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无机非金属及其复合材料

|

酸雨环境下混凝土结构性能研究综述

曹琛, 郑山锁, 胡卫兵

西安建筑科技大学土木工程学院,西安 710055

A Survey on Concrete Structure Properties Under Acid Rain Erosion

CAO Chen, ZHENG Shansuo, HU Weibing

School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055

摘要 近年来,随着全球人口剧增、城市化进程以及现代工业化进程的加快,两大主要化石燃料能源--煤和石油的消耗量日益增加,同时煤和石油在燃烧过程中产生大量硫和氮的氧化物等,这些氧化物排放到大气中将生成二次污染物硫酸和硝酸,生成的二次污染物和硝酸再遇雨、雪、雾等而形成酸雨。我国是世界上第三大酸雨区,酸雨对水生生态系统、陆生生态系统、人体健康、建筑物等均有很大的危害,给世界各国造成了巨大的经济损失,成为全球性的重大环境问题。混凝土结构因具有取材方便、可模性好、价格低廉、抗压强度高及耐火性好等优点被广泛应用,已成为我国最主要的结构形式之一。但由于混凝土材料中存在大量碱性化合物,可与酸雨发生中性化反应,导致其表面硬化水泥溶解,材料表面变质,进而引起其物理力学性能的劣化。同时,钢筋表面钝化膜由于混凝土碱性下降而发生锈蚀,锈蚀物的产生使混凝土构件膨胀,并产生裂缝,最终使混凝土结构失效。酸雨对混凝土结构耐久性的劣化影响已引起众多学者的关注。目前,国内外学者对酸雨侵蚀混凝土的研究主要集中于:(1)酸雨对水泥混凝土的腐蚀机理及劣化规律的研究;(2)酸雨侵蚀介质、pH值以及矿物掺合料的种类等对混凝土材料及构件侵蚀性能的影响;(3)不同酸雨侵蚀加速试验方法的研究,但此方面研究仍较少,尤其是结构户外暴露试验研究;(4)酸雨侵蚀混凝土结构的静态、动态力学性能的研究,这一方面的研究亦相对较少,目前国内外仍缺乏系统的研究报道。因此,为了明确酸雨对混凝土结构的侵蚀行为,本文对近30年国内外有关酸雨对混凝土耐久性影响的研究报道进行了评述,重点讨论了酸雨对混凝土结构静态及动态力学性能的影响。首先详述了酸雨对混凝土材料的腐蚀机理和劣化过程,其次总结了酸雨加速腐蚀试验方法以及酸雨对混凝土结构力学性能影响的相关研究;最后讨论了当前有关酸雨侵蚀混凝土研究的一些重要问题,并对今后需进一步研究的问题提出了建议。

关键词: 酸雨混凝土结构腐蚀机理耐久性

Abstract: With the rapid increase of global population, the acceleration of urbanization and modern industrialization, the consumption of coal and oil, two major fossil fuels, has been continuously increased in recent years. A large amount of sulfur and nitrogen oxides will be generated during combustion of the fossil fuels. When these oxides are emitted into the atmosphere, secondary pollutants like sulfuric acid and nitric acid are formed, and finally the acid rain will come into being as they encounter with rain, snow, fog, etc. China is the third largest acid rain area in the world. Acid rain does great harm to aquatic ecosystems, terrestrial ecosystems, human health, buildings and so forth, causing enormous economic losses over the world. Therefore, it has become a major environmental issue that has aroused global concern. Concrete structures have been widely applied because of theirs convenient material extraction, favorable moldability, low price, high compressive strength and satisfactory fire resistance, which is one of the most important structural forms in China. Nevertheless, there are a large amount of basic compounds in concrete material, the neutralization reaction can take place between these basic compounds and acid rain, which leads to the dissolution of surface hardened cement and deterioration of the material surface, and further the degradation of the physical and mechanical properties. Meanwhile, the passivation film on the surface of the steel bars are destroyed due to the decrease of concrete alkalinity, and the steel bars are rusted. The corrosion products make the concrete members to expand and crack, causing the durability failure of the concrete structures. The influence of acid rain on the durability of concrete structures has attracted wide attention. At present, researches on acid rain corrosive concrete by scholars at home and abroad mainly focus on: Ⅰ. corrosion mechanism and deterioration law of acid rain on cement concrete, Ⅱ. the effects of acid rain erosion medium, pH value and the type of mineral admixture on the erosion properties of concrete materials and components, Ⅲ. different methods of accelerated acid rain erosion test. (There are few studies in this area, especially the outdoor exposure test of concrete structures), Ⅳ. the static and dynamic mechanical properties of concrete structures eroded by acid rain. (It still lack intensive study about this aspect). Accordingly, in order to clarify the erosion behavior of acid rain on concrete structures, this article reviews the worldwide researches about the impact of acid rain on the concrete durability in recent 30 years, and focuses on the effects of acid rain on the static and dynamic mechanical pro-perties of concrete structures. Firstly, the corrosion mechanism and deterioration process of acid rain on concrete materials are described in detail. Secondly, the test methods of accelerated acid rain corrosion and the related research work of influence of acid rain on the mechanical properties of concrete structures are summarized. Finally, some important issues concerning the research of acid rain eroding concrete are discussed, and some suggestions for further research are proposed.

Key words: acid rain concrete structure corrosion mechanism durability

发布日期: 2019-05-21

基金资助: 国家科技支撑计划(2013BAJ08B03);国家自然科学基金(51678475);陕西省重点研发计划(2017ZDXM-SF-093);陕西省教育厅产业化项目(2017JC15);陕西省自然科学基础研究计划-重点项目(2018JZ5002)

通讯作者: wbh8008@sohu.com

作者简介: 曹琛,2011年6月毕业于长安大学,获得硕士学位。现为西安建筑科技大学土木工程学院博士研究生,由郑山锁教授和胡卫兵教授联合培养。目前主要从事混凝土结构耐久性及抗震性能的研究胡卫兵,西安建筑科技大学土木工程学院教授、博士生导师,空间结构研究所所长,陕西省振动工程学会副理事长,教育部高等学校力学基础课程教学指导委员会委员。1988年毕业于哈尔滨船舶工程学院土木工程系,获学士学位;1991毕业于西北工业大学飞行器设计专业,获硕士学位;1994年毕业于西北工业大学结构强度专业,获博士学位。研究方向:结构健康检测,结构振动及控制。主持和参加国家自然科学基金面上项目2项及省部级自然科学基金等项目10余项,获省部级科技进步三等奖2项,厅局级科技进步一等奖2项,在国内外学术会议及刊物发表学术论文五十余篇,其中20多篇被EI、SCI摘录。

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酸雨环境下混凝土结构性能研究综述

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无机非金属及其复合材料 | 酸雨环境下混凝土结构性能研究综述 曹琛, 郑山锁, 胡卫兵 西安建筑科技大学土木工程学院,西安 710055 A Survey on Concrete Structure Properties Under Acid Rain Erosion CAO Chen, ZHENG Shansuo, HU Weibing School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055 摘要 近年来,随着全球人口剧增、城市化进程以及现代工业化进程的加快,两大主要化石燃料能源--煤和石油的消耗量日益增加,同时煤和石油在燃烧过程中产生大量硫和氮的氧化物等,这些氧化物排放到大气中将生成二次污染物硫酸和硝酸,生成的二次污染物和硝酸再遇雨、雪、雾等而形成酸雨。我国是世界上第三大酸雨区,酸雨对水生生态系统、陆生生态系统、人体健康、建筑物等均有很大的危害,给世界各国造成了巨大的经济损失,成为全球性的重大环境问题。混凝土结构因具有取材方便、可模性好、价格低廉、抗压强度高及耐火性好等优点被广泛应用,已成为我国最主要的结构形式之一。但由于混凝土材料中存在大量碱性化合物,可与酸雨发生中性化反应,导致其表面硬化水泥溶解,材料表面变质,进而引起其物理力学性能的劣化。同时,钢筋表面钝化膜由于混凝土碱性下降而发生锈蚀,锈蚀物的产生使混凝土构件膨胀,并产生裂缝,最终使混凝土结构失效。酸雨对混凝土结构耐久性的劣化影响已引起众多学者的关注。目前,国内外学者对酸雨侵蚀混凝土的研究主要集中于:(1)酸雨对水泥混凝土的腐蚀机理及劣化规律的研究;(2)酸雨侵蚀介质、pH值以及矿物掺合料的种类等对混凝土材料及构件侵蚀性能的影响;(3)不同酸雨侵蚀加速试验方法的研究,但此方面研究仍较少,尤其是结构户外暴露试验研究;(4)酸雨侵蚀混凝土结构的静态、动态力学性能的研究,这一方面的研究亦相对较少,目前国内外仍缺乏系统的研究报道。因此,为了明确酸雨对混凝土结构的侵蚀行为,本文对近30年国内外有关酸雨对混凝土耐久性影响的研究报道进行了评述,重点讨论了酸雨对混凝土结构静态及动态力学性能的影响。首先详述了酸雨对混凝土材料的腐蚀机理和劣化过程,其次总结了酸雨加速腐蚀试验方法以及酸雨对混凝土结构力学性能影响的相关研究;最后讨论了当前有关酸雨侵蚀混凝土研究的一些重要问题,并对今后需进一步研究的问题提出了建议。 关键词: 酸雨 混凝土结构 腐蚀机理 耐久性 Abstract: With the rapid increase of global population, the acceleration of urbanization and modern industrialization, the consumption of coal and oil, two major fossil fuels, has been continuously increased in recent years.

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https://cool.culturalheritage.org/byauth/clifton/stone/stone2.html accessed 16/11/21

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The processes leading to the deterioration of building stone have been the subject of numerous publications [11, 14-16, 21-23]. Therefore, stone deterioration is only briefly reviewed herein for the purpose of providing a basis for understanding the performances of stone consolidants. The factors considered to be among the leading causes of building stone deterioration include salt crystallization, aqueous dissolution, frost damage, microbiological growth, human contact, and original construction. In this review, however, only a few cases were found in which the cause of stone deterioration was unequivocally determined. All too often a speculative approach was used in the analysis of stone deterioration, in place of a more scientific diagnostic method.

2.1 Salt Crystallization

Crystallization of salts within the pores of stones can generate sufficient stresses to cause the cracking of stone, often into powder fragments. This process is considered to be the major cause of stone deterioration in many parts of Western Europe [24-26]. Closely related to the crystallization of salt is damage caused by salt hydration and by differential thermal expansion of salts [14]. The resistance of stone to salt damage is dependent on the pore size distribution and decreases as the proportion of fine pores increases [11]. Crystallization damage caused by highly soluble salts, such as sodium chloride and sodium sulfate, is usually manifested by powdering and crumbling of the stone's surface [11]. Less soluble salts such as calcium sulfate form glassy, adherent films which cause spalling of a stone's surface [16].

A major source of salts in urban environments is the reaction between air pollutants and stone. For example, limestone can react with sulfur dioxide to ultimately produce calcium sulfate. Other sources of salts include ground water [27], airborne salts [27], sea spray [28], chemical cleaners [29], and deicing salts [30].

2.2 Aqueous Dissolution

Carbonate sedimentary stones e.g., limestone and dolostone), carbonate-cemented sandstone, and marbles are types of stone that are susceptible to dissolution by water acidified with dissolved carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides [31]. It has been reported [32, 51] that the rainwaters in many urban areas in the United States and Europe are sufficiently acidic to accelerate the weathering of exposed building stone. In areas where the rainwater is relatively free from pollutants, the dissolution of most common building stones is usually not a serious problem [30].

2.3 Frost Damage

Certain stones which are exposed to freezing temperatures and wet conditions may undergo frost damage. The frost susceptibility of a stone is largely controlled by its porosity and pore size distribution [33,34]. Of stones with a given porosity, those with the smallest mean pore size will generally be the most susceptible to frost damage. Frost resistance also generally decreases with increased available porosity [15], i.e., pore volume which is accessible to water. The frost resistance of a stone is often assessed from its saturation coefficient,(2) with stones having saturation coefficients less than 0.8 being generally immune to frost damage [35].

Some European stone conservators [11,26] believe that in their countries frost damage is not an important process in the deterioration of stone. They regard frost damage as a secondary process, e.g., frost damage may be responsible for the final fragmentation of stone damaged by other processes, such as salt crystallization. However, because of the use of possibly more frost-susceptible stone and more severe climates, frost damage may be an important factor in the northern part of the United States [36,37].

2.4 Microbiological Growth

The attack of stone by a variety of plants and animals has been reported [14] including roots of plants, ivy vines, microorganisms, boring animals, and birds. Of these, microorganisms appear to be the most destructive. Some types of bacteria, fungi, algae, and lichens produce acids and other chemicals which can attack carbonate and silicate minerals [14, 38]. It appears that under certain environmental conditions attack by microorganisms can be a serious problem [39-41]. However, it seems that many conservators feel that such instances are uncommon and that microorganism growth usually takes place in stone which had been partially deteriorated by other processes.

2.5 Human Contact

Because of an increasing interest by the public in historic structures, the effects of human contact upon the condition of stone, as well as all other building materials, is of growing concern. For example, stone floors are gradually worn by foot traffic, stones are damaged by people either collecting souvenirs or poking into soft stone [28], and graffiti removal has become an important maintenance problem [42-48]. It is conceivable that human contact may become a major problem challenging the ingenuity of both stone conservators and maintenance specialists.

2.6 Original Construction

The durability of stone structures also depends on factors encountered during their original construction including proper design, good construction practices, and proper selection of materials. Unfortunately, these are factors over which the preservation scientist has no control. However, the same mistakes should not be repeated in repairing or restoring historic structures. For example, normal steel and cast iron anchors, dowels, reinforcing rods, etc., were often used in the construction or repair of stone structures. Certain ferrous metals are susceptible to corrosion which can lead to the cracking and spalling of stonework [11]. Therefore, noncorroding material should be selected, e.g., epoxy-coated steel [44], certain types of stainless steel [45], or non-corroding non-ferrous alloys [11].

A large portion of stone durability problems are the consequence of using poor quality stone in the original construction. Riederer has suggested [46, 47] that air pollution is often blamed for stone deterioration in Germany which actually should be attributed to the natural weathering of poor quality stone. The use of poor quality sandstone in completing the Cathedral of Cologne [48,49] is presenting acute conservation problems. In another example, a poor quality dolomite limestone was used in the construction of the British Houses of Parliament [50] which eventually had to be replaced with a more durable limestone [15]. It is doubtful that a stone consolidant can make a poor quality stone durable and, as with the above example, stone replacement can be at times the most rational approach [52].

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The processes leading to the deterioration of building stone have been the subject of numerous publications [11, 14-16, 21-23]. Therefore, stone deterioration is only briefly reviewed herein for the purpose of providing a basis for understanding the performances of stone consolidants.

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https://www.sohu.com/a/294687812_200508 accessed 17/11/21

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因地制宜，首先是对山形水势的勘察。清代《阳宅十书》指出："人之居处宜以大地山河为主，其来脉气势最大，关系人祸福最为切要。"风水学讲究山形地势，认为只要从大环境观察小环境，便可知道小环境受到的外界制约和影响，诸如水源、气候、物产、地质等。根据这一原则推演，任何一块宅地表现出来的吉凶，都是由大环境所决定的，只要从大处着眼，小处着手，必无后顾之忧。以各地的民居为例，由于地理环境不同，其平面布局、结构方法、造型和细部特征也就不同。冬季北方多偏北风，于是西北地区人们挖窑洞而居，窑洞防火，防噪音，冬暖夏凉，节省土地，经济省工。华北地区多以四面高墙围成合院，这种宽敞的庭院可以创造良好的御寒避风场所。夏季东南地区形成高温多雨的气候，且台风肆虐，于是人们在山坡台地建造干栏式和穿斗式建筑，以利于防洪、防风、防潮；闽南、粤北和桂北的客家人常居住大型集团住宅，有圆有方，这种建筑的防御性很强，客家土楼用当地的生土、砂石、木片建成单屋，继而连成城堡式建筑住宅，冬暖夏凉、防震抗风。西南地区苗族常依山面水，悬空而建木结构干栏式吊脚楼，或建在水边，或直接建在斜坡上，这种构造可以防避毒蛇猛兽侵扰；傣族住居因地处偏远的热带地区，住居围护结构轻薄通透，篱笆作为象征性的院墙使住居十分开敞。

图片来源：知丘（ID：zhillone）
【正文】
它凝结着老一辈的智慧与心血

也展示着中华民族的上下五千年

傍海而居，都是用花岗岩石料垒砌而成，

是威海某些渔村民居，以石为墙，

由五座圆楼和数十座方楼组成，

磅礴的气势，令世界为之震撼。

下梅村，是明清风格的古民居。

大部分是"董姓"人家。

村子布局按照"七横一竖八条街巷" 来划分。

宛如一座清朝闽南建筑博物馆

石板房村落，整个房屋全部用当地山上的石板砌成，因为干旱，村民几乎全部搬迁，不知房屋何时消失。

是陕西四合院民居的范本。

门前上马石，门楼上下精美雕刻，

不仅是民居，更是一种防卫，

抵御人为和自然灾害。

民居设计匠心独运，气势恢弘，

堪称"东方的古罗马建筑"。

吊脚楼依山傍水而建，

堪称我国建筑界的"璀璨明珠"。

家家户户都会种一株枣树。

洪水村，是一个保存完整的黎族民居村落，民居由茅草、草泥、竹竿组合而成，不过也已无人居住，不久的将来，想必也会消失。

草原上一道靓丽的风景。

建筑集徽式马头墙、浙式屋脊、

曾是川渝地区老时光的见证，

距今已有4000多年的历史。

因其"向下挖坑，四壁凿洞"的民居特色，

"地平线的古民居"。

大多数是鱼池庭院，前后天井，

前堂后厅，左右厢房。

无疑是老北京最典型的民居特色

哈尼族居住在山腰之上，

村寨依山而建。因其房子状如蘑菇，

因而被称为"蘑菇房"。

周围是雪山，绿地和白桦林，

（注：本文素材来源于网络，版权归原作者所有，仅供大家交流学习！如若图文资源侵犯您权益，请及时与我们联系，我们将第一时间做出处理。）

责任编辑：

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古代建筑：因地制宜，因势而造，因地取材_民居

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因地制宜，首先是对山形水势的勘察。清代《阳宅十书》指出："人之居处宜以大地山河为主，其来脉气势最大，关系人祸福最为切要。"风水学讲究山形地势，认为只要从大环境观察小环境，便可知道小环境受到的外界制约和影响，诸如水源、气候、物产、地质等。根据这一原则推演，任何一块宅地表现出来的吉凶，都是由大环境所决定的，只要从大处着眼，小处着手，必无后顾之忧。以各地的民居为例，由于地理环境不同，其平面布局、结...

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How did it change whilst you were doing it? (This is critical thinking)

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How did it change whilst you were doing it? (This is critical thinking)

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Colin proposed that maps made of cloth have more possibilities than ordinary maps. For example, maps can participate in physical activities and use the body as a part of the story of the map, just like clothes. I began to think how can I use my own body to participate in the expression of a part of the map?
Colin提出，布料做出的地图相比于普通的地图有更多的可能性，比如地图可以参与身体的活动，用身体来作为地图故事性的一部分，就像衣服一样。我开始思考如何才能用我自己的身体参与地图的一部分表达？

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Why? Was it luck or by measured intention?

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Why? Was it luck or by measured intention?

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What was your first thought? Where did it come from?

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What was your first thought? Where did it come from?

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At first I found that the terrain of the Bilbao area is very interesting. The narrow city is surrounded by mountains on both sides. And my original clothes also had a lot of folds. So I tried to create the terrain of the Bilbao area by stitching the lowest altitude which is water source.

最开始我发现毕尔巴鄂地区的地形非常有意思，很窄的城市两侧都是高山。而且我最初的服装也带有很多褶皱。所以我尝试了用缝合最低海拔（水源）的方式试图做出了毕尔巴鄂地区的地形。

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Did this impact other areas of development (Did you need to do more research /enquiry?)

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Did this impact other areas of development (Did you need to do more research /enquiry?)

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How did you evolve your actions as a consequence? 

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How did you evolve your actions as a consequence? 

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I found it easier to locate the house, through the shadow and the color of the roof. Instead of painting all the impervious surfaces, I decided to paint a house that changes with time. In the beginning (1991), the entire Z island was covered with houses, so almost the entire island was artificial surface. But as the economy and population are degrading, there are more and more vacant houses and factories, more and more buildings are being demolished, and there are fewer and fewer places to be painted on my map.
我发现定位房屋是比较容易的，通过影子和屋顶的颜色。我决定比起喷漆全部的不透水表面，来喷漆根据时间变化的房屋。最开始（1991年），整个Z岛布满了房屋，所以几乎整个岛都是人工表面。但是随着经济和人口的退化，空置的房屋和工厂越来越多，越来越多的房屋被拆除，我的地图上需要喷漆的地方就变得越来越少。

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How did it change whilst you were doing it? (This is critical thinking)

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How did it change whilst you were doing it? (This is critical thinking)

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Then I used Illustrator to make laser cut files. During the production process, I found that it is difficult to distinguish between the real waterproof surface, the removed waterproof surface, and the unfinished waterproof surface using satellite maps alone.
随后我运用illustrator去制作激光切割的文件。在制作过程中我发现单独运用卫星地图很难区分哪里是真正的防水表面，哪里是被拆除的防水表面，哪里是还未拆除完成的防水表面。

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What was your first thought? Where did it come from?

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What was your first thought? Where did it come from?

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What did you do? Did you plan or go straight into it?

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What did you do? Did you plan or go straight into it?

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I tried to use stitches and opaque cloth to represent the impervious surface, but because I said that the translucent cloth on the natural surface is not suitable for sewing, it is difficult to progress. Then I found that translucent cloth pieces of various colours can express different plots in small pieces, but it is still difficult to stitch together. Using glue will leave marks. After that, I thought of spray paint. Using opaque pigments and stencils to paint on the translucent cloth surface, did produce the water-proof and artificial and natural-mixed surface effect I wanted.
I go straight into the testing of stencils.
我尝试了用缝线和不透明的布块来表示不透水的表面，但是因为我表示天然表面的半透明布料不适合缝纫，所以很难进展。接着我发现各种颜色的半透明布块可以以小块的方式表现不同的地块，但是依然很难拼接。用胶水会留下痕迹。之后我想到了喷漆，用不透明的颜料用模板喷漆的方式在半透明的布料表面，确实产生了我想要的防水的和人工自然混合的表面的效果。

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Why? Was it luck or by measured intention?

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Why? Was it luck or by measured intention?

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I found that these artificial surfaces must be waterproof to meet human needs, and this feature is seriously inconsistent with natural surfaces. I want to point out this point on the map so that viewers can understand the conflict and harm.
我发现这些人工表面为了满足人类的需要都要做到防水，而且这个特性是和大自然的表面严重不符的。我想在地图中指出这个观点从而让观看者了解这之中的冲突和危害。

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http://unfinished.es/obras/C03.pdf accessed:15/11/21

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Spanish suburbs are a landscape of abandoned concrete structures

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https://futurearchitectureplatform.org/projects/dcbe8a55-fce2-47f5-9b37-074ceb8e36d3/ accessed 15/11/21

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https://www.wikiwand.com/zh/%E7%86%B5#/%E9%9D%9E%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%86%B5
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Arrow_of_time
accessed 15/11/21

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https://www.artdesign.org.cn/article/view/id/45766 accessed 13/11/21

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https://www.wikiwand.com/zh/%E6%9D%B0%E5%86%85%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA
accessed 13/11/21

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大块岩石，水渗透和风力（物理原因），结成冰，碎块，更碎，沙子，更细粉末+微生物（可以自行固定空气中的氮）矿物质（土壤中磷钾需要植物根系吸收，植物死亡再回归土壤）→变肥沃→长植物→根系存水=现在意义的泥土
*植物是重点，（土壤中的）水，阳光，空气，矿物质，温度

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"The Water Sensitive City" John Wiley & Sons

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"The Water Sensitive City" John Wiley & Sons

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https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ual/reader.action?docID=4426764&ppg=113 accessed 20/10/21

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https://www.buildsomethingbeautiful.co.uk/ accessed: 10/11/21

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FAQ

Why use cob?

As well as the important aesthetics of form, colour and texture and an automatic blending with the local environment (as long as your sub-soil is locally sourced), Cob has several other important characteristics. Firstly, walls are usually very thick, typically 2-3 feet (600-900 mm) - and this, as well as being very good insulation against heat and cold, is a massive heat store. So there is a fly-wheel effect on thermal movement. In other words, cool nights and warm days are evened out as well as when doors and windows are left open, resulting in a change and cooling of the air in a building. When they are then closed, the building warms up again through the heat stored in the thermal mass of the walls. This means that, typically, a cob house will use approximately 20% less energy to heat compared with a typical modern house meeting the same building regulation insulation requirements.

Another important property, often not appreciated, is the humidity store of earth walls. They can easily absorb moisture from the atmosphere and release it again when the air dries out, thus resulting in an overall higher background humidity than a typical new building. This is much more comfortable and healthier to live with, not drying out airways and resulting in less susceptibility to throat infections such as colds.

There has been much research to endorse what I'm saying here, particularly by "CRATerre-EAG" at the school of architecture of Grenoble in France, and Professor Germont Minke of Kassel University in Germany. Most of the new building projects in these countries have been done in either rammed earth (a form of building not native to the UK using a drier mix of earth and shuttering, resulting in a quicker drying time but much less sculptural characteristics), or in adobe (earth bricks). Minke has also experimented with "sausages" of an earth mix on the inside of a highly insulated wall simply to get the benefits of some thermal mass inside the insulation and mainly the humidity store. For me, however, there is nothing more satisfying than the massive three-dimensionally sculptured forms of cob, as I hope you'll agree when you look at some of the photos available on this site.

Repairing Cob

Cob is a remarkably durable material provided it is treated correctly. In practice, this means keeping it dry. Unfortunately, as ordinary portland cement has taken over from lime in the building trade, largely during the second half of the 20th century, builders and home owners have often made the mistake of thinking cement (being very strong and waterproof) will protect the cob well. However, the reverse is true. Although cement will indeed keep off driving rain well, it is very brittle and often cracks due to movement in the much more flexible substrate. These cracks then let in water which is trapped by the impermeable render. Thus, rather than evaporating away when the rain stops, this water builds up in each subsequent storm, usually sinking to the bottom of the wall where in extreme cases it can eventually lead to total failure of the cob, i.e. collapse. This in a wall that might have sat quite happily for over four hundred years prior to the addition of a cement render.

The answer is to stick to either no render at all or a lime putty-based render, as has been used literally for thousands of years. The same applies internally; either lime or (even better) earth plasters work best. Most of my work repairing cob buildings over the last thirty years has been to strip off cement render and carry out necessary repairs, sometimes replacing existing repairs in a more compatible medium, namely cob blocks and an earth/lime mortar. The render or plaster can then be replaced with lime or earth mixes, before being decorated in lime wash.

Is cob more expensive?

No. The actual cob work, with the aid of modern machinery, is surprisingly cheap. It will depend on site accessibility and how much adjustment is required to the onsite sub-soil, but usually the cost of the cob itself, including labour and materials, will be no more than £300 per cubic meter. In practice, this means between £25,000 and £40,000 for a typical three bedroomed house. There are wider footings to consider and a stone plinth which brings the price up a bit and, of course, if you have many curved walls it makes most building processes (except the cob itself) more time consuming. In fact, the walls of a new house are usually around 25% of the cost of the whole building. In the case of cob, it's usually about the same. Half of this 25% to put in footings DPC and build a well-insulated stone-faced plinth to a height of around 750mm and about the same cost again for the cob work up to roof height.

The main criteria in the cost of a new-build project, apart from the initial site cost, is how high the finished spec is, For example, in the case of Keppel Gate, we have bespoke sweet chestnut mullioned windows, oak floor boards, under floor heating, an Aga cooker, hand-made oak kitchen, marble bathrooms, porcelain floor tiles and hand-made oak doors with hand-made iron furniture. Therefore, this was not a cheap build. Nevertheless, because of the efficient design, using the wide roof space to create a three-story building, the square meter build cost in 2001 was only around £800. This equates to around £1600 at today's prices, which for such a high spec is in fact very reasonable.

So what are the disadvantages of using cob?

Well, the fact that it is mixed wet means that, in a thick wall, it will take some months (depending on site conditions usually 6-9 months) after building, for the walls to finish shrinking. Most of the shrinkage will occur in the height of the wall. This means in practice waiting around a week of good weather between each lift (a lift being two feet (600mm) or so in height) before it is sufficiently dry and strong to take the next lift. Therefore, three months is ample time, allowing for a typical English summer to build a two-story building. Although the roof structure can go on as soon as a week after the wall plate height is reached, it's best to wait about six months before fitting windows and door frames. Otherwise there is a danger of the reveals either side of the opening shrinking and then the lintel crushing the window frame. In practice, this means it is usually fifteen months from start to finishing a cob house.

Over the last twenty-five years, I have built over 30 buildings of one sort or another - and all of them except two rather complex split-level part-retaining walled buildings and Dingle Dell itself, have been finished well within this time frame. Although this is longer than a typical new estate house, it's not actually especially long for any bespoke one-off design building. It's also worth noting if any green oak is used in the structure for lintels or roof structure then this will continue to shrink for much longer than the cob (about one year per inch thickness of timber). This means it is a good idea to delay the final rendering for a further year if possible. The extra weathering on the cob surface during this year also serves to create a better mechanical key for the render.

Another disadvantage is that usually site space is at a premium these days and the simple fact that to pass the latest "part-L" insulation performance requirements for building regulations, unless insulated the exterior walls will probably need to be three feet (900mm) thick! This means the whole building will take up a significantly larger footprint and also need a larger roof area all around for the same internal space. However, for me, as long as the site is not really tiny, this is a small price to pay.

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As well as the important aesthetics of form, colour and texture and an automatic blending with the local environment (as long as your sub-soil is locally sourced), Cob has several other important characteristics. Firstly, walls are usually very thick, typically 2-3 feet (600-900 mm) - and this, as well as being very good insulation against heat and cold, is a massive heat store.

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10/11/21 Darren gave me some suggesion to my draft

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How to maintain this house?
Is this type of house needs to be rebuilt each several years?
Will the wall collapse when no one maintains it for a while? How long it will take between the last maintains to the collapse?
Is this house afraid of heavy rains?
What does the roof make from? Is the roof strong?
How to bear the weight when building the second floor?

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sculptural
fluid
曲线比直线stronger

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWuHQOvNRDw
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Cob_(material)
accessed 09/11/21

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虽然这件装置艺术的主题是让观看者了解全球

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虽然这件装置艺术的主题是让观看者了解全球变暖和冰川消融

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“土坯房.墙的内外材料用的都是泥土，成墙方法主要有两种：一是做好墙脚后（一般以石为墙脚）用木做的模具，置于上面，放入泥土模具内人工分段分层夯实成墙。二是手工做的土砖，（多指没经烧制的土砖）砌墙而成的房子。一般会选择粘土作为墙体材料，另外还会填充部分加筋材料，例如杉木的木纤维，狗尾草，稻草秸秆等，皆为当地易得的材料，这些加精材料可以较大的提高墙体的抗弯抗剪能力。

原文網址：https://kknews.cc/agriculture/69ybb9p.html”
accessed：09/11/21

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Case study: Buildings that have returned to the soil

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Case study: Buildings that have returned to the soil

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关于回归土壤的建筑物，Jade提到她老家山东农村的住宅是用泥土和稻草做成的土砖和稻草编织的屋顶来搭建。编织的稻草屋顶会随着几场大雨而烂掉，这样人们会在旧屋顶上面覆盖新的稻草屋顶。不被居住的土坯房会被大雨自然冲刷，不需要多久就会回归泥土。

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJQYSPFo7hk accessed: 09/11/21

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Case Study: The disappearance of materials 材料的消融

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Case Study: The disappearance of materials 材料的消融

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https://www.riseart.com/guide/2280/art-exhibitions-olafur-eliasson-s-ice-watch-at-tate-modern-rise-art-review 9/11/21

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Scandinavian artist Olafur Eliasson and geologist Minik Rosing have collaborated on an art installation placed in front of Tate Modern consisting of 24 melting blocks of ice called 'Ice Watch'.

"WITNESS THE ECOLOGICAL CHANGES OUR WORLD IS UNDERGOING"

Olafur Eliasson, Artist

Scandinavian artist Olafur Eliasson and geologist Minik Rosing have collaborated on 'Ice Watch', an installation in front of Tate Modern consisting of 24 melting blocks of ice. The project is designed to raise awareness about global warming by giving a tangible experience of ecological change - a phenomenon that often seems distant and out of our control.

The blocks of ice were collected from a fjord in Greenland after they naturally fell off a sheet of ice, their very existence a direct result of global warming. The exhibition runs from 11th to 20th December and coincides with climate change conference COP 24 held in Poland last week.

Eliasson and Rosing's installation is intended to be a physical, immersive experience and Eliasson encourages people to interact with the blocks of ice by touching and listening to them. The installation is immediately striking. On the one hand, these ice masses look imposing and indestructable. They provoke a sense of awe. On the other, when you place your ear against one of the blocks you can hear the ice cracking and melting within.

The installation places the ice blocks slap bang in the centre of the city. The contrast is stark: man vs. nature. Hearing the waters of the Thames rippling by further emphasises this tension between city and environment. The placement of the ice also brings to mind the fact that the very sources of their destruction - like heat and pollution - are caused by our urban activities. Eliasson has made the reality of climate change tangible and intimate.

More than 250 billion tonnes of ice have been lost since 2002. That's a whopping 500 tonnes every second - and it's due to get worse. These statistics have a particularly powerful impact once you've experienced the exhibition and realised the sheer quantity of ice that we're losing every single second.

Eliasson and Rosing have successfully created a sensory and intimate engagement with climate change that brings home the harm of global warming - and our need to act now. The installation is a stark reminder that our world is not immortal - and it's a brilliant example of how art can be used to raise awareness of worldly issues in a profound way.

The installation has been well recieved by the public, as you'll see in the Tweets below:

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olafur eliasson’s ‘ice watch’ at tate modern

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Olafur Eliasson's 'Ice Watch' at Tate Modern | Rise Art

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Discover the latest Olafur Eliasson's 'Ice Watch' at Tate Modern art news, releases and events through our Rise Art blog. Our art blog is a great place to learn more about art. We publish great features on loads of topics, from Olafur Eliasson's 'Ice Watch' at Tate Modern to going behind the scenes with our artists in their studios.

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Regardless of whether it is a sustainable material, it is more about the creation of the material, rather than the destruction of the material.

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https://nptel.ac.in/content/storage2/courses/112108150/pdf/PPTs/MTS_13_m.pdf accessed 4/11/21

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https://www.ine.es/intercensal/intercensal.do?search=1&cmbTipoBusq=0&textoMunicipio=Bilbao
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Demograf%C3%ADa_Bilbao_%28España%29.PNG?1636218361477
accessed：06/11/21

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https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/bilbao-mas-context-issue-30-31 accessed 06/11/21

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The most recent issue of MAS Context is dedicated to the city of Bilbao. Coinciding with the twentieth anniversary of the opening of the Guggenheim Museum in 1997, which was so important in the transformation of the city, this issue explores the recent history of Bilbao and reflects on its present and future. With contributions from mainly local authors (politicians, town planners, architects, landscapists, photographers, historians, a film director) it aspires to transmit a global vision of this extraordinary Basque city with its own identity.

MAS Context editor in chief Iker Gil, along with several contributors, will present this issue dedicated to the city of Bilbao in Bilbao on Thursday, March 23, at 7 pm. The event is organized in collaboration with EIDE, the Association of Designers in the Basque Country and will take place at the Edificio Ensanche (Plaza Ensanche 11, 48009 Bilbao).

The second launch event will take place in Chicago on Wednesday, April 19, at 6 pm, with a presentation of the issue by Iker Gil and a conversation about Bilbao and Chicago with MarySue Barrett, president of the Metropolitan Planning Council, and Philip Enquist, FAIA, partner in charge of Urban Design and Planning at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM). The event, organized in collaboration with the Instituto Cervantes of Chicago, will take place at their headquarters (31 W. Ohio Street, Chicago, IL 60611).

Description of the project by MAS Context

The Bilbao double-issue of MAS Context explores the remarkable transformation of the city and the goals and needs driving it.

Three specific circumstances make it an appropriate moment to focus on Bilbao, to understand its transformation, and look forward to its future. First, in 2017 the Guggenheim Museum will celebrate two decades since opening its doors, and much has happened since October 19, 1997. The city has continued to change since that day, completing many urban, infrastructural, and architectural interventions. Second, the global economic crisis had a local effect on Bilbao, challenging its economic model and the structure used to fund the ambitious projects. No longer a viable structure for the future, the city needs to explore new models to continue its evolution. And finally, the transformation of the Zorrotzaurre peninsula, an area of 70 hectares with a master plan by Zaha Hadid Architects, has kicked off. The first two tangible steps have been the start of the work to open the Deusto Canal, that will turn the peninsula into an island, and the construction of the first bridge, the Frank Gehry Bridge, that connects it to the Deusto neighborhood.

To provide a comprehensive look at the history and transformation of the city, this issue features contributions by those who have had a direct involvement with it, whether leading the process or closely witnessing it. Most of them local residents, the list includes public officials, urban designers, architects, landscape architects, photographers, historians, and a filmmaker, among others. They provide an invaluable perspective, from the city's past as an industrial power followed by its steep decline, to the transformation during the last three decades into a service city. It is an ongoing, ambitious, and complex effort to position the city regionally and internationally. Ultimately, we want this issue to provide a relevant tool to better understand the past and present of the city as well as to think about its future and build upon its strengths without losing its identity.

The issue features contributions by architects, urban planners, structural engineers, landscape designers, photographers, filmmakers, and graphic designers. The list of contributors include Ibon Areso, Diana Balmori, Eduardo Belzunce, José Luis Burgos, Cini Boeri Architetti, Carlos Copertone, Juan Luis de las Rivas, Luis Diaz-Mauriño, Patxi Eguiluz, García de la Torre Arquitectos, Juan García Millán, Iker Gil, IDOM, JAAM, James Stirling Michael Wilford & Associates, Koldo Lus Arana, Elena Martínez-Litago, Ruth Mayoral López, Meneo, NO.MAD, Aitor Ortiz, Lucía C. Pérez-Moreno, Fidel Raso, Tomás Ruiz, Juan Sádaba, Diego Sanz, Patricia Sanz Lacarra, Koldo Serra, Alfonso Vegara, Yosigo, Zaha Hadid Architects, and John Zils.

The issue has been designed by Bilbao-based graphic design studio Meneo.

View more images View less images

Iker Gil is an architect and director of MAS Studio, a collaborative architecture and urban design firm based in Chicago. He is also the founder and editor-in-chief of the design journal MAS Context and the Associate Curator of Dimensions of Citizenship, the US Pavilion at the 16th Venice Architecture Biennalethat took place in 2018. He has curated severalexhibitions, including BOLD: Alternative Scenarios for Chicagoas part ofthe inaugural Chicago Architecture Biennial, a gallery as part of the exhibition Chatter Architecture Talks Balkat the Art Institute of Chicago, Shanghai Transforming at the Chicago Architecture Foundation and Virginia Tech, and Synchronizing Geometry held at S.R. Crown Hall (IIT). In addition, he teaches at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and was the co-director of the Chicago Expander program. He is the recipient of the 2010 Emerging Visions Award from the Chicago Architectural Club.

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The most recent issue of MAS Context is dedicated to the city of Bilbao. Coinciding with the twentieth anniversary of the opening of the Guggenheim Museum in 1997, which was so important in the transformation of the city, this issue explores the recent history of Bilbao and reflects on its present and future.

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The soil is predominantly composed of mesozoic materials (limestone, sandstone, and marl) sedimented over a primitive paleozoicbase.
GÓMEZ PIÑEIRO, F. J. (1979). Geografia de Euskal Herria. Donostia, Luis Haranburu.

https://www.worldcat.org/title/geografia-de-euskal-herria/oclc/802673028 accessed 06/11/21

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之前研究了两种可能性。一、当前通道的整改；另一种是创造一个新的。第一个元河流地形泥泞，河底厚重淤泥；水道狭窄，拓宽就需要完全拆除 Ribera 建筑物。第二种解决方案包括切入 Deusto 平原，宽敞且易于施工；避开Olabeaga 和 Elorrieta 弯道；空地较多，土地便宜；获得两条新的停泊线。最后因为最后400米未完成而变成了港口，有效缓解了当地港口的饱和问题。
http://www.bilbao.eus/bld/handle/123456789/16482?rd=003123689139632312 accessed 05/11/21 (bilbao城市资料库) accessed 05/11/21
http://www.bilbao.eus/bld/bitstream/handle/123456789/16482/pag35.pdf?sequence=1&rd=003123591546436363

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（挖通运河为了避免洪水风险）ht

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（挖通运河为了避免洪水风险）
https://web.archive.org/web/20080222005436/http://www.deia.com/es/digital/bizkaia/2007/10/05/406282.php accessed 05-11-21

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El plan contempla, de este modo las modificaciones planteadas por las Administraciones, grupos políticos, propietarios, residentes y colectivos vecinales, e incluye, además, las iniciativas ya anunciadas por diversos grupos empresariales para instalarse en la zona.

El plan incrementa el porcentaje de vivienda protegida hasta el 50%, por lo que en conjunto se construirán 5.680 viviendas, de las cuales 2.840 serán libres, 1.420 tasadas y 1.420 de protección oficial.

El nuevo Master Plan evitará el riesgo de inundabilidad abriendo el Canal de Deusto hasta una anchura de 75 metros, de acuerdo a los requisitos dispuestos por la Dirección de Aguas del Gobierno Vasco, y así convertir a Zorrotzaurre en una isla.

Por otro lado, la supresión del puente que conectaba Zorrozaurre con Olabeaga, por parte del Ayuntamiento y de acuerdo con las peticiones vecinales, ha obligado a realizar un nuevo análisis de la vialidad en la zona, del que se desprende que la isla de Zorrozaurre no va a soportar tráficos de paso, por lo que la actual carretera de ribera será un vial con prioridad peatonal, aunque se permitirá el acceso restringido necesario.

En materia de vialidad, el proyecto apuesta por el tranvía como modo de transporte público para Zorrozaurre y reordena los puentes que conectan la isla con la ciudad, un total de ocho en total. La conexión del tranvía con el Ensanche se realiza a través de un nuevo puente paralelo al de Euskalduna y se mantiene la previsión de cuatro puentes sobre el Canal actual, incluida una pasarela peatonal para la conexión de Zorrozaurre con San Ignacio y Sarriko.

Además, un nuevo puente móvil sobre la Ría unirá Zorrozaurre con Zorroza, con el fin de canalizar tanto tráfico principal como local, a la vez que permitirá una futura extensión del tranvía hacia Zorroza.

ZONAS VERDES

El nuevo Master Plan incrementa la superficie destinada a espacios libres y crea zonas verdes de mayor tamaño. En el nuevo diseño, los espacios libres pasan del 21 al 25% y las zonas verdes se concentran fundamentalmente en torno al Canal, que se convierte en el elemento central de Zorrotaurre, y se apoyan en el propio carácter de espacio abierto que representa el Canal.

De este modo, se crearán hasta siete kilómetros de paseos de ribera, que darán continuidad a los paseos de Uribitarte y Abandoibarra, así como un parque lineal en la zona central de la isla de más de 40.000 metros cuadrados.

El trabajo realizado por Zaha Hadid profundiza en su filosofía inicial de conservar el pasado y mezclarlo con lo nuevo para crear un barrio vivo. Para ello, se preserva el carácter actual del borde de la Ría, manteniendo los edificios de viviendas existentes a modo de "casco histórico". Además, el Ayuntamiento y la Comisión Gestora han aprobado destinar 4,5 millones de euros a ayudas para la rehabilitación de dichos edificios.

Igualmente, se mantienen los edificios industriales más emblemáticos (hasta una decena) como contenedores de nuevos usos, para realojar a las empresas que sean compatibles con el uso urbano y como exponentes de la memoria industrial y portuaria de Zorrozaurre.

El Plan amplía asimismo la superficie destinada a equipamientos públicos, de acuerdo con los criterios dispuestos por el Ayuntamiento en la Modificación del Plan General. En concreto, se reserva suelo para cuatro dotaciones escolares, agrupadas en dos parcelas ubicadas en la isla, así como una parcela de 15.000 metros cuadrados para un polideportivo de barrio, situada junto al Canal y una reserva de suelo para un equipamiento de rango supramunicipal en el extremo norte de la isla.

EDIFICIOS INDUSTRIALES

Estas dotaciones se complementan con la asignación del uso equipamental a diversos edificios industriales existentes (Edificio Beta y Artiach) con el objetivo de llevar a cabo su rehabilitación para usos culturales.

La revisión del Master Plan define, además, los espacios en los que se ubicarán los diversos proyectos empresariales que en los últimos meses han anunciado su deseo de instalarse en la zona. De este modo, el Plan reserva dos manzanas para la implantación en la isla de Zorrozaurre de un parque tecnológico urbano.

Además, la construcción de la sede de Bilbao Bizkaia Kutxa se localiza en la punta sur de la isla, en la zona más próxima al Ensanche bilbaíno. Por su parte, la clínica del IMQ prevista en la zona de equipamiento sanitario se levantará sobre una parcela de casi 9.000 metros cuadrados en la ribera de Deusto, frente al nuevo tramo abierto del canal, mientras que el edificio del antiguo Depósito Franco se rehabilitará para oficinas, sirviendo de elemento dinamizador para San Ignacio.

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Las obras de urbanización de Zorrozaurre, en Bilbao, que tendrán un coste de 291 millones de euros, comenzarán en 2010 DEIA

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El plan contempla, de este modo las modificaciones planteadas por las Administraciones, grupos políticos, propietarios, residentes y colectivos vecinales, e incluye, además, las iniciativas ya anunciadas por diversos grupos empresariales para instalarse en la zona.

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毕尔巴鄂带来了海洋气候（Cfb），全年都有降水，没有明确界定的干燥夏天。降水量充足，鉴于纬度和大气动力学，雨天占年总降雨量的45%，阴天占40%。（雨水多还不常被晒干会使材料更容易氧化；但是相对的光和热降解较少）

（运河的挖掘最初是为了更笔直的航行路线，最后还剩400米挖通的时候突然决定还是做码头（为什么？）。
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Bilbao#/Urban_planning accessed 05/11/21

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concrete will crack by rain. When rainwater enters the cracks in the concrete,
1. the rainwater will corrod the rebar(steel frame)
2. the expanded rainwater ice will propagate cracks inside the concrete

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https://www.rbkc.gov.uk/environment/holland-park-ecology-centre/environment/holland-park-ecology-centre/about-holland-park-ecology-centre accessed 04/11/21

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The Holland Park Ecology Centre

The Holland Park Ecology Centre was opened in September 2013 providing a purpose built base for the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Ecology Service. The Centre is an invaluable environmental education resource for schools and residents to enjoy and learn about the natural environment.

The Centre also provides a unique space that is used for public events and can be hired for birthday parties, functions, meetings and training purposes.

Our work includes:

promoting awareness and understanding of biodiversity and the local environment through formal and informal education through our school visits.

delivering a wide programme of events and activities about the natural environment

protecting sites which are important for nature conservation

developing local policies for nature conservation including the Borough's Biodiversity Action Plan

advising on the management of open spaces to enhance biodiversity within the borough

running the Holland Park Ecology Centre

The Holland Park Ecology Centre provides an excellent facility for local schools to study and enjoy the natural environment, and can be booked for field trips, Forest School and environmental education workshops throughout the year. Our Outdoor Investigations take place in Holland Park Wildlife Area, which features a wildlife pond with a dipping platform, woodland and grassland habitat. Visiting groups can work independently or with a member of staff.

Forest School

All of our teaching staff are qualified Level 3 Forest School Leaders, who deliver 6-week programmes, and we run 6-week programmes for young people. Forest School is an educational model which encourages holistic, social, emotional, intellectual, physical, character and spiritual development through exploration of and engagement with the natural world.
Visit the Forest School page.
Ecology Service Objectives

to provide a base for environmental education at the Holland Park Ecology Centre giving children and adults first-hand experience of the natural world

to provide a programme of events, walks, talks and workshops which promote the understanding of ecology

to deliver a service of excellence which also provides value for money

to enhance and monitor the borough's biodiversity

to encourage local residents to participate in practical conservation and environmental improvement

to deliver a Local Biodiversity Action Plan

Ecology Service Standards

we will continually develop our education resources in response to customer feedback in order to provide environmental education, which meets learning objectives, is enjoyable, safe and good value for money

we aim to achieve a minimum of 95 per cent positive ratings, with scores of six to ten, for statements on our educational visit evaluation forms. We will also monitor and act on all feedback comments where practical

we will provide enjoyable and informative school holiday activities, public events and opportunities for conservation volunteer work

How to Find the Ecology Centre

Holland Park Ecology Centre, Holland Park, Ilchester Place, London, W8 6LU

The Ecology Centre is located next to the Adventure Playground near the Abbotsbury Road Car Park within Holland Park.

We advise using public transport or cycling if possible when visiting the centre

Cycling

There are three TFL cycle docking stations in and around the park, one on Abbotsbury Road, one on Ilchester Place and one on the Duchess of Bedford Walk. There are numerous bicycle locking stations if you bring your own bike.

Public Transport

Bus routes that serve Holland Park are C1, 9, 23, 27, 28, 49, 94 and 328

London Underground stations: Holland Park (Central line) and High Street Kensington (Circle and District)

National Rail and Overground station: Kensington (Olympia)

Plan your journey on the Transport for London website

Contact us

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The Holland Park Ecology Centre was opened in September 2013 providing a purpose built base for the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Ecology Service. The Centre is an invaluable environmental education resource for schools and residents to enjoy and learn about the natural environment.

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https://designmuseum.org/exhibitions/waste-age-what-can-design-do
accessed: 29/10/21

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We are living in the age of waste. Is design the answer to leaving our throwaway culture behind?

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjTlaBqXjJs
https://royaldocks.london/whats-on/brickfield-newham-hands-on-outdoor-brickmaking-and-short-performance
accessed 04/11/21

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Brickfield Newham - book for live events

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Are the layers work in translucent farbric?

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Are the layers work in translucent farbric?

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"fibre" in nature is so strong and flexible
accessed 1/11/21

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10 Eco-Friendly Building Materials | Sustainable Design

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bl7xv2NBKoE accessed 30/10/21

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Degradation of Metals, Polymers and Ceramics

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condition of demolishment in Zorrotzaurre

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condition of demolishment in Zorrotzaurre

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Factories: Steel frame and Profiled steel plate as rooftop(guess) → easy to rust and degrade

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ADITAL ELA: The small cup for Chai in India has made of clay: Tossing into the ground and becoming a part of the earth when finish drinking.
accessed 30/10/21

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CRIATERRA develops Advanced Earth Technologies and fabricates deeply sustainable products that are as strong as concrete and at the same time embody the vision of a circular economy. Our eco-innovative technology allows the mass production of constructive three dimensional elements as well as interior products.

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On the 29th, I talked to Yifei about the product life:

Should the product life be considered when it is produced?

If an item has only a two-year lifespan when it is produced, does it not constitute waste when the item itself is decomposed?

是否产品在生产时就应考虑到年限？

如果物品在生产时就只有两年的寿命，那是否在物品本身分解时没有构成浪费？

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《华夏意匠》Cathay's Idea: Design Theory of Chinese Classical Architecture 

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《华夏意匠》Cathay's Idea: Design Theory of Chinese Classical Architecture 

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This book compares ancient Chinese architecture with Western architecture in one chapter. The author believes that the East and the West have different views on architecture. "Since the age of the pyramids, Westerners have regarded buildings as a permanent memento" On the contrary, the Chinese "no matter whether the house or the whole city is old, destroyed, or no longer suitable for the requirements of the time, they will all be abandoned and rebuilt." Ji Cheng, a gardener from the Ming Dynasty in China, wrote a book on gardening techniques called "Yuanzhi". He believed that the life span of people and things were not commensurate. Things can be passed down to thousands of years, but life is only a hundred years old. He thinks that the environment we have created is adequate for the number of years we expect to be used. "People pass by from generation to generation, and houses change from generation to generation".
这本书在其中一章比较了古代的中国建筑和西方建筑。作者认为东方和西方对待建筑的看法有所不同。“从金字塔时代开始，西方人就把建筑物看做是一件永久性的纪念品”。相反的，中国人则“无论房屋还是整个城市，古旧了，破坏了，或者已经不再适合当时的要求了，就会全部抛弃重新建造”。中国明代的造园学家计成，写了一本有关造园技术的著作叫做《园治》，他认为人和物的寿命是不相称的。物可传至千年，而人生不过百岁。他认为我们所创造的环境和预计自己可使用的年限相适应遍足够了。人一代一代地过去，房屋也一代一代地交替。
15/11/21

On the humanistic thought of Chinese ancient architecture and the god-based thought of western ancient architecture.
Human-centered: wooden structures, buildings that collapsed with the death of people.
God-based: made for God, try to pursue eternity, stone structure, hundreds of thousands of years
关于中国古建筑的人本思想和西方古建筑的神本思想。
人本：木造结构，以人的死亡而坍塌的建筑物。
神本：为神而造，尽量追求永恒，石结构，上百上千年
accessed 30/10/21

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Soil conditions at a specific location in Zorrotzaurre

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Soil conditions at a specific location in Zorrotzaurre

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https://miro.com/app/board/o9J_lnG6h-g=/?invite_link_id=786681399554 accessed 27/10/21

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Sign up | Miro | Online Whiteboard for Visual Collaboration

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Scalable, secure, cross-device and enterprise-ready team collaboration whiteboard for distributed teams. Join 10M+ users from around the world

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Dendrochronology:
the scientific method of dating trees + timber
The age of a tree can be determined by counting the growth rings but you can also determine when the tree was alive and where it grew in the world by comparing the pattern of the growth rings with the database of aged tree samples.</div>

树木年代学：
树木+木材的科学测年方法
一棵树的年龄可以通过计算年轮来确定，但您也可以通过将年轮的模式与老树样本数据库进行比较来确定这棵树何时活着以及它在世界上的哪个地方生长。

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How does nature affect the common architectural materials?

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How does nature affect the common architectural materials?

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Biodegrade (Biodegradation) 生物降解
Degradation 分解

concrete （forzen water makes - crack (from Lucy）(sulphur degrades concrete(from Derran))

brick

steel (oxidation)

timber

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link to Unit 10?

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drainage

public park

resolves frequent floods

reappeared wildlife

(the exp in MAS Bilbao)
http://www.balmori.com/portfolio/prairie-waterway-stormwater-park accessed: 26/10/21

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Prairie Waterway Stormwater Park — Balmori Associates

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当在原始森林创造伐木场时，如果定量的砍伐，就可以得到持续的收益，但是也可以通过一次性的移除得到一次性的收益。最开始我们往往都会选择建造伐木场来获得持续受益，但是随着城市的扩张，需要更多地土地来建造更多地现代化设施和建筑时，就只能通过移除的方式来得到平整的地块。这些在我玩游戏中得到的体会我认为和现实世界是共通的。
https://www.wingamestore.com/images_screenshots/sid-meiers-civilization-vi-86476.jpg accessed: 26/10/21

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在持续的降低（全球金融危机）后在2001年后逐渐趋于稳定 350k
Bilbao city story accessed 26/10/21

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事物的变化，人工或非人工
http://peternencini.blogspot.com/2014/04/ accessed 19/10/21