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The Mexican War of Independence begins led by Catholic priest Miguel Hidalgo. Despite its initial success, the Hidalgo rebellion loses is defeated quickly, and the priest is captured and killed in 1811. However, September 16, 1810, is still celebrated as Mexico’ s Independence Day.

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Mexican leaders begin plans to end the viceregal system and separate their country from the mother land on their own terms. Iturbide meets with Guerrero and issues the Plan of Iguala, by which Mexico would become an independent country ruled as a limited monarchy. In August 1821, the last Spanish viceroy is forced to sign the Treaty of Cordoba, marking the official beginning of Mexican independence.

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November 20, 1910 the Mexican Revolution begins when Madero issues the Plan of San Luis Potosi promising democracy, federalism, agrarian reform and worker’s rights and declaring war on the Díaz regime. By 1911, Díaz is forced to step aside and Madero is elected president, but conflict and violence continue for the better part of the next decade.

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In the wake of a series of bloody riots in the streets of Mexico City. In February 1913, Madero is overthrown by a coup led by his own military chief, General Victoriano Huerta. Huerta declares himself dictator and has Madero murdered.

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Mexico remains neutral throughout World War 1, despite efforts by Germany to enlist the country as an ally. Despite the warring factions in Mexico, Carranza is able to oversee the creation of a new liberal Mexican constitution in 1917. In his efforts to maintain power, however, Carranza grows increasingly reactionary, ordering the ambush and murder of Zapata in 1919.

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During World War 2, Mexican pilots fight against Japanese forces in the Philippines, serving alongside the U.S. Air Force. In 1944, Mexico agrees to pay U.S. oil companies $24 million for properties expropriated in 1938. The following year, Mexico joins the newly created United Nations.

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As a symbol of its growing international status, Mexico City is chosen to host the Olympic Games. Over the course of the year, student protesters stage a number of demonstrations in an attempt to draw international attention to what they see as a lack of social justice and democracy in Mexico under the PRI government and its current president, Gustavo Diaz Ordaz.

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On September 19, 1985, an earthquake in Mexico City kills nearly 10,000 people and causes heavy damage. The displaced residents, dissatisfied with the government’s response to their situation, form grassroots organizations that will blossom into a full-fledged human rights movement during the late 1980s and 1990s. The country’s problems are ongoing by continuing accusations of electoral fraud against the PRI and the devastation caused in the Yucatan by a massive hurricane in 1988.

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Vicente Fox is elected president. He is the first president not from the PRI party in 71 years. Parliamentary elections also see the PAN emerge victorious, beating the PRI by a slight margin. Fox enters office as a conservative reformer, focusing his early efforts on improving trade relations with the United States.

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In the July presidential election, the PAN’s Felipe Calderón apparently wins by less than one percentage point over the PRD’s Andrés Manual López Obrador. On September 5, a federal elections board officially declares Calderón the winner. In his first months in office, Calderón expresses his desire to address some of the issues of poverty and social injustice.