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Continets and oceans

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Connect- a principle/ HUGE landmass on earth, earth has 7
Equator- imaginary line that divides the earth
longitude- lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole

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Nomad- person who regularly moves from place to place in search for food
Ziggurat- a temple built for worship in ancient Mesopotamia
Agriculture- growinf crops for human use or farming
City-State- independent state made up of a city and the sourounding land and villages
Irrigation- method od bringing water to a feild from another  place to water crops

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Map

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- one of the first civilizations
- called the Fertile cresent
- land between the Tirgris  & Euphrates rivers
- Mesopotamia measn the "lnd between the rivers"

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- summer religion they were polytheistic (many god)
- built temples called ziggurats to honor their gods

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There are three social classes upper, middle and lower
upper- kings priest, government officals, and scribes
Middle- artisans, merchants, farmers and fishers
lower- slaves

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-sumer's greatest inventoins was a writing called cuneiform
- invented the sailboat, wheel , bronze, kevees and the number system based on 60

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Sumer's invention was a writing called cuneiform

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- an empire is a group of many different lands under one ruler
- known as Hammurabi's code.
it was the first written law

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Deity- god or goddess
Mummy-a body tightly wrapped in linen strips
Pyramid-  a tomb built for egyptian pharaohs
Nile river valley- river that supported the Egyptian civilization
Papyrus- reed plant of the nile valley used to make a form of paper

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Map

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- two narrow strips of farmland along the sides of hr Nile River valley
- successful near river
- surrounded by deserts

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- the Nile river has a delta
- 3 natrual borders
- deserts sahara is the largest in the world west of the nile river
-cataracts wild rapids
- delta marches

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- after embalming the pharaoh's body was made into a mummy
- the mummy was put into a tomb or prymaid
- inside the pyramid were objects that the pharaoh need in the afterlife

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1.pharaohs
2.upper class nobles, priests, & government officals
3.middle class artisans, traders, scribes, shopkeepers
4. farmers and herders largest group
5.unskilled workers

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-they invented the papyrus
-they used geometry to survey land
- hieroglyphics

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- they used hieroglyphics
- scribes wrote in hieroglyphics few people could read and write

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-early on there was 2 kingdoms upper and lower
-united into one kingdom by 4000 B.C.
- a dynasty was developed
- theocracy- political ruler and religous ruler same person

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Torah- first 5 chapters of the old testament
Rabbi- jewidh learder and teacher of the torah
Messiah- in judasim a deliverer sent by god
Ten commandments- laws given to moses by god part of the torah
Judaism-  monotheistic religion of the jews

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Map

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Strory of Abraham and moses travles and struggles 

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Strory of Abraham and moses travles and struggles 

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- Abraham was the founder of judaism
-moses led the exodus out of egypt
- moses was a profet
- moses recieved the torah
- abraham promissed the land of cannon by god they worshipped the true god

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- monotheism belief in one god

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Karma- in hinduism the good or bad energy a person build up based upon whether he or she lives a good or bad life
Polytheism- belief in many gods and goddesses
Reincarnation- Rebirth of the soul or spirt in different bodies over time
Sanskirt- Written language developed by the aryans
Subcontinent-  Large landmass that is part of a continent but distinct from it

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map

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- india is a subcontinent because it is separated from asia
-Himalayas cause the seperation
- Himalayas highest mountains in the world
-has two rivers the ganges river and the indus river
- a monsoon is a wind that blows one direction in the winter and the opposite direction in the summer.
- heavy rain in the summer

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- founded by siddhartha
- he was a prince who left his ffamily and wealth to travel
- saw suffering and questoned why there was suffering
- popular becasue it rejects the caste system
- nirvana was a state of wisdom. occurs when people give up all desires

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- reincarnation  passing through many lives to reach the brahman
- dharms is the divine law that states the hiundus must preform the duties of their caste
- consequences of how a person lives is called karma

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- they invented algebra
- invented symbols for 1-9
- understood gravity, that the arth was round and revolved around the sum mapped movements of planets and stars

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- language- sanskrit

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Dynasty-  line of rulers from the same family
Dao- the proper way chinses kings were expercted to rule under the mandate of heaven
Mandate of heaven- the belief that the chinese king's right to rule came from the god
Silk road- large netwrok of trade routes streaching from western china to mediterranean sea
Confucinaism- system of beliefs introduced by the chinese thinker confucius thought that people needed a sence of suty to their family and community in order to bring peace and society

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Map

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- mountains and deserts isolate and protect china from others
- china has very little farm land
- have two rivers Huang he (yellow river) and chang jiang (yangtz river)

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- first to make paper
- gunpowder
-compass
- woodblock printing
- acupuncture

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- early chinese writing used pictographs or characters that stand for objects
- ideographs join two or more pictographs to repersent an idea

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- rulers were part of a dynasty
-rulers were called emperors
- had a bureaucracy
- emperors belived they riceived wisdom and power from the gods, spirits, and ancestors
- the mandate was a law that gave emperors power to rule
- people expected the king to rule the proper way or da

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Polis- in greece a city-state and the surrounding countryside that runs like its own country
Epic- long poem that tells about legends or heroes
Hellenistic era- period when greek language and ideas spread to non greek people
Athens- ancient city-state of greece that developed deocracy
Sparta- ancient city-state of greece that was military focused

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Map

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- greece has mountains and islands
- mainland greece is a peninsula
- many were fishers sailors and traders
- grew barley, wheat, olives and grapes

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- they were polytheistic

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SPARTA
- Sparta focued on militaryskills to control the people they conquered
- boys were trained for war and were in the army for a number of years
- they will never surrender
- girles trained in sports
ATHENS
- athens was the second major city-state in greece
- reading, writing, arithetic, sports and music for boys
- girls stayed home and did chores

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SOCRATES
- absolute truth existed in each person
- he thought using the socratic method
PLATO
- student of socrates plato's republc describes the best government which is based by philosopher-kings
ARISTOLE
- plato's student
- he wrote the book , Polities, and wants to find the best form of government
- his ideas shaped european and american goverment
PYTHAGORAS
- he thought that the universe was governed by the same laws as music and numbers
- pythagoras developed many ideas about numbers

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-greek city-states like athens will join the delian league
- delian league was an alliance to defend greek land from the persians near them

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- they are going to be the first to try democracy or "rule by the people"
- they had a powerful direct democracy where people  Directly vote on laws and policies
- foreign born men, Athenian women and enslaved men could not vote or hold office
- without their ideas we would never have had a Representative democracy
- this is when citizens choose a small group of people to make decisions for them

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- philip II of macedonia took over greece
- his son becomes king of macedonia when his father dies.
- he beats the persian empire and captures egypt
-continued to conued in arabia
-Died in 323 B.C. after illness
- because he controlled much of the known world, this will spread greek language and culture.
- ths will be called th Hellenistic Era

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Republic-  form of government in which the leader is a person elected by the citizens
Veto-  to reject
Pax romana-  long era of pece and safety in the roman empire
Tiber river- location of ancient rome and its main source of travel and trade
Reform- change that tries to bring about an improvement

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map

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- italy is a peninsula that looks like a boot and sticks out into the mediterranean sea
- at the top of the boot is the alps, mountains that separate italy from europe
- rome is located on the Tiber river
- a source of water and  travel

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- christianity

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- people have the power
- they have an elected ruler
- had to pay taxes
- within 70 years the people of rome controlled all of italy
How Does It Work?
- Citizens assemblies (all citizen)- voted
- senators- 300: served for life.gave advice and proposed laws.
- Tribunes- 10: Plebeians who wanted a voice
- Consuls- 2: chosen every year. They headed the government and army

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- problems were beginning at home because many farmers were in the army
- farmers came home to no land because rich romans were buying their land
- gap between the rich and poor grew
- gave them free bread and circuses to keep them happy
- gladiators fought slaves, criminals and animals
- rich vs poor
- army enters politics
- rome's reforms fall

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- laws and government is influenced by rome
- the alphabet of latin is used
- architecture domes and arches
- christianity began in the roman empire roman

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- weak roman government
-social problems plague
- declining economy
- roman invasions

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- used keystones
- formed a vault
- first to use an arch
- first to invent and use concrete
- colosseum

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Messiah- in judaism a deliverer sent by god
Mosaic- picture made from tiny bits of colored glass, tile , or stones
Resurrection- the act of being saved from sin and allowed to enter heaven
Apostle- early christian leader who help set up churches and spread the message of jesus
Constantinople- capital of ancient byzantine empire, the crossroads of trade

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- 1. he thought that jewish laws were not as important as having a relationship with god
- 2. he said god was coming to rule the world and that god was his father
- 3.he said that god wanted people to love and forgive others like god
-4. he used stories to teach lessons called parables

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- many jewish people said he healed the sick
- many thought that he was the messiah
- other jews thought that he was not a savior
- the romans thought jesus was trying to get the jewish to overthrow them
- the arrested jesus during the passover
- he was charged with not being being loyal to the government
- they crucified him and many other by hanging him on a cross until he was dead

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- some of jesus followers believed that he resurrected
- a new religion called christianity was born they believe that he was the messiah

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- Jesus disciples traveled and told everyone about his teachings
- they prayed and studied the hebrew bible
- those who started new churches were called apostles

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- peter went to rome and set up the catholic church (europe)

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- paul spread Jesus teachings in the eastern part of the roman empire (byzantine)

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- emperor from 527 to 565 (38 years)
- thought the laws were to hard to understand
- ordered them to be simplified and had Justinian's code written
- preserved and passed greek culture and roman laws to others

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Oasis- green ara in a desert fed by underground water
Crier- announcer who calls muslim believers to prayer five times a day
Makkah-the holy city of the muslim people
Caliph- Muslim leader who has a political and government power in the islamic state
Islam- "surrendering to the will of allah"

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map

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- Arabia is mostly desert
- it is hot and has sandstorms
- live in villages near oases
- they traded goods across the desert in caravans

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- belief in one god (allah)
- allah created the universe
- obey his laws and will be blessed in heaven
- muhammad is not the son of god

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- muhammad was born in the city of Makkah (mecca) in 570 A.D
- in 610 A.D he was visited by an angle and told him to preach islam

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- invented algebra
- Astrolabe - to measure the size and distance of the earth
- invented chemistry
-built minarets or a tower where a crier calls people to pray five times a day

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- arabic
- Muslims wrote down what god said in the quran
- Quran holy book of islam

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- Merchants also spread islam in their travels
- went to africa to trade and spread islam into africa
- Timbuktu became a center for muslim learning

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Animism- belief that all natural things are alive and have their own spirit
Vassal- in feudalism, a noble who held land from and served a higher- ranking lord. and in return was given protection
Feudalism- political system based on bonds of loyalty between lords and vassals, vassals have sworn loyalty to the lord nobles governed and protected people in return for service
Shinto- spirit worship
Shogun- military lord over a large area in feudal japan

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map

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- japan is a chain of islands that stretches north to south in the northern pacific ocean
- the islands are mountaintops that rise from the floor of the ocean many are volcanoes
- Very little land on japan is farmable many have fought for good farmland
- many people settle on the coast to fish for food as well as grow rice

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SHINTO
- the japanese believed that all things were alive and they had their own spirits. It was called animism
- when the people needed help they asked the nature spirits called kami to help them
- to honor kami they worshipped in shrines which are called holy places
ZEN BUDDHISM
- zen buddhism teaches that people can find inner peace through self-control and a simple life

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- is a system of gaining land for loyalty

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- china influenced japan with their writing system ,religion ,arts and language
- arts shows the japan's love of beauty
- calligraphy the art of writing beautifully was important to japan like in china
- the tanka is japan's oldest form of poetry that talked about nature
- used lacquer a shiny black and red coating painted on wooden object

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- they used calligraphy the art of writing beautifully was important to japan like in china

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Fief- under feudalism, the land a lord granted to a vassal in exchange for military service and loyalty
Serf- peasant laborer bound by law to the lands of a noble
Theology- the study of religion of god
Manor- a farming community that a noble ran and peasants worked
Monarchy- a government ruled by a king, queen, or emperor

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- in a city their is a river, castle, church ,bakery, animal farms fields, wheat field, peasant village, common area, and peasant farm

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- feudalism political system based on bonds of loyalty between lords and vassals
- kings would grant land to noblemen in exchange for promises of loyalty and protection
- nobles were lords and vassals
- showed loyalty by serving lord's army and was given land in exchange= knight
- in return a peasant would become a knight

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- named charles the great or charlemagne
- united territories  in modern-day france, germany and italy
- he ordered many people in his kingdom to become christian
- after he died europe was thrown into war
- from this the feudal system took a hold of europe

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- unifying force in europe was the catholic church
- every king had to take orders from the pope
- catholic church was the only real source of higher learning in europe
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- they were fought between european christians and muslims for north africa to the middle east
- muslim preserved knowledge from greece and rome and made major advances in medicine, chemistry, astronomy and optics

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Renaissance- means rebirth and began in italy of interest in art, literature and learning
Denomination- branches of christianity
Indulgence- pay to get a pardon, or forgiveness of sin
Martin luther- monk who challenged the catholic church and nailed 95 these on a door of a church
Florence- birthplace of the renaissance first city-state to grow wealthy

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Location of the beginning of renaissance 

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Location of the beginning of renaissance 

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- florence is the birthplace of the renaissance
-medici family-wealthy bankers that supported financially artist such as michelangelo,botticelli and machiavelli

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- humanism is based on greek and roman values, a way to gain knowledge throughout just faith
- religious figures/themes glorified individual beauty, realistic

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- martin luther challenged the catholic church
- at first he only wanted to change the catholic church
-he was against selling of indulegences curch
-said only true guide to religous truth was bible
-argued that all christians could confess their sins directly to god with a priest
- faith in jesus got you to heaven not just good deeds
-This Starts Reformation!

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- council of bishops and the pope paul ll met in trent italy several times

- reformation catholic church
- stop selling of induleges
- bidhops and priest ordered to follow strict rules
- train new preist in seminaris
- sent out new order of priest