# data[].attributes.body
the bombing campaign was designed to interdict North Vietnamese transportation routes in the southern part of North Vietnam and slow infiltration of personnel and supplies into South Vietnam.

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an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $13 billion (nearly $110 billion in 2016 US dollars) in economic assistance to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II.

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a war between North Korea and South Korea. The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border.

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a body of water located off the coast of northern Vietnam and southern China. It is a northern arm of the South China Sea.

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a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, etc.

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an economic and social campaign by the Communist Party of China from 1958 to 1962.

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a direct and dangerous confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War and was the moment when the two superpowers came closest to nuclear conflict.

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an intentional community of people living together, sharing common interests, often having common values and beliefs, as well as shared property, possessions, resources, and, in some communes, work, income or assets.

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a movement for (originally) the re-establishment and (now) the development and protection of a Jewish nation in what is now Israel. It was established as a political organization in 1897 under Theodor Herzl, and was later led by Chaim Weizmann.

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a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.

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the division of British India in 1947 which accompanied the creation of two independent dominions, India and Pakistan

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an ideology espousing the unification of the countries of North Africa and West Asia from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea, referred to as the Arab world.

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The All-India Muslim League was a political party established during the early years of the 20th century in the British Indian Empire.

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a broad-based political party in India. Founded in 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa.

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nonviolent opposition to authority, especially a refusal to cooperate with legal requirements.

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a public statement issued by the British government during World War I announcing support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine

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a socialist political party in Algeria. It was the principal nationalist movement during the Algerian War and the sole legal and the ruling political party of the Algerian

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Algerian National Movement was an organization founded to counteract the efforts of the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN). It was supported and, some say, partly financed by the French who used it to validate the claim that the FLN was not the sole representative of Algerian desires.

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a political movement for the unification of Africa (Pan-Africanism) and for national self-determination. African nationalism attempted to transform the identity of Africans

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formally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states ...

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an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order.

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an American foreign policy whose stated purpose was to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War. It was first announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman

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a very powerful and influential nation (used especially with reference to the US and the former Soviet Union when these were perceived as the two most powerful nations in the world).

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An alliance of countries with similar interests to the Soviet Union; (in later use) specifically the countries of eastern and cent.

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the first independent labor union in a Soviet-bloc country. Solidarity gave rise to a broad, non-violent, anti-communist social movement that, at its height, claimed some 9.4 million members.

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a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s until 1991 widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost policy reform.

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Deterrence theory gained increased prominence as a military strategy during the Cold War with regard to the use of nuclear weapons

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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between several North American and European countries based on the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949.

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In the 1960s both the Soviet Union (A-35 anti-ballistic missile system) and the United States (LIM-49 Nike Zeus) developed anti-ballistic missile systems.

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Mutual assured destruction or mutually assured destruction is a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two or more opposing sides ..

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(in the former Soviet Union) the policy or practice of more open consultative government and wider dissemination of information, initiated by leader Mikhail Gorbachev from 1985.

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an economic system in which private business operates in competition and largely free of state control.

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theory that a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries, like a falling domino causing an entire row of upended dominoes to fall.

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government by a dictator. ruled by a dictator

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a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.

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a geopolitical strategy to stop the expansion of an enemy. It is best known as a Cold War foreign policy of the United States and its allies to prevent the spread of communism.

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a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc and powers in the Western Bloc.

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the notional barrier separating the former Soviet bloc and the West prior to the decline of communism that followed the political events in eastern Europe in 1989.

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the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest.

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a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989.

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one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post–World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies

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an amphibious invasion and battle of the Korean War that resulted in a decisive victory and strategic reversal in favor of the United Nations

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(in the Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain tradition) the principle of nonviolence toward all living things.

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8th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 38 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean

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known as the Second Indochina War,[59] and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America or simply the American War, was a conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955

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excessive or superior power. an extremely powerful nation one of a very few dominant states in an era when the world is divided politically into these states and their satellites.

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Within the Habsburg empire the different peoples developed a more mass-based, violent and exclusive form of nationalism. This developed even among the Germans and Magyars, who actually benefited from the power-structure of the empire.

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public holiday in Vietnam that marks the event when Viet Cong and North Vietnamese troops captured Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City) on April 30, 1975.

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Religious violence broke out between Hindus and Muslims during September–October 1969, in Gujarat. It was the most deadly Hindu-Muslim violence since the 1947 partition of India. The rioting started after an attack on a Hindu temple in Ahmedabad, but rapidly expanded to major cities and towns of Gujarat.

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held from 4 to 11 February, 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union for the purpose of discussing Germany and Europe's postwar reorganization.

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a Cold War conflict pitting the U.S. and the remnants of the French colonial government in South Vietnam against the indigenous but communist Vietnamese independence movement, the Viet Minh, following the latter's expulsion of the French in 1954.

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included the Soviet Union, Albania, Poland, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria as members.

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important event in the history of the Chinese communists. Driven from southern and eastern China by Chiang Kai-shek at the end of the 1920s, the communist leader Mao Zedong led his forces on a long march to safety in the northwest part of China.

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also called the Korean conflict, fought in the early 1950s between the United Nations, supported by the United States, and the communist Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea). The war began in 1950, when North Korea invaded South Korea.

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fought between the State of Israel and a military coalition of Arab states over the control of Palestine, forming the second stage of the 1948 Palestine war.

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place deep within the Earth where hot magma rises to just underneath the surface, creating a bulge and volcanic activity (see volcano)

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an economic and social campaign by the Communist Party of China from 1958 to 1962.

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The triumph of the October Revolution and collapse of the Russian empire increased national movements among the different nationalities that lived in the country.

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fought in the early 1950s between the United Nations, supported by the United States, and the communist Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea). The war began in 1950, when North Korea invaded South Korea.

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On November 9, 1989, as the Cold War began to thaw across Eastern Europe, the spokesman for East Berlin's Communist Party announced a change in his city's relations with the West. Starting at midnight that day, he said, citizens of the GDR were free to cross the country's borders.

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The process of joining the alliance is governed by Article 10 of the North Atlantic Treaty, which allows only for the invitation of "other European States", and by subsequent agreements.

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formally established on 1 January 1912 following the Xinhai Revolution, which itself began with the Wuchang Uprising on 10 October 1911, successfully overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and ending over two thousand years of imperial rule in China.

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Viet Minh' then fought against the Japanese. By 1945, they had taken control of parts of North Vietnam

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formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in China from 1966 until 1976.

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On May 14, 1948, David Ben-Gurion, the head of the Jewish Agency, proclaimed the establishment of the State of Israel.

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a war fought between the Kuomintang-led government of the Republic of China and the Communist Party of China

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also known as the October Crisis, the Caribbean Crisis, or the Missile Scare, was a 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning American

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Revolutions of 1989 formed part of a revolutionary wave in the late 1980s and early 1990s that resulted in the end of communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe and beyond

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989.

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a massive airlift of supplies into West Berlin. On June 26, 1948, the first planes took off from bases in England and western Germany and landed in West Berlin.

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failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency-sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961

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South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist, who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.

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American five-star general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army

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ethnonational group comprising the modern descendants of the peoples who have lived in Palestine over the centuries

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Ghanaian politician and revolutionary. He was the first prime minister and president of Ghana

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first Prime Minister of India and a central figure in Indian politics before and after independence

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Chinese communist revolutionary, poet, political theorist and founding father of the People's Republic of China

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Kenyan anti-colonial activist and politician who governed Kenya

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lawyer, politician, and the founder of Pakistan.

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Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader who was Chairman and First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Vietnam

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primary national founder of the State of Israel and the first Prime Minister of Israel

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Indian activist who was the leader of the Indian independence movement against British rule

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political and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975.

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Algerian socialist soldier and revolutionary who was the first President of Algeria

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American politician and actor who served as the 40th President of the United States

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Soviet statesman who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War as the First Secretary of the Communist Party

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American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963

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Russian and former Soviet politician. He was the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union

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British statesman, army officer, and writer, who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

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Cuban communist revolutionary and politician who governed the Republic of Cuba as PM

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Soviet Ukrainian politician who led the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982 as the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party