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Deoxyribonucleic acid

DEFINITION:
Structure that carries genetic information in a cell, it consists of two chromatin strands in a double helix daughter.

LOCATION:
·Eukaryote- Nucleous, mitochondria    and chloroplasts.
·Prokaryote- Cytoplasm

COMPONENTS:
1· Nitrogenous  bases:
- Purines (adenine, guanine)
-Pyramidines (cytosine, thymine)
2· Phosphate
3·Deoxyribose

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It is the process in wich DNA it is tranformed in RNA

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In eukaryotic cell in the nucleus and in prokaryote cells in the cytopalsm.

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-DNA
-Phosphate
-RNA bases(A,G,C,U)
-Ribose
-Enzymes(RNA polymerise)

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INITIATION
ELONGATION
TERMINATION

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RNA polymerise look for the promoter and separates the two strands of DNA.The transcription take place at the end of the promoter and this is called initiation site.

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2ELONGATION:                                

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2ELONGATION:                                

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During the elongation the complementary RNA strand synthesise from ``5 ´´ to ``3´´.RNA polymerise is the responsible of this process. The DNA it is wider where the RNA it is form. The elongation end when it is reached the terminatio site.

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The RNA polymerise reaches the terminatio site. The RNA it is realised. Now we have DNA and RNA.

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DEFINITION:
Translation is the process that transforms RNA into proteins

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When we talk about a prokaryotic cell it occurs in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic cells it takes part in the cytoplasm and the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).

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The 3 types of RNA Will be needed.
- mRNA
- tRNA
- rRNA
It is also needed the small and large subunit of the ribosome and the realase factor.

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- Initiation
- Elongation
- Termination

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- The small subunit of ribosome recognises de cap and ataches de initiation site (AUG)
- The tRNA that contáis anticodons and the Met jois the codon.
- The large subunit of the ribosome joins the small one.

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- The first tRNA is placed in the P site of the ribosome while the second tRNA (complementary to the second codón) is placed in the A site.
- The Met is transfered to the A  site amino acid. The first tRNA exit the P site and the second occupies the space.
- The ribosome moves along the mRNA and the next tRNA enters.

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- When a stop codos enters the A site a realase factor enters the A site terminating translation.
- When termination finishes the ribosome leaves and the recently created protein is realased.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bLEDd-PSTQ

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DEFINITION: Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

LOCATION:
Eukaryotic: In the cytoplasm
Prokaryotic:In the cytoplasm

MATERIALS:
-Amino acids
-DNA polymerase
-tRNA
-mRNA
-rRNA

Here is a picture of a protein:

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Here is a video explaining how proteins are made:

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DEFINITION:
Consists of a single strand which contains ribose nucleotides instead of deoxyribose nucleotides.
It´s made of the same nitrogenous bases as DNA except thymine, which is replaced by uracil.

LOCATION:
·Eukariote - Cytoplasm and nucleus
·Prokariote - Cytoplasm

COMPONENTS:
· Ribose
· Phosphate
· Nitrogenous bases: ( adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil )

TYPES:
1-Messenger RNA: synthesise proteins
2-Ribosomal RNA: form the ribosomes, amino acids join to make protein chains
3-Transfer RNA: Transports amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes

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DEFINITION:
Replication is the process in wich DNA is duplicated during the "S" stage of the cell circle. This process is semiconservative.

LOCATION:

Eukaryote - Nucleous

Prokaryote - Cytoplasm

COMPONENTS:
1-Enzymes:
-Helicase
-Primase
-DNA polymerase
-Exonuclease
-DNA ligase
2-DNA Template
3-Nitrogenous bases (adenine,guanine,cytosine,
thymine)

STAGES:
1-Separation: Separation of DNA in two stages, forming the Replication fork. Helicase is used.
A)Leading Strange (from 5´ to 3´):
The first enzyme make the primer. DNA polymerase lookfor the primer. Add the different Nitrogenous bases from 5´ to 3´.
(It is continiusly).
B)Lagging Strange: It´s not continiusly. We have some small fragments called Okazaki fragments. In each okazaky fragment we need a primer.

2-Exonuclease: It remove the RNA.

3-DNA plymerase and fill in the gaps DNA.

4-DNA ligase: It join all the fragments.

EXTRA VIDEO: