or signal change. This voltage change is used to determine the location of the touch on the screen. Touch sensors are completely sealable which helps to create a device resistant to water spills and dusts to a larger extent. Touch sensors provide fast response which eliminates the delay caused by mechanical buttons in general devices.

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Image Sensor:
There are two types of image sensors used in CCTV camera: CCD (charge-coupled device) image sensors which generally provide better low light sensitivity and have been around for over 30 years, and are often found in older models of cameras. Another is CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) image sensors utilize newer technology to record better HD resolution and fast-moving activity, and are found in the majority of IP new cameras

An image sensor is the part of your IP camera that captures the light hitting the camera lens and turns it into electrical signals, which get recorded as the video you see when monitoring your system. As light passes through your camera lens, it hits the image sensor. The sensor is made up for many little photosites (each photosite becomes a pixel in the video resolution), and the amount of light on each individual photosite determines how much light will be in each pixel of your video. Together, the light/dark sections of each pixel make up one cohesive image in the final video. Every IP surveillance camera needs an image sensor to create a video. For high quality surveillance video, the newer CMOS image sensors help ensure your video stays clear even at high resolutions or when objects are moving.

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Thermometer sensor:
Infrared radiation thermometer is often said to be radiance dependence on temperature in order to produce a value and to display the results. The infrared radiation light works like a typical visible light which can be focused, reflected and absorbed. It uses a lens to focus on the light from one object onto the detector which is known as thermopile. Thermopile absorbs infrared radiation and turn it into heat. When there is more infrared radiation energy, the thermopile turns hotter, and vice versa. The heat from thermopile is then turned into electricity for the detector to determine the temperature. Higher temperature generates more electricity, thus higher reading on the display.

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Day/night sensor.The DNS25 Day/Night Sensor can automatically turn on or off lights at dusk and dawn. It is not only convenient but also practical; it can control the lighting loads by working only at night. Examples of use are street lights, office lights, warehouse and factory lights, garden lights, etc. For these purposes people mainly go for outdoor flood lights as due to their specifics (wide beam angle) this is the best choice for illuminating wide areas and large objects such as your home. There are many types of flood lights available with different features and sensors included.

Flood lights with dusk-to-dawn settings basically work by sensing the amount of natural light and they turn on only when it has reached particular level of dimness. As the name of the flood light indicates, it works from dusk to dawn i.e. it will work only during the darkest hours of the day and will automatically switch themselves off in the morning. This option seems to be a lot more reasonable and energy efficient than having your flood lights on all the evening and morning. Some people also go for motion sensors but they can be a bit too annoying and react to the movements that you do not want or need to be detected e.g. cars and people passing by. If your main purpose of installing flood lights is to illuminate your home and yard during the night only, then out of the three given options (no sensor, motion sensor or dusk-to-dawn lighting), dusk-to-dawn outdoor flood lights simply seem to be the most reasonable of the choices. Nevertheless, some consumers claim that for them the combination of two sensors has worked out the best. For instance it is possible to combine dusk-to-dawn settings with passive infra-red detector that detects movement.

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Door opener. In the picture shows that the door opener applying the linear actuator. The motion of the actuator is linear which means its only allow the actuator to move in one direction. Therefore when switch or sensor send the signal to open, the actuator will push out the link connected to the door.

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Door sensors (sometimes known as photoelectric or infrared beam, electric safety door edges, door detector, electric proximity edges or electric doorman) is an elevator device that detects a passenger or an object on the doorway which prevents the doors from closing. It is usually installed for accessibility. If a person or an objects blocks the doorway ,the sensors detects the person or the objects. The door will reopen then stays open and will not closed until the person moves away or the object is removed from the doorway.

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CAR REVERSE ULTRASONIC SENSOR
An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance to an object by using sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a specific frequency and listening for that sound wave to bounce back. By recording the elapsed time between the sound wave being generated and the sound wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance between the sonar sensor and the object.