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One concept that the author uses persuasively in "Too Long Too Short" is that art is essential in creating a more well-rounded and open-minded individual, which is especially important for those who work in healthcare. The author explicitly says, "You need the arts to help you figure out who your patients are" (Vonnegut, ix). Throughout the article, he explains how you gain a new point of view and perspective that can only be gained through art. Aside from explaining why art is an important tool to have when taking care of patients, when the author says, "well over 90 percent of the time, the diagnosis is in the story-what the patient tells us" is the most salient point to me in the article. This relates to global health humanities because integrating other disciplines, such as the arts equips healthcare providers with the ability to listen and to analyze their patients with more of an open mind.

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In "Narrating Our Sadness," Bradley Lewis strengthens his credibility by referencing multiple diverse sources in order to convince the reader of the importance of approaching our understanding and treatment of depression from many different angles. Through this, he also combats the idea of promoting the "single story" of his opinion on depression. Lewis demonstrates this strategy when he references Joshua Shenk Wolfe who says, "what we call 'depression', like the mythical black bile, is a chimera. It is cobbled together of so many different parts, causes, experiences, and affects as to render the word ineffectual and perhaps even noxious to a full, true, narrative" (Lewis 318). This idea also ties into our understanding of having a holistic view of patients and disease from a global health humanities perspective. By Lewis giving these different perspectives, all stemming from different outlooks on the world, from doctors and clinical therapists to English teachers, his readers can understand that there is not only one way to look at depression and mental health but rather a multitude of approaches to best fit the individual and their needs.

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Isabel Wilkerson expertly uses metaphor to describe social stratification in the United States. She uses the caste system to illustrate how race can determine the social standing and overall value of a person. She even says, “Race, in the United States, is the visible agent of the unseen force of caste” (Wilkerson 19). She uses silent earthquakes to illustrate how massive social and political upheavals (such as the 2016 election and the 2020 protests) have beginnings in the smaller, quieter parts of the world. She even describes how the history of race in America is similar to an inherited, worn-down house: although we did not cause it to wear down, we have inherited it, and it is up to us to remodel. This metaphor demonstrates how the American people of today did not create the race-based inequality we experience but that it is nonetheless our responsibility to do something about it. Wilkerson uses illuminating metaphors to describe the health and wellness of our country and how it does not necessarily have to revolve around cold, hard science or medicine, and she is an example of an interdisciplinary approach to wellness. Global health and humanities allow people's stories to be heard; through this collection of short metaphoric stories, one gets a better idea of the nature of global health and what impacts one's access to equal healthcare.

Wilkerson, Isabel. Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents. New York, Random House, 2020

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Transforming silence into action-Alexcia,Samiya and Luca

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Transforming silence into action-Alexcia,Samiya and Luca

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The main concept of this article is the power of speaking up, no matter who you are. To begin this chapter, Lorde says “I would like to preface my remarks on the transformation of silence into language and action with a poem” (Lorde, 16). She explicitly wants the reader to know that the poem was once silent, and using the exact language she wrote, she was able to turn it into action. This applies to many things in one's life. Many people, if not all, will struggle at some point in their life, but many of them will be in denial about asking for help. We realize that Lorde encourages those struggling with any sort of medical issue to not try to keep it to themselves -which can be very detrimental to the rest of their well-being- to not have fear but to be vulnerable and speak up. Our group believes this is even more important regarding mental health. This encouragement in her writing is what relates to global health and humanities. The first step in seeking help is to say something, to someone you trust. There are professionals out there to support you through your difficulty. This is not the only aspect of it. There are many different instances where even leaders, political or local, have had to use words and voice at a time they struggled. Lorde later states “I was going to die, if not sooner than later, whether or not I had ever spoken to myself. My silences had not protected me. Your silence will not protect you” (Lorde, 18). This strong statement shows that to pass away with words unspoken is a loss to yourself as well as the world. If you don’t speak up, how will you unite with others who are going through the same thing? Where would the world even be if someone hadn’t spoken up about civil rights, LGBTQ+ rights, or women’s rights? Although the world has a long way to go still, we are forming a strong foundation. Speak, and courageously take action.

Lorde, Audre. The Cancer Journals. Special edition ed., San Francisco, aunt lute books, 1980. Accessed 22 09 2021.

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Sontag referred to life as like having a dual citizenship. We're all well until we are sick. This relates to how patients have more of an identity than just their disease. There is more to their patient history than their medications and symptoms but their cultural identity, life experiences, everything that made them, them before they got sick. Someone who has a disease may have one world where they fit the typical mold, where they appear average, and another that is their disease, the hospitals, and the symptoms. "Everyone who is born holds dual citizenship, in the kingdom of the well and the kingdom of the sick"(Sontag 3). None of us realize that racism is a virus inside most of us which relates to Caste because racism is systemically built into our nation, "Like a virus, they work invisible in your body until you grow sick of them"(Smith 78). Well some of us do not realize the effect, many Americans feel the impact on their education, access to healthcare, and opportunities.

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The concept of  this article overlaps with the idea of “Contempt as a virus”.  Zadie Smith portrays contempt as a virus which involves the consideration of people as less of a human and an incomplete citizen.  Lorde has also included a personal anecdote in her article in which she talks about her experience as a black lesbian women in the health institutions and how she was mistreated in her breast surgery case. She talks about how these institutions could be stigmatizing and provide unfair treatment to people based on certain identities. In her article, Lorde mainly focuses on how we should all stand up against these racist acts and fight for our rights by speaking up before it gets too late.

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The differences between the two perspectives pertain to metaphors. Sontag believes that metaphors can add mystery and fuzzy language to already complicated ideas, meanwhile Wilkerson uses the metaphors to strengthen and illustrate her key points about race based inequality. Wilkerson expertly uses many metaphors that truly help the reader understand her main point. Her metaphors- such as the caste system, the anthrax pathogen, silent earthquakes, an inherited house, and the 2016 election- are fully explained and flushed out so that the reader understands precisely what she is intending to say.. Conversely, Sontag’s discussion explains how “any disease that is treated as a mystery and acutely feared enough will be felt to be morally, if not literally, contagious” (Sontag 6). Sontag’s argument is that metaphors create a feeling of ambiguity and potentially fear about a subject. She also comments on the comparison between cancer and AIDS (154) and explains that this response can be dangerous. Comparing two things that are mostly unrelated can lead to dangerous misconceptions about them both. Sontag leaves the readers with a very opposite reaction from Wilkerson’s metaphors, and these contrasting perspectives on the positive effects of metaphors are important perspectives to acknowledge. Fear is dangerous, and we should be careful to not spread fear onto others with ambiguous and overly vague metaphors.