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“To shift people’s point of view, start from their position, not yours….we call this spot a commonplace, a viewpoint your audience holds in common.” (Heinrichs 112).

A commonplace allows you and the audience to bond toward a common belief. It becomes easier to persuade your audience once you are on the inside holding a common stance with them. If they see that you believe some of things you do, they are more likely to conform to other things you believe.

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“The moment you begin to confuse someone, to make him think, the frown deepens, the arms cross, and System Two starts pondering litigation. (Heinrichs 103).

When speaking with an audience, you are walking on eggshells sometimes. Confusing them will completely ruin their interest. Keep them on your train of thought by sounding credible, but still speaking in common understandable terms.

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“Nostalgia is a yearning for a lost past. It shines rosy light on days gone by”(Heinrichs 95).

The quote explains how nostalgia is an effective tool to get the audience’s mind in the right place to persuade. It throws you back to the good ole days and reminds you of the emotions or experiences you went through at a particular time.  This will blur the audience's mind with past hopes of a bright future and get them into a delusional state that’s perfect for persuasion.

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“This why Aristotle listed anger, patriotism, and emulation among emotions that can get an audience out of it's seats and make it do what you want.”(Heinrichs 91).

If you give an audience some morale, they are likely to be more persuadable. Get your audience to be passionate about what you are talking about. To help, find a commonplace or be agreeable  as a start to getting the audience on the same worked-up page as you.

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“They’re more likely to be interested if they find you worth their attention.” (Heinrichs 79)

An audience will be more persuadable if you keep them on track. Keep them attentive in order to gain trust and willingness. Use cause, craft, and caring through the appeal of ethos.

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“The audience should consider you a sensible person, as well as sufficiently knowledgeable to deal with the problem at hand. In other words, they believe you know your particular craft…a medical degree proves your craft more than your knowledge of the Bible does.” (Heinrichs 70).

What I take from this quote is that being agreeable and getting on the same page as your audience can go a long way. However, they will believe you much more with some basic proof of knowledge or credibility. Something about a certificate showing you passed/graduated something can be a game changer for a moldable audience. It gives the audience a sense or certainty that you know what you’re talking about thus forming trust.

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“Decorum can make the difference between persuading an audience and getting thrown out by it.” (Heinrichs 49).

Decorum is a make it or break persuasion technique used in rhetoric. It’s all getting on board with the audience and being agreeable. By getting the audience to let you in, you have terrific shot at molding their minds in your favor. Conform to the audience in order for them to conform to you.

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“Logos, ethos, and pathos appeal to the brain, gut, and heart of your audience. While our brain tries to sort out the facts, our gut tells us whether we can trust  the other person, and our heart makes us want to do something about it. They form the essence of effective persuasion.” (Heinrichs 40).

This quote helped me to understand the effects of ethos, pathos, and logos. Each appeal to different senses such as your emotions, or your brain to understand logistics. Therefore, you can specify one or multiple of them in an argument to tailor the argument in your favor. Combined, they form a strong bond to combat and persuade the audience's minds.

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"one way to get people to agree with you is to agree with them-tactically, that is. Agreeing up front does not mean giving up the argument. Instead, use your opponent's point to get what you want" (Heinrichs 21).

The quote gives insight on  how get into the audience's head to get what you want. Even if you don't agree with their beliefs, pretend you do and make it believable. The audience will open up to what you are saying once they know you are on board with them.

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"Rhetoric is the art of influence, friendship, and eloquence of ready wit and irrefutable logic. And it harnesses the most powerful of social forces, argument" (Heinrichs 4).

This quote provided a detailed introduction of rhetoric that helped me better understand the purpose and meaning of it. It provided a sustainable basis for me to learn about how to use rhetoric in a real world situation. The quote also explained rhetoric in relation to argument and how it is used to win and argument.

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Apostrophe- speaks directly to someone who is not present or is dead, or speaks to an inanimate object. Ex. “Car, please get me to work today.”

Assonance- the repetition of the sound of a vowel or diphthong in non rhyming stressed syllables near enough to each other for the echo to be discernible. Ex. “The car ran after the alligator”.

Conceit- a fanciful expression in writing or speech; an elaborate metaphor. Ex. “Marriage is like getting a root canal.”

Consonance-repetitive sounds produced by consonants within a sentence or phrase. Ex. “The furrow followed free”.

Antecedent- thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another. Ex. “Adeline bit her lip.”

Euphemism-a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing. Ex. “Correctional facility” instead of “jail”.

Explication-the process of analyzing and developing an idea or principle in detail. Ex. The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost

Exposition- a literary device used to introduce background information about events, settings, characters, or other elements of a work to the audience or readers. Ex. “A long time ago, in a far far away galaxy.”

Parallel structure- a balance within one or more sentences of similar phrases or clauses that have the same grammatical structure.  Ex. “Students gathered their pens, notebooks, and book bags as they tried to alert Professor Jones, rambling at the lectern, that the end of class had arrived.”

Parody- an imitation of the style of a particular writer, artist, or genre with deliberate exaggeration for comic effect. Ex. Charlie Chaplin impersonated Hitler in the film The Great Dictator.

Persona- a voice or an assumed role of a character, which represents the thoughts of a writer, or a specific person the writer wants to present as his mouthpiece. Ex. The persona used in front a child would be different than the one used in front of an adult.

Prose- written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure. Ex. No Easy Walk to Freedom speech (By Nelson Mandela)

Reiteration- the action of repeating something, typically for emphasis or clarity. Ex. “Again we reiterate, only the bold brush could have pleased them.” (“The Dramatic Values in Plautus" by Wilton Wallace Blancke)

Rhetorical Mode- the basic types of academic writing. Ex. narration, description, example, process analysis,etc.

Satire-The use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues. Ex: Animal Farm (George Orwell)

Stylistic device- figures of speech or rhetorical devices with the goal to create imagery, emphasis, or clarity within a text in hopes of engaging the reader. Ex. hyperbole, personification, metaphor.

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Ambiguity- the quality of being open to more than interpretation.
Ex. You should bring chips or cookies and a drink.

Analogy- a comparison of two things to two quite different things.
Ex. Kitten is to cat as puppy is to dog.

Anaphora-  a figure that repeats the word in succeeding phrases or clauses.
Ex. I am strong. I am kind. I am worthy.

Anecdote- Short story story, or event, used to make a point, and make audience laugh.
Ex. "That reminds me of a wild party I went to with the groom, before he got that new ball and chain! If you had told me back then that he would choose just ONE woman, I never would have believed it!"

Antithesis- The figure of contrasting ideas.
Ex. "That's one small step for man, and one giant leap for mankind."

Deductive Logic- applies a general principle to a particular matter, uses commonplace to reach a conclusion, interpreting the circumstances through a lens of values.
Ex. Premise: "is a part of deductive logic. A premise is something the audience knows or believes" (Heinrichs 142).

Denotation- refers to the dictionary definition of a word
Ex. "Chick" means a baby bird literally, but people have made it come to mean a girl or lady.

Fallacy- a kind of error in reasoning.
Ex. slippery slope fallacy, the straw man fallacy

Hyperbole- figure of speech where the subject is over-exaggerated. Ex. That suitcase weighs a ton!

Image- when figurative language creates a clear descriptive picture in your head.
Ex. The green, vibrant, slimy frog jumped from floppy lily pad to lily pad.

Inductive logic- uses circumstances to form a belief, argument by example
Ex." 'Nine out ten dentists recommend Dazzle toothpaste.' The dentists are the example" (Heinreichs 142).

Irony- figure of speech in which words are used in way that their intended and actual meanings are different. Ex. The world’s biggest dog is named “Tiny”.

Metaphor- figure of speech containing an implied comparison. Ex. Liza is a mountain. She is strong and beautiful.

Metonymy- a “belonging trope”, takes a characteristic and makes it stand for a whole, can use a cause to name an effect. Ex. “I drank a bottle.” (Heinrichs 434).

Narrative- report of related events presented to listeners or readers, can be told from personal experience or as a third-person view. Ex. Heinrichs uses multiple narratives throughout “Thank You For Arguing” as a way to teach rhetoric strategies and definitions. A specific narrative is demonstrated on page 74.

Onomatopoeia- figure that imitates a sound to name a sound. Ex. “Kaboom!” (Heinrichs 434).

Oxymoron- figure that uses two opposite side to make an effect. Ex. “Big baby”, “Alone together”, “Passive Aggressive”

Pun- a humorous play on words that suggests two or more meanings. Ex. A horse is very stable.

Rebuttal- an opposing argument or debate. Ex. A defense attorney responding to allegations made by a district attorney against their client.

Rhetoric- the art of persuasion, could be forensic, demonstrative, or deliberative. Ex. “You: My wife’s in labor! I need to get her to the hospital stat!  Cop: You’re driving alone, sir. You: Oh my God! I forgot my wife!” (Heinrichs 19).

Rhetorical Question-a question you ask without expecting an answer. Ex. Who cares?

Synecdoche- A “belonging trope,” it swaps a member for the whole group, or part for the whole thing. Ex. “ ‘Bluehairs’; ‘the word on the street’” (Heinrichs 436).

Tone- the way the author expresses how he feels about his writing. Ex. Tone can be scared, excited, anxious, etc

Voice-  a form of the  verb which shows whether the subject of a sentence performs an action or the subject has an action performed on it. Ex. “The bus was seized by the students.” is passive voice.

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Alliteration- Sound repeated in beginning of words in close proximity.
Ex. The green grass grew to be great.

Allusion- an indirect mention of a person, place, object, or event; can be imaginary.
Ex. Her backyard is like a Garden of Eden.

Clause- a group of words with a subject and a verb.
Ex. “You hate my music” (Heinrichs 30).

Connotation- an implied cultural or emotional meaning associated with a word.
Ex. “I finally have a home!” connotes “home” as something warm and comforting rather than saying “I finally have a house!”

Diction- a writer’s choice of words to emphasize a feeling or idea.
Ex. Saying “Of course, I would be delighted to!” instead of ‘Sure, ok.”

Figure of Speech- a rhetorical word or phrase with a meaning different than its literal, usually figurative language.
Ex. “Yes, I’m talking like an egghead. I am an egghead” (Heinrichs 127).

Genre- a means of literature classification identified by form, content, and style.
Ex. Poetry, fiction, drama, etc.

Mood- the general feeling or aura that a piece creates within the reader.
Ex. a mood can be mysterious, romantic, cheerful

Personification- when an non-human object is given a human quality.
Ex. The weary moon cried as the new day was born.

Sentence structure- the way words, phrases, and clauses are arranged. The four main sentence structures are simple, compound, complex, and compound- complex.
Ex. “The dog ran.” is a simple sentence.

Simile- a type of figurative language that uses “like” or “as” to compare two things.
Ex. Billy is as strong as a bull.

Syntax- grammatical format in which words and phrases are arranged to create a sentence. Ex. “The girl sang, happily.” vs “The girl happily sang.”