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THREE COMPONENTS:

1. SOURCE OF ENERGY

2. PATH FOR ELECTRONS TO FLOW

3. RESISTOR (DIVICE TO CONVERT ELECTRICAL ENERGY TO LIGHT OR HEAT OR SOUND ETC.)

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Tungsten’s high melting point allows for its use as bulb filament

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INSIDE A LIGHTBULB IS A TUNGSTEN (Wolfram) FILAMENT THAT GLOWS

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INSIDE A LIGHTBULB IS A TUNGSTEN (Wolfram) FILAMENT THAT GLOWS

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What is tungsten?

Tungsten is a metal as heavy as gold (density 19.3 g /cm³),

as hard as diamond (in the form of tungsten carbide) and

so heat-resistant, that iron is already boiling before tungsten even melts (melting point: 3422 °C).

Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals, making it ideal for high temperature applications in energy and lighting technology, as well as aerospace industry.

Given its very high density, comparable to that of gold, it is used as a gyrating mass, counterweight or for vibration damper in aerospace, automotive, sport and telecommunications technologies.

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TIMELINE OF ELECTRICITY INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES

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TIMELINE OF ELECTRICITY INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES

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STORING CHARGE FOR THE FIRST TIME: BENJAMIN FRANKLIN'S KITE EXPERIMENT

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STORING CHARGE FOR THE FIRST TIME: BENJAMIN FRANKLIN'S KITE EXPERIMENT

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CAN YOU NAME EACH OF THESE EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY IN THE POSTS BELOW?

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CAN YOU NAME EACH OF THESE EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY IN THE POSTS BELOW?

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What Is Electricity? - Atomic Structure and Electron Flow

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How is electricity produced in batteries?

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How is electricity produced in batteries?

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Basic Battery Operation - Principle of Operation and Types - Animation

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JJ Thomson Cathode Ray Tube Experiment: the Discovery of the Electron

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JJ Thomson Cathode Ray Tube Experiment: the Discovery of the Electron

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Metals consist of a “sea” of delocalised electrons surrounding positive ions.

The delocalised electrons are free to move through the crystal structure.

When metals are connected to a power source, the electrons all drift in the same direction which creates an electric current (flow of charge at a certain rate).

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An ammeter measures current in a circuit.

An ammeter has VERY LITTLE RESISTANCE.

An ammeter is always connected in SERIES with components in a circuit, as it must allow all the current to flow through it in order to measure current.

A Voltmeter measures potential difference between two points in a circuit.

A voltmeter has GREAT RESISTANCE.

A Voltemeter must therefore always be connected in parallel with a component in a circuit, in order to measure the difference in potential energy between two points right before and after a resistor.

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Current = The rate of flow of charge between two points in a circuit.

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Current Flow: Conventional Current vs Electron Flow - Classroom Video

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Voltage = Electrical energy transferred per unit charge at a point.

POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE = The energy required to move one Coulomb of charge between two points in a circuit.

VOLTAGE = The "PUSH" behind the charge in the circuit.

EMF = The maximum voltage output of a cell or battery to the circuit.

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Rseries = R1 + R2 + R₃

1/R// = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R₃

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Resistance = A material’s opposition to the flow of current through it.

The factors that affect resistance of a resistor:

Length

Thickness

Temperature

Type of material (resistivity)

State the relationship between resistance and each of these factors, and give a reason for each relationship.

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GCSE Science Revision - Factors affecting Resistance

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1. The Fixed resistor

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2. The Variable resistor

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3. The Potentiometer

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Resistance due to heat from ion vibrations in metal crystal lattice 

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Resistance due to heat from ion vibrations in metal crystal lattice 

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OHM'S LAW - THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN I, V and R

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OHM'S LAW - THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN I, V and R

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OHM'S LAW STATES:
Current through a conductor is directly proportional to potential difference across a conductor, provided the temperature of the conductor stays constant.
Therefore, in a formula:
R = V/I

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GCSE Science Revision - Resistance and Ohms Law

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‪Circuit Construction Kit: DC - Virtual Lab‬

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BUILD SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS TO INVESTIGATE CURRENT, VOLTAGE AND RESISTANCE

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BUILD SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS TO INVESTIGATE CURRENT, VOLTAGE AND RESISTANCE

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‪Circuit Construction Kit: DC - Virtual Lab‬

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Basic Electricity:  Ohm's Law Instructional Video

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Solving circuit problems using Ohm’s Law (R=V/I)

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Solving circuit problems using Ohm’s Law (R=V/I)

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Resistors is Electric Circuits (2 of 16) Voltage, Resistance & Current for Series Circuits

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The Basics: Voltage, Current and Resistance

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V,I,R SUMMARY - SERIES VS PARALLEL CIRCUITS

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V,I,R SUMMARY - SERIES VS PARALLEL CIRCUITS

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Resistors in Electric Circuits (3 of 16) Voltage, Resistance & Current for Parallel Circuits

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Resistors in Electric Circuits (9 of 16) Combination Resistors No. 1

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Use the diagram to explain as many circuit concepts as you can:

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Use the diagram to explain as many circuit concepts as you can:

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understand electricity with a bicycle - Animation

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SOME MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT SIMPLE CIRCUITS 

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SOME MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT SIMPLE CIRCUITS 

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Students sometimes fail to discriminate between these terms and concepts:

Potential difference (pd) versus voltage:

pd - it emphasises that we are measuring a change in “push” between two different points in an electric circuit (rather than “push” at one point).

Electromotive force (emf) is a term for pd across sources of electrical energy/batteries.

Cells becoming 'discharged' - charge is not used up; the energy is transferred.

Conventional current:
- This flows (by definition) from positive to negative around the external circuit
- Inside the cell chemical reactions ‘pump’ charge carriers to the terminals.
- Some may say that ‘physicists got it wrong because we now know that electrons flow the other way.’
- But it is really an arbitrary choice.
- One can illustrate this by looking at current flow and movement of charge carriers in an electrolyte (or an ionized gas).
- Positive ions go one way, negative ions go the other way.
- And so, however current is defined, there are always examples where current direction and charge carrier movement are opposite.

Current flows all around a circuit: including through the cell itself.

A useful analogy for charge flow:
A Bicycle Chain!
- This transfers energy from you (equivalent to the cell) to the rear wheel.
- The chain is not used up (neither is charge),
- and does not disappear when you run out of energy (when the cell runs flat and the chemical reactions within it stop).
- It has no beginning and no end.
- It moves as a SYSTEM, every part all at once.
- this is the CYCLIC SIMULTANEOUS MODEL OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS.

Another analogy:

Skiers (charges) being lifted up a mountain by a ski lift (external energy source/emf/cell) and then skiing down a slope (resistor).

This is useful for the idea of voltages in parallel circuits.

Parallel slopes drop different skiers through the same vertical height (equal voltages across components in parallel).

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understand electricity with a bicycle - Animation

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This is what we will look at:

1. The heating effect

2. The magnetic effect

3. The chemical effect

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WHAT HAPPENS WHEN CURRENT FLOWS IN A WIRE?

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WHAT HAPPENS WHEN CURRENT FLOWS IN A WIRE?

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TIME-LAPS OF CURRENT CARRYING WIRE HEATING UP:

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Factors affecting heating due to electrical current

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Factors affecting heating due to electrical current

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I, R, t.

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Discovered by Hans Christiaan Oersted

Called the electromagnetic effect.

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MAGNETIC FIELDS AROUND A CURRENT CARRYING WIRE

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MAGNETIC FIELDS AROUND A CURRENT CARRYING WIRE

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Current & Magnetic Fields | Magnetism | Physics | FuseSchool

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RIGHT HAND GRIP RULE AND RIGHT HAND SOLENOID RULE

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RIGHT HAND GRIP RULE AND RIGHT HAND SOLENOID RULE

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Use these to work out direction of magnetic field around a straight or coiled current carrying wire (watch this video):

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Easily create beautiful interactive video lessons for your students you can integrate right into your LMS. Track students' progress with hassle-free analytics as you flip your classroom!

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Indicate the following on the diagram below: 

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Indicate the following on the diagram below: 

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The direction of current flow in the coil around the iron nail.

The North pole and South pole induced in the right and left sides of the nail respectively.

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EXPERIMENT 4 - Answer all questions.

EXERCISE on page 51-52

EXERCISE on page 59

EXERCISE on page 62

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Electromagnets are used to bend protons in a circular path close to the speed of light!

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Knowledge and technology: from CERN to society

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Superconducting electromagnets in the LHC at CERN

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Superconducting electromagnets in the LHC at CERN

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August 2019

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“Going through the portal” and then descending 100m underground to CMS in the LHC. 

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“Going through the portal” and then descending 100m underground to CMS in the LHC. 

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100m underground at the CMS Detector in the Large Hadron Collider!

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100m underground at the CMS Detector in the Large Hadron Collider!

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Spot Kyle Mlambo in the front row!

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Best of #CERNOpenDays 2019 | A couple of weeks ago, 75,000 of you joined us for the #CERNOpenDays! If you couldn't make it, remember that CERN is open all year (https://visit.cern),... | By CERN | Facebook

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38K views, 569 likes, 130 loves, 38 comments, 219 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from CERN: A couple of weeks ago, 75,000 of you joined us for the #CERNOpenDays! If you couldn't make it, remember that...

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HANDS-ON AT CERN! Building Cloud Chambers in the S’COOL LAB 

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HANDS-ON AT CERN! Building Cloud Chambers in the S’COOL LAB 

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Not “ice that is dry” ...

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The boys observing the cloud chambers they built at CERN’s S’COOL LAB

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The boys observing the cloud chambers they built at CERN’s S’COOL LAB

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Kyle Mlambo and team observing cosmic rays zipping through their cloud chamber 

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Kyle Mlambo and team observing cosmic rays zipping through their cloud chamber 

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Armand in front of the CERN Globe statue!

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Armand in front of the CERN Globe statue!

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All clocks at CERN, in every room and office, are ROLEX. 

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All clocks at CERN, in every room and office, are ROLEX. 

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ELECTROMAGNETS MADE BY SOME PAST GR9 PUPILS

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ELECTROMAGNETS MADE BY SOME PAST GR9 PUPILS

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Sending electricity through a chemical solution causes a chemical reaction.

It causes a breakdown of the chemical (aqueous salt e.g. copper chloride) into its constituents parts (e.g. copper chloride breaks into copper metal and chlorine gas).

This is the set up below:

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ELECTRODE = A point where electric current enters and leaves an electrolyte.
ELECTROLYTE = A substance that conducts electricity by free moving ions in solution.

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THE CHEMICAL EFFECT OF ELECTRICITY = ELECTROLYSIS

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THE CHEMICAL EFFECT OF ELECTRICITY = ELECTROLYSIS

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Electrolysis of copper(II) sulfate solution with graphite electrodes

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ELECTROSTATIC FORCE BETWEEN IONS AND ELECTRODES

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ELECTROSTATIC FORCE BETWEEN IONS AND ELECTRODES

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REACTIONS OCCURRING AT THE ANODE AND THE CATHODE

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REACTIONS OCCURRING AT THE ANODE AND THE CATHODE

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Easily create beautiful interactive video lessons for your students you can integrate right into your LMS. Track students' progress with hassle-free analytics as you flip your classroom!

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What Is Electrolysis | Reactions | Chemistry | FuseSchool

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Def:
The National Grid = A system of connected parts (power plants, transmission lines, transformers, substations, distribution lines) functioning together to generate and deliver electricity to consumers at end of the line.

The illustration below shows how ESKOM delivers electricity from power station to consumer throughout the country.
The national grid is divided up into three main stages:

1. Generation

2. Transmission

3. Distribution to consumers