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Micturition is the process by which urinary bladder empties itself when it become filled.

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nausea

abdominal pain

cramping

bloating

dehydration

a fever

bloody stools

a frequent urge to evacuate your bowels

a large volume of stools

via https://www.healthline.com/symptom/diarrhea

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Diarrhea in alkali loss. Diarrhea is the most common cause of external loss of alkali resulting in metabolic acidosis. ... Because diarrheal stools have a higher bicarbonate concentration than plasma, the net result is a metabolic acidosiswith volume depletion.

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Atonic bladder. A condition where the muscle is flaccid and the person is unable to contract the muscles and fully control them to urinate.

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Respiratory and metabolic acidosis.
Metabolic acidosis is a condition when the body produces excessive quatities of acid when kidney is not removing the excess. Respiratory acidosis is a condition when the lung is not removing enough CO2

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Rennin angiotensin aldosterone system
Cause increased sodium retention by kidneys and reduce the water loss into the urine when blood pressure decrease

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This is pressure is produced due the difference in diameter of arteries. The efferent arterioles is narrower than afferent arterioles.

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Buffer is one of the body fluid to keep pH value neutral. If the pH value is too high, which leads to Acidosis, it will absorb Hydrogen.If the pH value is too low, which leads to Alkolosis, it will release Hydrogen.

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Micturition reflex

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Neurogenic Bladder. A condition where a person can't control their bladder due to brain, spinal cord or nerve damage.

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ANGIOTENSIN -> ANGIOTENSIN 1
ANGIOTENSIN 1 -> ANGIOTENSIN 2 ( ACE IN LUNGS )
INCREASED SODIUM RETENTION
REDUCED WATER LOSS INTO THE URINE

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ADH - primary effect - limit amount of water being lost in the urine
Angiotensin II - primary effect - increase blood volume by decrease GFR by narrowing afferent arteriole and reabsorb more Na⁺

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Normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is 125ml/min

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Normal PaCO2 is 35-45
Normal HCO3 is 21-26

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Clinical application: diuretics are formally known as 'water pills' to assist in increasing the amount of water and salt excreted from the body. On the other hand, counters high blood pressure!

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respiratory acidosis-ph↓,PaCO2↑

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Disease of kidney:
Diabetic nephropathy (nephropatia diabetica), also known as Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome and intercapillary glomerulonephritis, is a progressive kidney disease caused by angiopathy of capillaries in the kidney glomeruli.

Kidney stones, also known as nephrolithiases, urolithiases or renal calculi, are solid accretions (crystals) of dissolved minerals in urine found inside the kidneys or ureters.

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It regulates blood pressure and blood volume. It also regulates blood pH and produce erythrocytes to the bone marrow to produce red blood cell.

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Hypertension: the patient can't take salt(sodium),as sodium retended by kidney, the water loss into urine increase, blood pressure decrease and blood volume decrease

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Atonic bladder vs automatic bladder

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3 steps
Glomerulus filtration
Selection reabsorption
Tubular secretion

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BUFFERS ARE CHEMICALS THAT RESIST IN CHANGE OF pH SOLUTION

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Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis

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Their function is to remove liquid waste from the blood in the form of urine

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Respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis

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Respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis

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Respiratory acidosis is when lungs cannot remove enough C02 produced by body.
Metabolic acidosis is when the kidney are not removing acid from the body.

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Difference btwn  respiratory acidosis ans metabolic acidosis...

Condition of resp. acidosis occurs when the lungs cannot remove enough Carbon Dioxide. Excess of CArbon Dioxide increases causing pH to decrease!
Whereas...,
Condition of metabolic acidosis occurs when body produces excess acid. Kidneys do not remove enough acid!

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Micturition reflexes

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i learnt about the structure of the nephron as well as the process of producing urine.Besides that, learning about metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis.

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PaCO2 is related to respiratory symptoms; HCO3 is related to metabolic symptoms

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Glomerular filtration, selection reabsorption and tubular secretion

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Metabolic Acidosis- the decrease ability of kidney to excrete acid.
Metabolic Acidosis- decrease in bicarbonate (HCO3)

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It has two sphincters controlling the bladder.
The internal and external sphincter

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Buffer is one of the body fluid to keep pH value neutral. If the pH value is too high, which leads to Acidosis, it will absorb Hydrogen.If the pH value is too low, which leads to Alkolosis, it will release Hydrogen.

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Glomerular filtration
Selective reabsorption
Tubular secretion

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Function: filter blood and create urine as waste products

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Glomerular filtration
Selective absorption
Tubular secretion

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Stage of Urine Formation
1. Glumerular Filtration - supply blood to the glomerulus and filtrate useful minerals and waste products
2. Selective Reabsorbtion - reabsorb all glucose, most water and some salt at the from the proximal tubule to the collecting duct
3. Tubular Secretion - Urinary Excretion = Filtration - Reabsorbtion + Secretion

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3 stages in the process of urine formation

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Nephron structure

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One of the topics i have learnt from this chapter is urine formation. Urine formation in the kidney involves ultrafiltration, reabsorption and secretion which occurs in the nephrons of the kidney.

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Blood supply : Renal artery - segmental artery - interlobar artery- actuate artery- interlobular artery- afferent arteriole - glomerulus - efferent arteriole peritubular capillary- vasa recta

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Regulate the blood pressure by permeability of wall of convoluted tubule.

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Renal system consist of kidney ,ureter, urinary bladder, urethra. Kidney consists of renal tubule and glomerulus at the renal cortex and loop of Henle and collecting duct at the renal medulla