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Dogra, Sukrit. “Covid-19: Impact on the Hospitality Workforce.” Hospitality News & Business Insights by EHL, EHL Insights, 2020, https://hospitalityinsights.ehl.edu/covid-19-impact-hospitality-workforce.

Fox, Jena Tesse. “How the Pandemic Has Changed Hotel Labor.” Hotel Management, Questex, 12 Mar. 2021, https://www.hotelmanagement.net/operate/how-pandemic-has-changed-hotel-labor.

Kemmis, Sam. “Which Hotels Have Handled COVID-19 the Best?” Columbus Telegram, The Columbus Telegram, 24 Aug. 2020, https://columbustelegram.com/travel/which-hotels-have-handled-covid-19-the-best/article_fa54101c-fdac-5e33-888d-6dfd230d7522.html.

Klein, Aaron, and Ember Smith. “Explaining the Economic Impact of Covid-19: Core Industries and the Hispanic Workforce.” Brookings, The Brookings Institution , 11 May 2021, https://www.brookings.edu/research/explaining-the-economic-impact-of-covid-19-core-industries-and-the-hispanic-workforce/#footnote-10.

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There Have Been Many Changes To The Travel and Tourism Industry, It's Workers, and The World That Revolves Around Both, and There Are Many More to Come. 

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There Have Been Many Changes To The Travel and Tourism Industry, It's Workers, and The World That Revolves Around Both, and There Are Many More to Come. 

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The Hospitality/Tourism and Travel Industry even before COVID-19 needed to constantly change and evolve in order to stay on top. COVID-19 was a large event that changed how people, travel, eat, and like to spend their time. Because of these changes, there are many changes that were discussed in the previous sections of the Padlet that won't be going anywhere anytime soon. These changes include but are not limited to:

-Increased outdoor seating at restaurants.
-Smaller menus at restaurants and bars.
-More buffet options to increase a "grab and go"-like dining experience.
-Contactless check in/reservations for both hotels and restaurants.
-Increased web-based communication between staff and guests of restaurants and hotels to limit contact.

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"“We've also seen the impact in some areas of new work rules and regulations that have been put in by localities or states that have made the service industry employment a little more challenging,” Heymann said. For example, predictive scheduling makes it more difficult for the operator to be able to schedule well in advance and hold to those schedules. “At the same time, we do see a greater recognition of employee life stability, so that no longer are you able to call in employees at the last minute.”

Heymann has also seen an increase in millennials in the managerial workforce. “Therefore, we're seeing a higher level of recognition of environmental attitudes and some cultural issues relative to communication, and probably a little more recognition of a little more balance, as they say, in the workplace,” he said." (Fox).

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The Pandemic Changed the Relationship Between Employees and Their Managers. 

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The Pandemic Changed the Relationship Between Employees and Their Managers. 

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"Today, with many hotels running skeleton crews and trying to turn any kind of profit, the relationship between management and employees is shifting again. “I don't think that there's a shortage anymore [with] so many people unemployed,” said David R. Rothfeld, head of the labor and employment team at law firm Ellenoff Grossman & Schole. “While that may have been the case in 2019 or so, it's certainly not the case now.”...."The pandemic affected every role in hospitality, said Mark Heymann, CEO of labor management software company UniFocus. “It also changed the roles of managers, and in many cases managers were—and actually are—doing some of the work that we used to have hourly employees do,” he said."(Fox).

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Illustration by Bratislav Milenkovic for TIME

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"As the postpandemic great reopening unfolds, millions of others are also reassessing their relationship to their jobs. The modern office was created after World War II, on a military model—strict hierarchies, created by men for men, with an assumption that there is a wife to handle duties at home. But after years of gradual change in Silicon Valley and elsewhere, there’s a growing realization that the model is broken. Millions of people have spent the past year re-evaluating their priorities. How much time do they want to spend in an office? Where do they want to live if they can work remotely? Do they want to switch careers? For many, this has become a moment to literally redefine what is work."(Lipman).

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Now that travel bans have been lifted and most unemployment benefits including stimulus packages have ended, there seems to be no limit to how many businesses are hiring- especially those in the Travel/Tourism Industry.

With a plethora of new job opportunities available to them, and a new-found confidence in their skills; workers in the Travel and Tourism industry are able to be picky and really ask for things like higher starting wages and better benefits that they thought they couldn't get or that they didn't have the confidence to ask for beforehand.

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The changes experienced from those who were leading what felt like brand new teams, and those who had transitioned to remote work, changed the way both sides of the table looked at one another. Employers quickly found the loyalty different employees had to the company once those employees readily accepted the changes that had to be made in terms of their schedules, tasks at hand, and workload; while the employees of these establishments as well as those who transitioned to remote work,  were able to re-evaluate how much "office"-time is necessarily needed out of them per week, and how valuable they were as employees themselves. 

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The changes experienced from those who were leading what felt like brand new teams, and those who had transitioned to remote work, changed the way both sides of the table looked at one another. Employers quickly found the loyalty different employees had to the company once those employees readily accepted the changes that had to be made in terms of their schedules, tasks at hand, and workload; while the employees of these establishments as well as those who transitioned to remote work,  were able to re-evaluate how much "office"-time is necessarily needed out of them per week, and how valuable they were as employees themselves. 

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Those who were behind the scenes in the Travel and Tourism Industry slowly adapted into working from home.

HR Representatives, Accountants, Travel Agents, Customer Service Representatives, and Reservations Agents were all able to change their schedules, adapt to new technologies such as Zoom, and Microsoft Teams, and most importantly- keep their jobs.

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Forced to close down their businesses after their customer base had essentially disappeared, businesses who wanted to to be able to survive through the storm of COVID-19 needed to adapt; and that's exactly what they did.

Hotels that didn't close down had to operate with skeleton crews, significantly reduce housekeeping and any contact with guests, change the duties of many workers, and expand their horizons on the type of clientele they previously catered to.

Restaurants were forced to change the way customers ordered and received meals by changing their menus to become take-out friendly, provide curbside pick up, eliminating the dine in experience unless it could be offered outside, safely socially distanced, or both, and wither providing delivery, or partnering with delivery apps such as Door Dash and Uber Eats to reach a new customer base.

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The travel bans, curfews, fear of illness, and many more factors caused by COVID-19, led to businesses everywhere forced to shut their doors either temporarily, or permanently; leaving hundreds of thousands of people without jobs. The U.S. Government offered stimulus checks to everyone, and unemployment benefits to those affected who were willing to apply.

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Between January 2020, and April 2020, The Unemployment Rate for Nonagricultural, Private Wage, and Salary Workers, in the Accommodation and Food Services Sector, Skyrocketed from 6.7% to 37.3% in the U.S alone.

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"Seven in ten hoteliers (71%) said they won’t make it another six months without further federal assistance given current and projected travel demand, and 77% of hotels report they will be forced to lay off more workers. Without further government assistance (i.e. second PPP loan, expansion of Main Street Lending Program), nearly half (47%) of respondents indicated they would be forced to close hotels. More than one-third of hotels will be facing bankruptcy or be forced to sell by the end of 2020." (AHLA).

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"Seven in ten hoteliers (71%) said they won’t make it another six months without further federal assistance given current and projected travel demand, and 77% of hotels report they will be forced to lay off more workers. Without further government assistance (i.e. second PPP loan, expansion of Main Street Lending Program), nearly half (47%) of respondents indicated they would be forced to close hotels. More than one-third of hotels will be facing bankruptcy or be forced to sell by the end of 2020." (AHLA).

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How Do These Changes Affect Workers in the Travel and Tourism Industry?

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How Do These Changes Affect Workers in the Travel and Tourism Industry?

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Leisure Travelers Changing Travel Plans:

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Leisure Travelers Changing Travel Plans:

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" Morning Consult Survey Methodology: A new national survey conducted by Morning Consult commissioned by the American Hotel and Lodging Association (AHLA) asked U.S. adults about their travel plans amid rising COVID-19 cases. This poll was conducted between August 11-12, 2021, among a sample of 2,200 Adults." (AHLA). Below are the results:

69% Likely to Take Fewer Trips.
55% Likely to Postpone Travel.
42% Likely to Cancel Existing Travel Plans with no Intent to Reschedule.
70% Likely to Travel With Smaller Groups.
65% Likely to Take Shorter Trips.
72% Likely to Only to Travel Within Driving Distance.

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"The number of international tourist arrivals declined by 74 per cent in 2020 compared with the previous year (UNWTO Tourism Dashboard). In many developing countries, arrivals were down by 80-90 per cent. The beginning of the year 2021 has been worse for most destinations, with an average global decline of 88 per cent as compared to pre-pandemic level" (UNCTAD).

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"No nation will be unaffected. Destinations most reliant on tourism for jobs and economic growth are likely to be hit hardest: SIDS, Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and African countries. In Africa, the sector represented 10% of all exports in 2019. "(UNTWO).

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"No nation will be unaffected. Destinations most reliant on tourism for jobs and economic growth are likely to be hit hardest: SIDS, Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and African countries. In Africa, the sector represented 10% of all exports in 2019. "(UNTWO).

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The tourism industry includes funding to wildlife conservation; changes in the industry overall affect this sector, which could result in "a rise in poaching, looting and... consumption of bushmeat, partly due to the decreased presence of tourists and staff." (UNWTO).

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"Tourism supports one in 10 jobs and provides livelihoods for many millions more in both developing and developed economies." (UNTWO).

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"Tourism is one of the world's largest economic sectors...For some countries, it can represent over 20% of their GDP and, overall, it is the third largest export sector of the global economy".  (UNWTO). A sudden drop in Tourism "could reduce global GDP by 1.5% to 2.8%."(UNTWO).

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"Following travel bans, border closures and quarantine measures, many workers cannot move to their places of work or carry out their jobs which has effects on incomes, particularly for informal and casually employed workers. Given the current environment of uncertainty and fear, enterprises are likely to delay investments, purchases of goods and the hiring of workers." (Dogra).

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"Following travel bans, border closures and quarantine measures, many workers cannot move to their places of work or carry out their jobs which has effects on incomes, particularly for informal and casually employed workers. Given the current environment of uncertainty and fear, enterprises are likely to delay investments, purchases of goods and the hiring of workers." (Dogra).

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Travel and Tourism Contributed 10.4% to the Total Global GDP in 2019, and had dropped -49.1% to contributing just 5.5% in 2020 due to COVID-19. Global GDP Declined a whopping 3.3% Overall. 

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Travel and Tourism Contributed 10.4% to the Total Global GDP in 2019, and had dropped -49.1% to contributing just 5.5% in 2020 due to COVID-19. Global GDP Declined a whopping 3.3% Overall. 

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Why Do The Impacts of COVID-19 on The Travel and Tourism Industry Matter?

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Why Do The Impacts of COVID-19 on The Travel and Tourism Industry Matter?

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How Did COVID-19 Affect The Travel and Tourism Industry?

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How Did COVID-19 Affect The Travel and Tourism Industry?

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By The 80th Day After the Outbreak Was Announced, There Were Travel Bans Implemented in the Most Prominent Countries

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By The 80th Day After the Outbreak Was Announced, There Were Travel Bans Implemented in the Most Prominent Countries

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COVID-19 affected the travel and tourism industry due to fact that it is an infectious disease that spread very rapidly (See: What is COVID-19), as well as the fact that it is a dangerous disease, killing over 400,000 people just 6 months after the first case.

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All Data Used in Chart is From The World Health Organization (WHO)

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Chart Depicting COVID-19 Global Cases and Deaths by Month After Initial Case and Death.

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Chart Depicting COVID-19 Global Cases and Deaths by Month After Initial Case and Death.

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"21 Jan 2020, The United States of America (USA) reported its first confirmed case of the novel coronavirus. This was the first case in the WHO Region of the Americas." (WHO).

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"21 Jan 2020, The United States of America (USA) reported its first confirmed case of the novel coronavirus. This was the first case in the WHO Region of the Americas." (WHO).

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Why Did COVID-19 Affect Travel and Tourism?

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Why Did COVID-19 Affect Travel and Tourism?

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Picture From:WHO (World Health Organization). 

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"Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus." (World Health Organization). "It started with a few deaths in Wuhan, China, with the earliest reported case on November 17, 2019. By December 31, 2019, when the Chinese authorities first reported it to the World Health Organization (WHO), it was already a full-fledged outbreak. From the outbreak in Wuhan, the virus took different times to reach the borders of different countries, depending on various factors such as connectivity and proximity to the Chinese city. Within different countries, the virus spread through the population at varying speeds depending on a range of factors such as cultural and behavioural responses of the community, population density, average household size, among others. This pattern has led to substantial variation in the preparedness of countries and their responses to the crisis." (Brookings).